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| geometric growth rate calculation for NT |
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| dependency theory for migration |
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| who developed it and what is its relevance for migration |
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| in explaining Migration processes Massey and Espinoza find evidence for all but what theory of migration to explain Mexico -US flows |
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| what everett lee's 4 characteristics of determining migration |
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Definition
| 1. characteristics of origin 2. characteristics of destination 3. obstacles 4. personal factors |
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| who first developed the laws of migration |
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Definition
| Ravenstein in the late 19th century |
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| who created transnationalism |
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| schiller et al in a 1995 paper |
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| who questions the usefulness of transantionalism |
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| what has happened to divorce rates |
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| they peaked in the 1980s and then have been fairly steady since |
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| what did watkins and colleagues say happened to time spent in families in light of increasing life expectancy |
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Definition
| while years in a family and playing roles could potentially decrease |
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| what are two theories of marriage historically |
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Definition
| 1. circulation of servants- if not first born could not marry til financially stable 2. circulation of wives -centrality of extended family |
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| developed the two historical theories of marriage |
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| who says the family is in crisis and this has profound consequences for children |
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| what is the relationship between the instantaneous and average growth rate |
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| the two are equal only in the case where the growth rate is constant |
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| if the population growth is linear |
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| the intercensal estimate of PY lived in pop is.... |
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| Sam Preston....think of the children! cites declining fortunes of children and rising boats of elderly |
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| what is compression of morbidity |
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| Fries 1980 suggests rectangular shape of mortality. declining variance in the time of death |
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| Aviva Hoschild refers to women taking on labor and home responisibilities |
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| when is the rectangularization of mortality not inevitable |
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Definition
| when there is no biological limit to mortality |
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| number of people 65 years or older over number of children 15 and under |
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| Routes to Low Mortality in developing countres |
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| Putting People Into Place |
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| 2007 PAA address given by Barbara Entwistle. Argues need to think about place esp. in relation to human agency in selecting place. Place affects people people affect Places. Also says theory in this area is underdeveloped |
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| Missing and Problematic Men |
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| Address given by Green and Biddlecom argues that demographers have historically neglected men esp. in fertility studies esp. because of issues in measurement. Highlights need to do so to better understand decision making |
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| How the World Survived the Population Bomb |
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Definition
| 2011 Address given by David Lam that highlights in spite of pessimistic projections given by Malthus and others including Paul Ehlrich. We survived through innovation |
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| A Multigenerational View of Inequality |
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Definition
| Rob Mare really here thinking about grandparent effects. Genetic inheritance |
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| AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO HEALTH |
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Definition
| Kathleen Mullen Harris 2009 proposes integrated approach to health PAA Addres |
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| When to Promote and When to Avoid a Population Perspective |
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Definition
| Duncan 2008 PAA address drawing on his experience in survey research highlights survey issues in measuring populations |
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| IMMIGRATION AND THE AMERICAN CENTURY |
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| Charles Hirschmann 2005 PAA address discusses changing composition of immigrants coming into the United States over the 20th century and pathways to assimilation for current immigrants. Tie this address into the current work of Daniel Lichter and his 2012 PAA address on growing inequalities in the United States |
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| DIVERGING DESTINIES: HOW CHILDREN ARE FARING UNDER THE SECOND DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION |
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Definition
| 2004 PAA address given by Sarah McLanahan. Discusses two trajectories for children: one to advantaged mothers |
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| Second Demographic Transition |
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Definition
| Proposed by Van de Kaa and Lestheage in the mid 1980s I believe they have two papers in 1986 and 1987. What is this theory saying? Under first demographic transition |
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| First Demographic Transition |
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| Proposed first by Thompson but largely credited to Notestein. Discusses that the fall of fertility such that shortly after mortality declines so will fertility. Fertility increasingly becomes confined within marriage. Associated with changes generally in modernization. |
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| Is Low fertility a twenty-first century demographic crisis |
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Definition
| S. Philip Morgan 2003's PAA address. He concludes that low fertility may prove to be a problem but a problem which countries want to have |
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Term
| J shaped curve to fertility |
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Definition
| Hans Peter Kohler and Myrskhal 2009 paper in demography. Finds that fertility is now slightly increasing in countries which have adopted pro-family policies |
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| Demography and the Social Contract |
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Definition
| Tienda 2002's PAA address. Discusses how demography factors into democracy through ways such as enumeration in determining representatives |
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| Explores the myth of the family and family development |
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Definition
| Thornton's 2001 PAA address. I like this paper |
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| MATERNAL AND TIMEWITHCHILDREN: DRAMATIC CHANGE EMPLOYMENT OR SURPRISING CONTINUITY? |
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Definition
| Bianchi 2000 suggests that in spite of growing trends in female employment women have spent about the same time with children |
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| Going to Extremes: Family Structure |
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Definition
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| Demography and the Environment |
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Definition
| Ann Pebley's 1998 PAA address. Provides IPAT formula environmental impact of demographic processes = population *affluence*technology. Suggests effects of pop change are unclear and people can simultaneously be improving environment and hurting it in other ways |
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| The Age of Extremes: Concentrated Affluence and Poverty in the Twenty-first Century |
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Definition
| Doug Massey 1996 PAA address. Finds patterns of increasing segregation |
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| Explaining Fertility Transitions |
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Definition
| 1997 PAA address given by karen Mason finds three things. First fertility theories flawed in assuming single cause. Second |
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| 1995 PAA address given by Linda Waite. Finds that yup |
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| 1994 PAA address given by Richard Udry. Discusses findings of gendered behaviors. Heide noted: if this appears on a prelim |
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| Fertility and family planning among the elderly in Taiwan |
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Definition
| or integrating the demography of aging into population studies |
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| nqx=nmx*n/(1+(n-nax)*nmx) |
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| has time on one axis age on another looks at cohort trajectories |
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Definition
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| if population growth is linear |
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Definition
| what bias is in the intercensal estimate? |
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| if population growth is exponential |
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Definition
| what bias is in the intercensal estimate? |
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Term
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| paul demeny 1986 paa address if there is a problem it's that individual demographic decisionmaking doesn't add up to collective action |
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Term
| Mosley and Chen's mortality characteristics |
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Definition
| 1. environmental 2. mothers 3. injury 4. nutrition 5. personal illness protection |
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| reasons for mortality decline in more developed countries |
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Definition
| 1. nutrition 2. sanitation 3. public health |
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Definition
| wrote 1`1960s theories of decline of mortality in Britain cites nutrition as reason. Uses this via residual reasoning which has since been criticized |
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| Name some criticisms of McKweon's work |
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Definition
| 1. he uses residual logic 2. he fails to distinguish between nutritional status and caloric intake 3. he takes a narrow view of public health |
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| what 1978 now classic work suggested that sanitation was important for mortality decline in historical europe and France specifically |
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Definition
| preston and van de walle 1978 |
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| what is the effect of a mortality shock on a population age structure |
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Definition
| it depends if shock is neutral no effect |
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| missing and problematic men |
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Definition
| greene and biddlecom 2000 name says it all demographers suck at measuring men. This has analytic and methodological implications including measuring fertility intentions |
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| what do we accomplish in standardization |
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| what do we accomplish in decomposition |
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Definition
| formal breakdown relation of composition and rate to demographic event |
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| a group typically defined in relation to some demographic event |
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| counting of births famous in 1992 PAA address by Etienne Van de Walle suggests that numeracy comes shortly before control of fertiltiy |
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| 1991 PAA address given by Ronald Rindfuss suggests that duration of young adulthood is increasing and young adulthood sets stage for later health outcomes |
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| what's happening to the family |
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Definition
| paa address given by Larry bumpass finds that consistently normative positive pressures for family are decreasing |
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Term
| age period cohort problem |
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Definition
| hobcraft 1982 says is deceiving because none are actual determinants of behavior but refers to difficulties in identification |
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Term
| example of apc estimation |
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Definition
| Yang 2008 estimation of mortality in US from 1. cardiovascular diseases 2. stroke 3. lung cancer 4. breast cancer |
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Term
| what is a flaw with using standardization to adjust for age? |
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Definition
| cannot see age trends within groups |
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Term
| what was Fogel's contribution to the lit on mortality in more developed countries? |
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Definition
| height data used to support nutrition hypothesis |
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| who mentions orgasms in his PAA address? (hey it made it more memorable) |
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Definition
| Sam Preston in discussing the declining future of children relative to the elderly. |
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Term
| what is the association between stable populations and stationary pops |
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Definition
| all stationary pops are stable not all stable pops are stationary |
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| what is l0 in a stationary pop |
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Definition
| the number of births at a time 0 |
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Term
| if the pop growth is exponential |
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Definition
| the intercensal estimate of PY lived |
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| how to calculate the instantaneous growth rate |
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Definition
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Term
| what are assumptions of a transition in demography |
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Definition
| 1. unidirectional 2. irreversible in some way transformative |
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Term
| Notestein typically gets the credit but who first proposed the first demographic transition |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some characteristics of the epidemiological transition? |
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Definition
| Omran 1971 1. high mortality 2. mortality declines associated with modernization 3. first benefits by women and children 4. infectious diseases gradually replaced by man made ones 5. three different trajectories of modernization |
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| J shaped fertility curve and its implications |
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Definition
| fertility can be made to rise with pro-natalist/pro-family policies |
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Term
| why has relationship between income and mortality weakend in ldcs |
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Definition
| 1. diffusion of medical information and technologies |
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Term
| how do we calculate doubling time for a pop |
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Definition
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Term
| bastards and decomposition |
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Definition
| famous herb smith 1996 decomposition paper on share of out of wedlock childbearing |
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| causes of the black white mortality crossover |
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Definition
| 1. bad data (Elo 1994) 2. heterogeneity in the pops frailty Lynch 2003 |
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Term
| for lung cancer which effect (age |
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Definition
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| why might mortality gains slow in latin america in the coming ages |
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Definition
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Term
| who is a population optimist with respect to human longevity and what the hell does that mean |
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Definition
| 1. wilmoth 2000 and it means that there is no fixed biological endpoint to human longevity |
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Term
| which past PAA president shares my bike's name and when was her tenure |
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Definition
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| social conditions as a fundamental cause of disease |
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Definition
| link and phelan's influential 1995 article. disease and social standing are integrally linked through a dynamic series of processes which cannot easily be controlled for and which evolve over time |
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Definition
| what has been happening to mortality differences by education |
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Definition
| studied conducted by marmot and colleagues on british civil servants found that there is a health gradient and behaviors explained some but not all the difference across groups |
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Term
| during the 1990s its believed that black mortality changed x relative to whites |
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Definition
| black mortality improved relative to whites |
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Term
| What do Meara and colleagues is the source of increasing educational gap in US in mortality |
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Definition
| smoking and improvements for most educated at older ages |
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Term
| what has happened to trends in black white disability in the 1980s and 1990s |
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Definition
| blacks made gains relative to whites |
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Term
| what is the fourth stage of the epidemiological transition |
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Definition
| the age of receding degenerative diseases discussed by Olshanky 1986 |
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Term
| how many stages did the epidemiological transition as articulated by Omran have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a term coined by Fries that refers to end of biological functioning all organisms experience when they have survived through disease states |
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Term
| what is the difference between natural deaths and degenerative diseases |
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Definition
| if one buys ohlansky's argument |
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Term
| is the epidemiological transition irreversible |
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Definition
| NO! if we care about experience of countries in the former soviety union |
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Term
| why do we care about the experience of the former soviet union |
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Definition
| increases in mortality esp for men due to alcoholism |
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Term
| what are some good summary statistics of mortality trends? |
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Definition
| 1. dependency ratio 2. aging index (# over 65/#under 15) 3. life expectancy e0 3. mean age of life expectancy 4. median age of life expectancy |
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Term
| what has happened to variance in mortality in more developed countries |
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Definition
| while mean age has converged trends in mortality variance are not uniform Edwards 2005 |
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Term
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Definition
| she wrote a text undoing malthusian thought that population might face hunger due to population growth and argues that instead population determines agricultural methods |
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Term
| crude rate of net migration |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in demography this refers to the biological capacity to give birth |
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Term
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Definition
| known for his work on containing cholera outbreak in London in the 17th century |
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Term
| intrinsic rate of increase |
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Definition
| the ultimate growth rate if current pop growth were held constant such that the pop became stable equivalent |
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Term
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Definition
| two dimensional diagram with age on one axis and period on another used for tracking trends among cohorts |
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Term
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Definition
| term in migration. Depending on reasons for migration is often taken as an indicator of different risk profiles |
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Term
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Definition
| event history model that allows effect of covariates to vary over time |
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Definition
| often defined by 85 + now with increasing centinerains defined as 100+ killewald 2010 |
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Term
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Definition
| the two sex problem refers to fertility. Specifically in seeking to define a stable pop and intrinsic growth rate demographers often only rely on maternity and fertility schedules when in fact men have a role to play in the reproductive process and incroproating their schedules may lead to inconsistences. Pollak discusses this in his 1986 demography article |
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Term
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Definition
| solution to two sex problem proposed by Pollak and colleagues 1986 |
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Term
| direct standardization vs. indirect standardization |
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Definition
| direct standardization calculates a weighted average of the region’s age-specific mortality rates where the weights represent the age-specific sizes of the standard population. uses age-specific mortality rates from the standard population to derive expected deaths in the region’s population |
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Term
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Definition
| specific type of heterogeneity often defined in a Markov Process where there are two people those who stay and those who have a probability of leaving |
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Term
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Definition
| a proportional term added to an event history model to add an individual frailty term |
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Term
| parity progression; birth interval |
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Definition
| parity progression refers to a women's move from one birth to the next. birth interval refers to the time between births |
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Term
| unemployed; out of the labor force |
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Definition
| unemployment is often calculated as people who want to work but can't |
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Term
| period effect; cohort effect |
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Definition
| perioed effect refers to change in a demographic caused by some period components |
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Term
| index of dissimilarity; gini coefficient |
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Definition
| index of dissimilarity is a measure of interaction typically used to measure race segregation the gini index is a measure of agregate ses inequality in a society |
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Term
| Momentum of population growth |
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Definition
| continued change in a population that would be expected if the population growth rate were set to zero |
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Term
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Definition
| a shift in the mortality curve that affects all ages equally |
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Term
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Definition
| expected reproduction of individuals from age x onward this was defined by Fisher |
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Term
| Intrinsic rate of natural increase |
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Definition
| given as the probability of survival * the maternity function |
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Term
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Definition
| average duration from childbearing |
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Term
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Definition
| age structured model of population growth |
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Term
| Single decrement probability of dying of cause j |
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Definition
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Term
| Entropy of the survival curve |
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Definition
| introduce by Keyfitz in relation to the elasticity of life |
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Term
| sex differences in mortality |
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Definition
| gender differences often larger than between other sub-groups |
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Term
| differential in life expectancy will change how if age specific death rates between two populations become more similar |
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Definition
| it can increase or decrease...we don't know this is a paradox explained by differential dispersion of death |
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Term
| why might the same mortality shock lower the sex differentials in mortality? |
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Definition
| this can happen if male deaths are more dispersed than female deaths |
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Term
| why does an abortion always prevent less than one birth |
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Definition
| 1. more fecund time (didn't carry to term 9 months |
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Term
| why can age specific death rates become more similar but life expectancies diverge? |
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Definition
| differences in the dispersion of deaths |
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Term
| under an economic theory of fertility decline |
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Definition
| family size depends on.... |
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Term
| under an economic theory of fertility decline |
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Definition
| the introduction of a family planning program may..... |
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Term
| all else kept constant an increase in the number of potential children a couple will have will.... |
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Definition
| decrease the number of children had at a societal level if it is above the demand for children and the costs of children are above the motivation to regulate fertility |
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Term
| when the potential children curve falls above the demand for children curve |
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Definition
| there will be motivation to regulate fertility |
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Term
| motivation to regulate fertility is a necessary but |
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Definition
| not suffiicent condition to regulate fertility |
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Term
| period vs. cohort life tables |
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Definition
| period life table creates a synthetic cohort based on what would happenn to a cohort if it had the period rates. Cohort lifetable what actually happened ot individuals. Advantages of the cohort are that it is real data |
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Term
| for the first year of life if m0 is >= .107 what is the nax |
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Definition
| .330 for male births .350 for female births |
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Term
| for the first year of life if m0 is <.107 what is nax |
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Definition
| .045+2.684*1mo for males .053+2.800*1mo for females |
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Term
| Bongaarts measures of proximate fertility |
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Definition
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Term
| What modifications does Stover suggest be made to Bongaarts model of proximate determinants of fertility |
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Definition
| marriage be replaced by entry into sexual activity |
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Term
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Definition
| 1995 paper by Gigi Santow that suggested that fertility control was being practiced long before is commonly acknowledged in the form of coitus interruptus |
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Term
| what are the implications of coitus interruptus |
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Definition
| fertility was never natural |
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Term
| only god can decide what does this mean for natural fertility |
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Definition
| it suggests fertility regulation believed to be outside individual control |
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Term
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Definition
| high fertility at low and very high levels of feminism but low in betweeen |
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Term
| advantages of period measure of fertility |
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Definition
| vary with time which is what fertility does |
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Term
| disadvnatages of cohort measure of fertility |
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Definition
| according to Ni Bhlorchain 1992 it forces a fixed fertility target |
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Term
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Definition
| doesn't disaggregate births and for periods does a poor job of incorporating past experience |
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Term
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Definition
| suggests ideology matters for predicting fertility |
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Term
| what does palloni identif\y as general pattern of fertility in latin america |
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Definition
| 1. mortality decline 2. brief increase in fertility in the 1950s and 1960s 3. decline in fertility but this ignores migration and n singular latin america experience |
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Term
| what does palloni credit for mortality reductions in latin america |
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Definition
| malaria reduction in some countries in others higher standard of living and nutrition as well as public works projects and sanitation |
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Term
| Axinn 1993 finds whose schooling matters for fertility transitions? |
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Definition
| the education of children from the economic perspective may relate to costs of children i.e. beckers argument for a higher quality child |
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Term
| education and demography go |
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Definition
| education of whom matters 1. maternal education believed to decrease infant mortality in ldcs 2. more educated mothers may have fewer kids (greater opportunity cost of kids) 3. education of children may matter. educating children costs money may decrease fertility |
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Term
| health transition vs. health revolution |
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Definition
| term used by Riley in his 2001 book to suggest that history in health is dramatic but it doesn't have the origins such that one might label it historically a revolution |
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Term
| what is the economic independence hypothesis |
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Definition
| women with more attractive labor options will be less likely to get married |
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Term
| what is oppenheimer's career entry theory of marriage |
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Definition
| conditions on the marriage market may become more symmetrical as now expectation of standard of living requires two incomes |
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Term
| Becker's theory of marriage expects positive assortative mating on all characteristics except... |
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Definition
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Term
| who describes multiple type of transnational social spaces |
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Definition
|
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Term
| who is one of the first authors to discuss transnationalism |
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Definition
|
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Term
| who is an early author on classical assimilation |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does classical assimilation theory say |
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Definition
| everyone will assimilate to the wasp. multiple pathways to assimilation but key pathway is marriage |
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Term
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Definition
| developed by Zhou and referenced by alba and nee suggests that voer generations people may assimilate to the US underclass different outcomes across generations and in different arenas |
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Term
| Zajacova 2009 mortality findings |
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Definition
| no real differences in educational gradient for men and women this is robust across race some slight differences for older adults |
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Term
| who finds credential difference between ged and hs matters for labor market outcomes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the preston curve |
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Definition
| a curve that is logarithmic graphing life expectancy by country's income |
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Term
| when did preston publish the preston curve |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how has AIDS affected the population age structure in some African countries |
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Definition
| wiped out adult populations |
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Term
| how has AIDS affected life expectancy in some African countries |
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Definition
| it has been lowered on the magnitude of some 35% these come from UN estimates |
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Term
| what is an HIV success story? |
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Definition
| Uganda the disease has more rapidly plateaued and tapered down |
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Term
| in their 2002 science article what do vaupel and oeppen conclude about longevity |
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Definition
| experts repeatedly declare we are reaching a ceiling but this finding is consistently been wrong |
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Term
| what do Vaupel and Oeppen conclude about life expectancy |
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Definition
| it has been increasing with surprising longevity over the past 150 years |
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Term
| what is one of the substantive differences between Lee Carter and Vaupel Oeppen's mortality forecasting |
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Definition
| Lee and Carter's 1992 forecast had more of a slow down while Vaupel and Oeppen have surprising linearity |
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Term
| who makes an argument for why cohort fertility may be perceived as conceptually not valuable |
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Definition
|
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Term
| who discusses natural fertility |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name some authors in mortality studies and discuss their contributions |
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Definition
| palloni-- valuable for understanding life course effects |
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Term
| when women in the same cohort have differing number of children the number of children per women and number of siblings is |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the relationship between number of siblings and number of children per woman |
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Definition
| C=p+variance/p where c is average number of siblings and p is female specific parity |
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Term
| for a stable population how do we express number of individuals at time t for a given age a |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are three conditions producing stable pop |
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Definition
| 1. age specific death rates are constant 2. births are growing at a constant rate 3. 0 rate of age specific migration |
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Term
| what condition did Lotka add to produce stable pop |
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Definition
| stable age specific fertility rates |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportionate share of a pop in the stable pop case |
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Term
| how long will it take for a stable population to stabilize |
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Definition
| answer depends on difference between age structure expected with rates imposed and current age structure |
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Term
| what happens if pop maternity and survival rates of two pops are changing in the same way at the same times |
|
Definition
| the pops will eventually look like each other |
|
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Term
| does migration have to be 0 for a stable pop to emerge |
|
Definition
| no it just has to be constant |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| b=1/(e^-r(a+.5)*(1La/lo)) |
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Term
| if the intrinsic growth rate is negative but the crni is positive |
|
Definition
| pop momentum is positive but if current pop conditions were maintained pop would eventually decrease |
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Term
| if there are no or very slight differences in crni and intrinsic grwoth rate |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| stable r must be negative |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does r = in relation to time and the net reproductive rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can we approximate r in a population given its grr |
|
Definition
| NRR=GRR*pa so ln(GRR*pa)/T=r |
|
|
Term
| how can we approximate r in a population given its tfr |
|
Definition
| if we assume S or the proportion of births which are female is constant across maternal age then NRR=S*pAm or r=ln(S*Pam)/T |
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Term
| if we are interested in determining the change in r |
|
Definition
| the growth rate in a pop but are only given its tfrs at two points in time |
|
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Term
| fertility reduction has blank returns in terms of population growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the average age of child bearing increases |
|
Definition
| then r will decrease even if tfr is becoming more positive |
|
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Term
| in a stable population what happens to the age structure if fertility increases |
|
Definition
| death rate will fall if mean age of death is above mean age of population |
|
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Term
| who is commonly credited with an ideational model of fertility change |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| caldwell's theory of wealth flows |
|
Definition
| suggests that fertility is controlled when wealth flows shift from child to parent to parent to child |
|
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Term
| who discusses why uniform changes in mortality might affect life expectancies of men and women differently |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Mark Hayward using NLS data in 2004 found that men living in what kind of homes had the lowest mortality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does Hayward find is the association between mortality risk and alcohol/bmi |
|
Definition
| a U shaped pattern moderte alcohol use |
|
|
Term
| critical period vs. cumulative process in health |
|
Definition
| Barker and intrautero environment versus idea that poor health and mortality accumulate over a life time |
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Term
| who argues that starvation and famines in general may not be due to food scarcity but lack of entitlement to food |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| who wrote the text on family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when was age of first marriage earliest in the united states |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| career entry theory of marriage |
|
Definition
| developed by oppenheimer suggests that in fact more financially independent women are more attractive mates |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| utility maximizing occurs over time and actors behave consistently |
|
|
Term
| Blossfeld 1991 contribution to the lit |
|
Definition
| showed that it isn't women's human capital development delaying marriage but participation in education systems which delay adulthood |
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Term
| who wrote an early paper on homogamy suggseting education more importnt matching than ascribed traits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who suggested in group matches are more stable |
|
Definition
| bumpass and sweeney writing in the 1970s |
|
|
Term
| what does raley 1996 find? |
|
Definition
| lack of black men contributes to lower union formation among black womn |
|
|
Term
| what does Kuznet say about the shape of the income inequality |
|
Definition
| it is inverted U shape it reaches the peak at industrialization then declines with further progress |
|
|
Term
| what is shape of marriage homogamy |
|
Definition
| same as income inequality inverted u shap |
|
|
Term
| what is Kuznet 1955's contribution to the literature |
|
Definition
| the development of the inverted U as the shape of the income inequality distribution |
|
|
Term
| what does goldman find regarding the relationship of frailty |
|
Definition
| positive health selection into marriage |
|
|
Term
| both blossfeld in the early 1990s and oppenheimer in 1997 find what about women's education and marriage |
|
Definition
| it's not female investment and employability that lead to declinees in marriage. blossfeld fiinds participation delays marriage |
|
|
Term
| what article is a review of the literature on the economic independence hypothesis of marriage |
|
Definition
| oppenheimer 1997 finds little support for it in review of literature |
|
|
Term
| what does rhymes with wow say about marital homogamy in relation to group size and spatial heterogeneity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does qiann say about interracial marriag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does merton suggest about interracial marriage |
|
Definition
| it is most likely to occur when there is exchange (i.e. high ses minority) with lower ses non-minority |
|
|
Term
| pattern of homogamy in race by education |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who argues the increasing importance of a cute but |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to brown and booth who has the worse relationship qualtiy |
|
Definition
| cohabitors generally do but this difference is largely explained by differences in intentions to marry |
|
|
Term
| axinn and thornton 1993 find what about attitudes and cohabitation behaviors |
|
Definition
| parents attitudes influence child behaviors and child behaviors influence parents and cohabitation |
|
|
Term
| Schofield and Reher determine what about the mortality decline in the 18th century (hint contrast normal vs. crisis mortality) |
|
Definition
| decline was shaped by drops in normal mortality not disappearance of mortality crises |
|
|
Term
| with regards to mortality declines what do schofield and reher find are the most advantaged age groups in historical europe |
|
Definition
| not infant but child mortality |
|
|
Term
| under natural fertility no fertility control is practiced. discuss |
|
Definition
| false no parity specific fertility control is practiced |
|
|
Term
| what do coale and watkins suggest happened to adaptors of parity specific control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for coale must what happened for people and societies to regulate their fertility |
|
Definition
| they must be ready willing able |
|
|
Term
| under princeton fertility project what groups were forerunners of low fertility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does on calculate the CBR |
|
Definition
| # of births/person years lived by the population |
|
|
Term
| how does one calculate the GFR |
|
Definition
| # of births/person years lived by the population of women aged 15-50 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of births to women aged x +n/py lived by women aged x +n |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| summation of nFx *sex ratio at birth |
|
|
Term
| name three population conferences and main conclusions of each |
|
Definition
| 1. 1974 Bucharest Romania support of individuals to control fertility 2. Mexico CIty support of govs to provide family planning 3. Cairo Egypt 1994 support of women's rights and education first time individual approach seen as important for fertility control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| find that public health interventions esp. water major source of improvement for mortality in US in early 20th century |
|
|
Term
| how do we calculate the IMR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is infant mortality rate a true rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also finds in high poverty areas black white functional limitations almost reach a convergence find while blacks at younger ages have more functional limitations than whites by around decades but significant heterogeneity with rural blacks having an advantage |
|
|
Term
| who proposes the health transition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an argument against vaupe land oeppen's life expectancy |
|
Definition
| vallin and mesle 2009 find clear break with french revolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| from 1980 -2001 what has happened to the infant mortality ratio of blacks to whites |
|
Definition
| it has increaesd from 2.0 to 2.4 indicating less favorable conditions for blacks |
|
|
Term
| what are findings from the World Fertility Surveys |
|
Definition
| a rejection of conventional theories |
|
|
Term
| who finds a repeat of hispanic paradox in relation to infant mortality using mortality measures from first few days of life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name some problems with the hispanic paradox |
|
Definition
| 1. who is hispanic 2. why should health parity be paradoxical 3. which one |
|
|
Term
| Davis and Blake have three more general sub-categories of intermediate fertility control variables |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who writes of the status syndrome and what is it? |
|
Definition
| Sir Marmot and it refers to gradation in mortality found cross culturally |
|
|
Term
| what are some limitations of the World Fertility Surveys |
|
Definition
| 1. overly standardized at the cost of national relevance 2. cross-sectional in nature 3. people may not tell you things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when there is no force of mortality up to the mean age of maternity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finds grouping of infant mortality is explained by maternal characteristics |
|
|
Term
| project forward age group five years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| project forward births five years |
|
Definition
| nBx=5*5Fx*(5Nxf+5Nxf(t+5)/2) |
|
|
Term
| how to translate births into survivorship of nF0 age group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| project forward last age group |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the association between mortality and health between men and women and what explains it |
|
Definition
| according to case and paxson 2005 differences in self rated health explained by differences in chronic conditions |
|
|
Term
| what are trends in US health inequality by ses in the United States over the 20th century? |
|
Definition
| Warren and Hernandez find ses inequalities at adult and child levels pretty consistent over the 20th century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cossman suggests that since the 1970s there have been fairly constant mortality levels in counties |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between rate and probability |
|
Definition
| rates denominator is units of exposure |
|
|
Term
| intercensal PY estimate equation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exponential calculation of PY |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do we make nmx to nqx conversion in multi decrement world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discusses disparities and the reasons behind higher risk of mortality for blacks. Discuss medical access |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| find that black white disparity in infant mortality in the United States has been increasing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| find that birth weight is an inherited characteristic from both fathers and mothers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finds that area predictors generally less strong than individual ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three theoretical approaches: 1. genes 2. behavioral 3. economic |
|
|
Term
| Preston 1980 finds the gains of mortality reduction are from |
|
Definition
| fertility among increased survivorship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| authors argues that maternal ill health has ramifications for children's health and society more generally |
|
|
Term
| what are the consequences of poor maternal health |
|
Definition
| increased risk of low birth weight according to Osmani and Sen 2003 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shows that even small amounts of education decrease mortality using data from India they suggest that this may be due to hidden curriculum of discipline and order |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highlight hiv epidemic in africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggest marital behavior and divorce may be a strategy for regulating hiv transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highlights high life expectancy of oldest old in Costa Rica suggests this is a selection effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggests bad data responsible for mortality cross-overs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggests projecting future costs of social security |
|
|
Term
| Preston 1989 suggests what about changes in mortality for implications of an age structure in a stable pop |
|
Definition
| declines in mortality in younger ages will produce younger pop |
|
|
Term
| who proposes the second demographic dividend and what is it? |
|
Definition
| lee and mason in a 2006 article suggest two demographic dividends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examine trends in educational selectivity for US migrants |
|
|
Term
| classic model explaining rural to urban migraiton in developing countries that suggests that time and perception explain seemingly illogical moves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| restates history of demographic transition theory |
|
|
Term
| rubalcava et al 2008 find what about the healthy migrant hypothesis |
|
Definition
| weak evidence for Mexican born to US migration |
|
|
Term
| simple vs. joint household structures hajnal 1982 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pagnini and Rindfuss 1993 |
|
Definition
| find evidence in cross-sectional surveys of slight declines in marriage as needed for childbearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finds evidence to support oppenheimers thesis that specialization no longer characterizes marraige which is true for both black and white couples using NLS cohort data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shows that while divorce rates in the US have remained constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| again shows increase in cohabitation such that households traditionally classified as single actually aren't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suggests attitudes towards out of wedlock childbearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| find large portion of out of wedlock fertility is explained by more women not being married for black women |
|
|
Term
| finds in making a comparison of self-rated child health those in poor health have 3 times more likely to have poor health in adulthood using PSID data |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed by Fogel and Costa 1997 in relation to growth of human life expectancy over last three centruies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| suggest same thing marmot does |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposed by Adler 1994 suggests that health influences ses and causes downward sociomobility rejects this as likely cause of the full graident |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encourage social scientists to think about constrained choice models of choice leading to gender gap |
|
|
Term
| Schwartz 2005 findings of homogamy |
|
Definition
| increasing homogamy in the United States consistent with increasing inequality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finds that among low educated mothers single motherhood rates esp. disparate with blacks having much igher single motherhood |
|
|
Term
| calculation of parity progression ratio from 0 to i |
|
Definition
| Pi/P0 or in verbal terms the number of people lost up to parity i over the total pop |
|
|
Term
| calculation of parity progression ration from i to i + 1 |
|
Definition
| Parity of women at i +1 /parity of women at i |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finds that low income couples believe there are certain prerequisites to marriage which they must meet unlike child bearing |
|
|
Term
| garilov and garilova 2012 |
|
Definition
| use case control of over a hundred US centenarians find that stout build decreases longevity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| way to define cbr in a stationary pop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nqxi calculation from nmx and nDxs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coale and trussel 1974 fertility rate |
|
Definition
| fa=ga*ra where ga is proportion married and ra is rate of women experiencing a birth |
|
|
Term
| what is va in the coal trussel model |
|
Definition
| va is proportion of women using contraception which deviates from natural fertility |
|
|
Term
| number of years that a newborn can expect to live between ages x and y |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| probability of living ages x and y |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lucas 2001 education transitions go |
|
Definition
| 1. life course perspective declining influence of parents as kids become more independent 2. maintaining maximal inequality perspective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| summarizes research suggesting importance of non-cognitive skills for social stratification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposed by Swidler in the 1980s discussion of resources passed from parents to kids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposes idea of ethnic capital |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| find overweight women and underweight men are less likely to get married |
|
|
Term
| if force of death is constant what is life expectancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tempo effects in mortality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses simulations to show that small increases in minority poverty lead to huge increases in concentration of poverty when they occur in segregated cities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed orphanhood method of meausring parental survival |
|
|
Term
| why can two populations with the same NRR have a different CRNI? |
|
Definition
| 1. depends on whether they are stable 2. how long the populations have been stable 3. the mortality schedules of men |
|
|
Term
| population momentum as an expression of pop aging |
|
Definition
| linear estimation between setting pop to stationarity and aging |
|
|
Term
| application of variable R method to china |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who first developed the variable R method |
|
Definition
| proportion of women bearing children * age specific growth rate between the interval of beginning of the reproductive cycle through the end of the reproductive cycle |
|
|
Term
| segmented assimilation theory |
|
Definition
| discussed by Zhou as well as Alba and Nee refers to the assimilation of non-white migrants to the underclass |
|
|
Term
| crimmins 1989 finds what regarding disability |
|
Definition
| life expectancy free years increased at younger ages from 1970 to 1980 but not so much at oldest ages using NHIS data |
|
|
Term
| what does crimmins 1989 find regarding disability of blacks and whites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can fertility affect education hint use Africa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explores effect of pregnancy on gender gap in schooling in sub-saharan africa |
|
|
Term
| how does one calculate singulate mean age at marriage and who developed it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies family formation in second demographic transition |
|
|
Term
| who develops a parity specific method of determining natural fertility (hint ender's game) |
|
Definition
| Anderton and Bean the idea is that because of maternal age |
|
|
Term
| how might we infer if fertility is natural |
|
Definition
| 1. birth intervals 2. date of last birth 3. first birth interval compared to latter births |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does a great discussion of African fertility in the context of intentionality |
|
|
Term
| why might age patterns of marital fertility have a u-shaped curve and still be considered natural |
|
Definition
| if age at first marriage occurs very early in reproductive years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discusses multistate lifetables |
|
|
Term
| John Logan census findings in 2010 |
|
Definition
| some erosion of black white segregation and traditional urban ghetto but continued hispanic and asian segregation |
|
|
Term
| what are the two measures of residential segregation |
|
Definition
| 1. index of dissimilarity 2. isolation index |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finds hispanic difference from migrants in fertility is largely due to an effect of period/timing not a real increase in quantum |
|
|
Term
| Preston and Campbell 1983 |
|
Definition
| discuss intergenerational transmission of iq find fertility differentials can influence IQ in numerous and complex waus |
|
|
Term
| calculate cdr in stable pop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sullivan's method for calculating disability |
|
Definition
| 1/lo*summation(1-prop disabled)*nLx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looks at how health events and the onset of health conditions affect earnings in a given year and over future years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| argues a switch from institutionalized racism in the middle of the 20th century to decentralized racism in the 1990s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finds an argument that migration from Mexico to US is actually good for sending communities through investments in production and easing of costs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| argues that different enclaves different labor effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intergenerational transfers important as children without mothers have lower consumption patterns |
|
|
Term
| what is the grandmother effect and who found it |
|
Definition
| Lee 2008 suggestion that humans esp women live past age of maternity in order to help provide consumption for their children |
|
|
Term
| carnes and olshansky 2007 |
|
Definition
| revisit and explain the population pessimist position or as they term it |
|
|
Term
| Wilmoth and Horiuchi 1999 |
|
Definition
| argues that the rectangularization of mortality while a historical phenomena hasn't occurred as Fries 1980 predicted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
