Term
| Most sensory portions of the PNS are derived from this |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory neurons of cranial and spinal sensory ganglia are derived from this |
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Definition
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Term
| Autonomic ganglia and the postganglionic neurons originating in them originate from this |
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Definition
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Term
| Much of the ectomesenchyme of the anterior head and neck are derived from this |
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Definition
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Term
| Melanocytes of the skin and oral mucosa are derived from this |
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Definition
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Term
| this part of the tooth is not derived from neural crest cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Schwann cells are derived from this |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the three Basic Functional Neuronal Types |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Soo much RER in nerve cells that staining shows clumps of RER- once you can see this with a light microscope it is called this |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the problem with the golgi silver stain? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| nissl substance at the axon hillock |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| little- may be to store Ca and proteins |
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Term
| describe the golgi in the soma |
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Definition
|
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Term
| describe the Mitochondria shape and movement in the soma |
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Definition
| Mitochondria with stunted and short cristae. Neuronal mitochondria are constantly moving along microtubules in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| what is Lipofuscin found in the soma |
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Definition
| – irregularly shaped, yellowish-brown granules. Presence increases with age and may be deleterious to neuronal function |
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Term
| these granules may be a by product of the presence of DOPA |
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Definition
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Term
| The spines on the surface of the dendrites allow them to form these. |
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Definition
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Term
| these structures on a nerve cell are normally elaborated from a single trunk |
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Definition
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Term
| Dendritic spines diminish with |
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Definition
age.
inadequate nutrition.
various neural diseases, maybe Alzheimer’s |
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Term
| Damaging structural changes to the dendrite are seen in individuals with this genetic abnormality |
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Definition
| trisomy 13 and trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). |
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Term
| Axons transmit the impulse from |
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Definition
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Term
| Axonal speed of transmission is dependent upon these two factors |
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Definition
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Term
| Axon Hillock – adjacent to the soma. It lacks these structures |
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Definition
| no ribosomes,some mitochondria and neurotubules and filaments. |
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Term
| The axon from the soma to the beginning of the myelin sheath (when present) is the initial segment. this takes place at this point |
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Definition
| It is here that excitatory and inhibitory impulses begin with a resulting (or lack thereof) action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transport of proteins for cell maintenance and neurosecretory products flow in this direction |
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Definition
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Term
| Transport of proteins for building of neurofilaments and microtubules. Enzymes and endocytosed material and VIRUSES travel in this direction from the soma |
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Definition
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Term
| flow along an axon is fastest in this direction |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the four types of neuroglial cells |
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Definition
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells |
|
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Term
| what is the function of astrocytes? |
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Definition
| Stabilization of space between neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accomplished through interconnections of astrocytes with capillaries and parts of neurons and reinforced with intermediate filament bundles made chiefly of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). |
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Term
| Sharing information between astrocytes is done in this manner |
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Definition
| via a system of gap junctions |
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Term
| what are four additional functions of astroglial cells besides stabilizing a space between neurons |
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Definition
Expedite metabolic and nutritional exchanges
Provide suitable metabolic intermediates
remove released neurotransmitters, potassium and deleterious substances gaining access to the extracellular space
form a continuous layer over blood vessels and may play a part in the construction of the blood-brain barrier |
|
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Term
| what is gliosis or astrogliosis? |
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Definition
| CNS damage resulting from a variety of causes which then result in a hypertrophic and proliferative response |
|
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Term
| what is the functional difference between an oligodendrocyte and a schwann cell |
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Definition
| the oligodendrocyte can wrap around multiple axons while a schwann cell can only wrap around a single axon |
|
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Term
| the oligodendrocytes that produce myelin |
|
Definition
| Interfasicular oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
| closely juxtaposed to the cell bodies of large neurons. Their function is not clear |
|
Definition
| Satellite oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
| three functions of mycroglial cells |
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Definition
Phagocytes that ingest debris and damaged structures in the CNS.
Protect CNS from viruses, microorganisms and formation of tumors.
Antigen-presenting cells that secrete cytokines. |
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Term
| Cells lining the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| specialized ependymal cells whose processes extend into the hypothalamus. Presumed function is to transport CSF to the neurosecretory cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Guillain-Barre’ Disease (Syndrome) |
|
Definition
| Immune disorder resulting in rapid demyelination |
|
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Term
| Electrical synapse prevelance and location |
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Definition
| – least common types, found in the brainstem, retina and cerebral cortex. Occur across gap junctions. |
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Term
| Chemical synapses prevelance and location |
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Definition
| most common, involves transfer of chemicals across a synaptic space with a presynaptic and postsynaptic element. |
|
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Term
| types of chemical synapses |
|
Definition
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic
Dendrodendritic |
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|
Term
| Excitatory nerve characteristics |
|
Definition
| thick postsynaptic density and a wide (30 nm) synaptic cleft – asymmetric synapse |
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|
Term
| Inhibitory nerve cell characteristics |
|
Definition
| thin postsynaptic density and a relatively narrow (20nm) synaptic cleft – symmetric synapse |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of small molecule transmitters |
|
Definition
Acetylcholine
Amino acids
Biogenic amines (monoamines) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glutamate
Aspartate
Glycine
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
|
|
Term
| Biogenic amines (monoamines)transmitters |
|
Definition
Serotonin
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine |
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Term
|
Definition
| enkephalins and endorphins |
|
|
Term
| Gastrointestinal neuropeptides |
|
Definition
| substance P, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) |
|
|
Term
| gastrointestinal neuropeptides are produced by these cells |
|
Definition
| produced by cells of the DNES (APUD) system |
|
|
Term
| name two gas neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Huntington’s Chorea cause and effects |
|
Definition
| – heredity, severe loss of motor control resulting in uncontrolled flailing motions. Loss of cells that produce GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| Parkinson’s Disease cause and effects |
|
Definition
| Parkinson’s Disease – slowness or jerky movements resulting from loss of dopamine producing cells in the substantia nigra |
|
|
Term
| 4 things you have to have to transmit a signal |
|
Definition
Proper ionic environment
Overall structural integrity of the nervous system
The plasma membrane of the soma, axons and dendrites is intact.
The axon, at a minimum, is surrounded by the plasma membrane of either the oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell. |
|
|
Term
| In myelinated nerves the myelin sheath acts as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what diameter nerve will transmit an impulse more quickly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the coverings of a nerve from outside in |
|
Definition
| epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium |
|
|
Term
| what does a mylinated nerve look o\like on an H&E slide? |
|
Definition
| inverted doughnut as the fat in the mylin is lost leaving a empty space |
|
|
Term
| Bundles containing the groups of 1 type of function, IE taste- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| perineurium is made of this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stain would you use if you wanted to see the mylin? |
|
Definition
| osmium tetroxide- it retains the lipid and is used in electron microscopy |
|
|
Term
| what is the space between areas of mylineated axon called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuromuscular junction neurotransmitter- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with the axon reaction Local change= |
|
Definition
| change at the site of the damage |
|
|
Term
| with the axon reaction Anterograde changes |
|
Definition
| changes distal to the site of the damage |
|
|
Term
| with the axon reaction Retrograde changes |
|
Definition
| change proximal to the site of the damage |
|
|
Term
| following damage to the nerve how long before Axon terminal hypertrophies and then degenerates ANTEROGRADE |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| after axonal degeneration these move in to occupy its space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the wallerian reaction |
|
Definition
| after the axon terminal hypertrophies the distal part of axon degenerates along with myelin sheath that surrounds it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soma hypertrophies with spreading out of RER (dispersement of Nissl bodies) and displacement of nucleus |
|
|
Term
| bells palsy, damage to the facial nerve of an unknown origin and axon regeneration |
|
Definition
| aberrant sprouting resulting in numerous abnormal axons formed |
|
|
Term
| Following Hypoxic-Ischemic Insult the cells in the CNS change in this way |
|
Definition
Shrinkage, significant shrinkage!
Pyknosis of the nucleus
Disappearance of the nucleolus
Loss of Nissl substance
Intense eosinophilia of cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intense eosinophilia of cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| Undigested material derived from intracellar lipid peroxidation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a sign of free radical injury and lipid peroxidation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are lipofiscin granules found? |
|
Definition
| Found in the liver, heart and brain cells of aging patients or patients with severe malnutrition |
|
|
Term
| where are lewy bodies found |
|
Definition
| Found in neurons that remain in the substantia nigra in patients with Parkinson’s disease |
|
|
Term
| where are lewy bodies found |
|
Definition
| Composed of a-synuclein and other proteins including ubiquitin |
|
|
Term
| outside of the substantia nigra where are lewy bodies found |
|
Definition
the medulla
the pons
the amygdala
the cerebral cortex
other subcortical areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amyloid is a general term that denotes fibrillar deposts formed in vivo when a protein partially unfolds or misassembles |
|
|
Term
| where are amyloid bodies found |
|
Definition
| Found in the hippocampus, amygdala, neocortex, basal ganglia and cerebellar cortex |
|
|
Term
| amyloid bodies are exclusivly found in alzheimers disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bundles of paired helical filaments visible as basophilic fibrillary structure in the cytoplasm of the neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do neurofilliary tangles do to the cell |
|
Definition
| Displace or encircle the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| where are neurofibrillary tangles, which become extracellular when the cell dies, found? |
|
Definition
Found in cortical neurons especially in the entorhinal cortex.
Also found in the cells of the hippocampus, amygdala and basal forebrain |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal root ganglion cell type |
|
Definition
| pseudounipolar No synapse |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic ganglion synapse type |
|
Definition
| have synapses- that’s why pre and post ganglions |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic ganglion cell size and staining |
|
Definition
| about the same size and stain about the same color |
|
|
Term
| dorsal root ganglion size and staining |
|
Definition
| varying sizes and stain varying colors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for parastalsys in tubular gut |
|
|
Term
| These 2 types of specialized cells are found in sub mucosa of the gut are part of the enteric nervous system |
|
Definition
| meissners plexus and aeurbach's plexus |
|
|
Term
| where are meisners corpuscles found |
|
Definition
| at the border between the epidermis and dermis in the dermis |
|
|
Term
| where are pacinian corpuscles found |
|
Definition
| In the deep dermis or hypoderrmis (below the dermis) |
|
|
Term
| what function do pacinian corpuscles serve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an astroglial matt |
|
Definition
| tissue thickens around the axon, due to damage that keeping the axon from regenerating |
|
|
Term
| what the heck is a terminal bouton? |
|
Definition
| the buttonlike swelling on an axon where it has a synapse with another neuron |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important diffence between lewy bodies and lipofuscin granules? |
|
Definition
| lewy bodies are indicative of pathology |
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|
