Term
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Definition
| systemic classification of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
study of evolutionary relationships
-new discoveries in phylogeny influence taxonomy (classification) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotes - common bacteria |
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Definition
prokaryotes - extreme environments
specifically: halophiles; methanogens; thermoacidophiles |
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Definition
-protista (protozoa and algae)
-fungi
-animalia
-plantae |
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Term
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Definition
Domain
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species |
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Term
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Definition
Firmicutes - gram +, low G+C DNA
bacteria without a cell wall - resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall
disease: primary atypical pnuemonia |
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Term
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Definition
Rickettsia
Wolbachia
Rhizobium
Agrobacterium
Neisseria
Bordetella
Psuedomonas
Escherichia
Salmonella
Shigella
Yersinia
Haemophilus
Vibrio
Campylobacter
Helicobacter |
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Term
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Definition
Clostridium
Bacillus
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus (Enterococcus)
Mycoplasma |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram Negative
transmitted to humans via insect vectors
obligate intracellular parasite - can only be cultured on live tissue
enters cell through phagocytosis
diagnostic testing is expensive and time-consuming
disease: tick-borne typhus, rocky mt spotted fever |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram Negative
infects insects and transmitted parent to offspring
mosquitos infected w Wolbachia prevent spread of dengue fever |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram Negative
infects plants (legumes)
fixes nitrogen in nodules
beneficial for agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram Negative
parasite on 2000 plants including grapes
disease: crown gall tumors carried on TI plasmid (tumor inducing) |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram Negative
disease: meningitis, gonorrhea |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram Negative
vaccination is important because it is most fatal in kids under 1
disease: whooping cough/pertussis |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram Negative
oxidase positive, psychrotroph, food spoilage
opportunistic pathogen - not normally in humans, but WILL cause infection
nosocomial (hospital-borne infection)
disease: infection with blue/green puss - especially of burns |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram Negative
oxidase negative - enteric
oral-fecal route
disease: traveler's diarrhea and UTIs
hemolytic Shiga toxin in most pathogenic strain can lead to internal bleeding in intestine or kidney |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram Negative
oxidase negative - enteric
oral-fecal route
all species are pathogenic
disease: typhoid fever, salmonellosis (food-borne infection) |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram Negative
oxidase negative - enteric
small infectious dose (ID50)
disease: dysentary |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram negative
oxidase negative - enteric
disease: bubonic plague |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram negative
HIB vaccine
disease: meningitis in children, ear infection, acute/severe/fatal respiratory tract infections |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram negative
mostly nonpathogenic
disease: cholera - severe diarrhea (lose 12-20 liters of fluid per day - die of dehydration) |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram negative
microaerophiles
found on poultry
disease: food-borne illness |
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Term
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Definition
Proteobacteria - Gram negative
can be treated w antibiotics
disease: ulcers, stomach cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Firmicutes - Gram Positive - low G+C in DNA
spore-forming obligate anaerobes
diseases: tentanus, gangrene, botulism |
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Term
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Definition
Firmicutes - Gram Positive - low G+C in DNA
spore forming - not all pathogenic
diseases: anthrax, |
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Term
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Definition
Firmicutes - Gram Positive - low G+C in DNA
grape-like clusters of spherical cells
catalase positive, facultative halophiles
other than S aureus - mostly non-pathogenic |
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Term
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Definition
skin infections are common
folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, abscesses, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock |
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Term
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Definition
Firmicutes - gram positive
catalase negative
some halotolerant - some not
Lancefield classification based on cell wall structure(Groups A-O)
Hemolytic classification - alpha, beta, gamma |
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Term
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Definition
Group A, beta-hemolytic
meningitis, pnuemonia, pharyngitis, otitis media, endocarditis (rheumatic fever), puerperal fever, scarlet fever, skin (erysipelas, necrotizing fascitis) |
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Term
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Definition
Actinobacteria - Gram positive; HIGH G+C DNA
acid fast - peptidoglycan with waxes and lipids in cell wall
diseases: tuberculosis, leprosy |
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Term
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Definition
intracellular parasites
direct contact or airborne transmission
disease: STD, infectious blindness, parrot fever |
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Term
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Definition
gram negative
helical in shape |
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Term
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Definition
Spirochete - gram negative
disease: syphillis |
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Definition
Spirochete - gram negative
disease: lyme's disease |
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Term
| virion/mature or infectious viral particle |
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Definition
| fully developed viral particle |
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Term
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Definition
| virion/mature or infectious viral particle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| viruses are obligate intracellular parasites because |
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Definition
| they require a host cell to reproduce, metabolize, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| the range of organisms that a given virus can infect |
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Term
| basic structure of a virus |
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Definition
nucleic acid
capsid
envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA/DNA viral genetic code; double or single stranded |
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Term
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Definition
| protein coat around the DNA of virus - made up of capsomeres |
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Term
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Definition
| lipoprotein; cell membrane envelope with or without spikes |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| allows virus to be recognized depending on proteins; helps with adherance |
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Term
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Definition
| 20 sided (animal viruses) |
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Term
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Definition
| capsomeres are in a spiral forming a tube |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple parts: capsid, sheath, tail fibers, pins |
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Term
| 5 steps of viral life cycle |
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Definition
attachment
penetration and uncoating
replication and biosynthesis
maturation
release |
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Term
| Viral life cycle: attachment |
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Definition
| requires complementary receptors on virus and host cell |
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Term
| Viral life cycle: penetration and uncoating |
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Definition
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Term
| Viral life cycle: biosynthesis or replication (DNA) |
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Definition
| DNA synthesized in nucleus - proteins in cytoplasm |
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Term
| Viral life cycle: biosynthesis or replication (retrovirus) |
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Definition
RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA in cytoplasm and then inserted into bacterial DNA as a provirus
extra copies can be made and bud off of bacterial cell (lysogeny) |
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Term
| Viral life cycle: maturation |
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Definition
nucleic acids and proteins come together into mature virions
in nucleus or in cytoplasm
enveloped viruses acquire envelope from host cell membrane |
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Term
| Viral life cycle: release |
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Definition
naked viruses lyse host - host cell dies
enveloped viruses bud through membrane - does not immediately kill host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| virus reproduces and then explodes cell to escape |
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Term
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Definition
| virus reproduces and also incorporates itself into host cell DNA - it will be reproduced when host divides |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteriophage transfers DNA from one host to another when one infects new host - one method of genetic recombination |
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Term
| DNA replication VS retroviruses |
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Definition
| DNA synthesizes in the nucleus VS retro: packaged RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA in the cytoplasm and then transported into the nucleus and inserted into DNA as a provirus |
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Term
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Definition
viral DNA that is integrated into hosts' chromosomes
replicates when host cell replicates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
one polypeptide released from nucleus that gets cleaved
group-specific antigen - capsid protein
viral enzymes: protease, reverse transcriptase, RNase, Integrase
envelope protein |
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Term
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Definition
prevents gag-pol-env from being cleaved
prevents reverse transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| organism infected by pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| change from healthy state |
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Term
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Definition
| invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic organism (can be asymptomatic) |
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Definition
| ability for organism to cause disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| course/development of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the cause of disease |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the spread of disease (transmission) including where and when |
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Term
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Definition
active, symptoms right away and then recover
rapid replication, lytic lifecycle |
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Term
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Definition
dormant infection to spike later
evades immune system by hiding out inside cells |
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Term
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Definition
| host DNA and viral DNA combine |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual, progressive disease over long period of time ending in acute infection |
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Term
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Definition
AKA microbiota
established on host and cause no illness
exist in skin, nose, lower GI
Staph aureus, E. coli, enterobacter, candida |
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Term
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Definition
| normal flora overpower and prevent growth of bad microbes |
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Term
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Definition
living together; all beneficial to microbe
types: commensualism, mutualism, parasitism |
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Term
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Definition
| neutral for host; beneficial for microbe |
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Term
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Definition
| both host and microbe benefit |
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Term
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Definition
| host impacted negatively; microbe benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| microbe is not normally pathogenic, but can become pathogenic if there is a weakened host or portal of entry |
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Term
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Definition
same pathogen always present
pathogen isolated from diseased host and cultured
cultured pathogen infects and diseases healthy host
pathogen is recultured from infected host
Proves that it is in fact THAT pathogen that causes those symptoms |
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Term
| exceptions to Koch's postulates |
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Definition
bacteria that need special media for culturing
viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| spread from one host to another |
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Term
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Definition
| EASILY spread from one host to another |
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Term
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Definition
| NOT spread from one host to another |
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Term
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Definition
| subjective experience of disease |
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Term
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Definition
important to immunize
some people have compromised immune systems and cannot be immunized, so they rely on those who CAN be immunized to be immune/not carriers so that they aren't exposed |
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Term
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Definition
occasionally occurs, few people affected
can cause outbreaks |
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Definition
| continually present in a particular geographic area |
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Term
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Definition
higher than normal incidence (outbreak)
poses public health problem |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where microbes are harbored |
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Term
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Definition
| develops quickly and lasts short time |
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Term
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Definition
| develops slowly but persistent or recurrent |
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Term
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Definition
pathogen inactive - asymptomatic
periodic outbreaks |
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Term
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Definition
| have active infection but no outward symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
enters blood or lymph
sepsis |
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Term
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Definition
| whole body inflamation caused by infection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| systemic/blood bacterial infection |
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Definition
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| opportunistic infection that sets in because primary infection has lowered immune system |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| symptoms begin to get better |
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Definition
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Term
| three reservoirs for disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| humans have active infections but inapparent |
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Term
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Definition
zoonoses - infections acquired from animals
insects |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| direct contact transmission |
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Definition
| requires live physical contact |
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Term
| indirect contact transmission |
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Definition
indirect contact
-fomite
-droplet |
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Term
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Definition
inanimate object transmission
sneeze guard |
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Term
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Definition
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| vehicle transmission via water |
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Definition
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Term
| vehicle food transmission |
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Definition
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| airborne vehicle transmission |
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Definition
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Definition
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| biological vector transmission |
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Definition
| bite from insect or animal |
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Term
| mechanical vector transmission |
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Definition
| animal/insect lands on you with germs on foot (NO BITE) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| exogenous nosocomial infection |
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Definition
| acquired from hospital - not normal flora |
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Term
| endogenous nosocomial infection |
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Definition
| from patients normal flora bc of supressed immune system |
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Term
| factors in nosocomial infection |
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Definition
hospitals are major reservoir
patients are compromised hosts
caregivers create chain of transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| new or drug-resistant infection |
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Term
| factors in emergence of infectious disease |
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Definition
growing human population
tech and industry
international travel and commerce
microbe mutation
breakdown of public health measures
bioterrorism |
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Term
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Definition
etiology - mircobe and mode of transmission
occurence - how many, where and when
demographics - who was infected and what do they have in common?
prevention - can require understanding behavior/culture |
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Term
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Definition
mucous membranes
skin
parenteral - break in skin that's not normally there |
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Term
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Definition
| feces, blood, semen, tears, urine |
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Term
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Definition
| how many microbes you need to get 50% of your sample population sick |
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Term
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Definition
| how much toxin in required to kill 50 % of sample population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
how microbe binds to host cell
adhesins and biofilms |
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Term
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Definition
help with penetration
-capsules
-M protein
-waxy cell wall
-enzymes
-invasins |
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Term
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Definition
| allow bacteria to adhere to specific proteins on host |
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Term
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Definition
| communities of microbes use glycocalyx to adhere and spread on non-living surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
impair phagocytosis
improve ability to grow within or on host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cell wall component that aids attachment and pentration, resists phagocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| help with penetration: coagulase, streptokinase, hyaluronidase, collagenase |
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Term
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Definition
bacterial surface proteins cause rearrangement of host cell cytoskeleton
creates ruffle on host cell that protects bacteria |
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