Term
| replacement level fertility |
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Definition
2.1 total fertility rate
1 gross |
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Term
| the current u.s. total fertility rate and how it has changed during the 20th century |
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Definition
| 2.1; the fertility rate has decreased, especially since the baby boomers in the 50s; also 25-30 have greater fertility rate than 20-25 |
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Term
| current worldwide range of total fertility rates |
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Definition
niger - highest fertility rate (7.6)
macau - lowest fertility rate (0.9) |
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Term
| distinction between fecundity and fertility |
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Definition
fecundity is a biological, individual process for a woman to reproduce; range 0-69
fertility is the number of children born by a group; upper limit: about 11 children per woman among hutterites in 1930 |
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Term
| proximate determinants of fertility |
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Definition
(4) John bongaarts; 4 variables determine 90% of variation in fertility
1. contraceptive use
2. proportion in sexual union
3. level of induced abortion
4. lactational infecundity |
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Term
| thomas robert malthus' principle of population |
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Definition
-"food is necessary to the existence of man"
-"passion between the sexes is necessary"
-population will eventually exceed "carrying capacity" which will lead to famine and poverty
-positive checks and preventative checks
availability of food and crises
critiques
emphasis on moral restrain rather than contraception or abortion
blames the poor for exponential growth and ensuing poverty
did not consider green revolution and immigration |
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Term
| neo-malthusians (how do they differ from malthus) |
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Definition
reject moral restraint as the only acceptable means of birth control
1. personal goals are not necessarily consistent with societal goals regarding population growth
2. environmental degradation results from population growing beyond means of subsistence |
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Term
| theories of fertility decline |
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Definition
| 1st section before exam 1 |
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Term
| government policy and fertility specific examples, ideal policies |
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Definition
phillip morgan presidential address
- low fertility is a problem but not a crisis, it is the result of solving a more serious problem: exponential population growth
- motivation remains for low-parity births
- low fertility can be addressed through policy
- low fertility strikes developed countries with resources to respond to the problem
policy - there are things the government could implement that would make having children and working easier |
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Term
| difference between structure and agency |
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Definition
agency - couples and individuals in low fertility nations are generally "pro-natalist"
structure - institutional policies in low fertility nations are often "anti-natalist" |
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Term
| difference between qualitative methods and quantitative methods |
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Definition
| qualitative : focus groups |
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Term
| general fertility rate definition |
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Definition
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Term
| total fertility rate definition |
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Definition
| average number of children born to each woman, assuming that current birth rates remain constant and no women die before reaching end of childbearing years |
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Term
| gross reproduction rate definition |
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Definition
| average number of daughters a female just born can expect to have, assuming birth rates remain constant and all women survive throughout childbearing years |
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Term
| net reproduction rate definition |
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Definition
number of daughters that a female child just born can expect to bear, taking into account her risk of dying before the end of her reproductive years
NRR is always less than GRR |
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Term
| what are the 5 trends that characterize the second demographic transition? |
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Definition
1. delayed marriage
2. cohabitation
3. single parenting, due to divorce or non-marital childbearing
4. women's labor force participation
5. fewer children and smaller families |
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Term
| how does fertility vary by age? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does mclananhan mean by the expression diverging destinies? which indicators demonstrate divergence? |
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Definition
two diverging trajectories for US mothers:
1. high ses: delays in marriage and increases in maternal employment > more resources for children
2. low ses: divorce and non-marital childbearing > fewer resources for children
4 indicators of children's resources
1. mothers age
2. mothers employment
3. single motherhood
4. paternal involvement |
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Term
| is below-replacement fertility a 21st century crisis? |
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Definition
| no. many developed nations have a tfr well below replacement fertility, but long term low fertility will eventually lead to negative population growth |
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Term
| what are potential explanations for the rise in non-marital childbearing from about 1960 to about 2000? |
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Definition
| americans are getting married later in life than in the past; more americans atttend school at post secondary level; alternative living arrangements |
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Term
| general fertility rate formula |
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Definition
GFR = b/30F15 x 1000
f= midyear population |
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Term
| total fertility rate formula |
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Definition
| TFR= summation ASFR x 5/1000 |
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Term
| gross reproduction rate formula |
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Definition
| GRR = summation nbx(f)/nFx x 5 |
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Term
| net reproduction rate formula |
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Definition
NRR = summation (xbn(f)/nFx)x(nLx/l0)
L - number of person-years lived by females
l0 - number of females at exact age 0 |
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Term
| causes of fertility decline |
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Definition
mortality decline
economic development
intergenerational wealth flows
diffusion of ideas - how couples can control fertility |
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Term
| coale's three preconditions of fertility decliner |
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Definition
cultural and linguistic, rather than economic
1. acceptability - fertility must be within the calculus of conscious choice
2. desireability - reduced fertility must be perceived as advantageous
3. possibility - effective techniques of fertility reduction must be available
adpi |
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Term
| what did the demographic transition theory predict |
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Definition
| the birth rate would decrease to a low but sustainable level |
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Term
| ** consequences of long-term low fertility |
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Definition
- negative population growth
- population aging
- shortage of warriors, workers, and consumers
- increased dependency ratio and strain on social security programs and pension funds |
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Term
| ** period vs. cohort vs synthetic cohort |
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Definition
period - cross section @ specific year
cohort - follow reproductive behavior of women born in the same year
synthetic cohort - takes period data and using it as you would cohort data |
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Term
| age specific fertility rate definition |
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Definition
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Term
| age specific fertility rate formula |
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Definition
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Term
| what are potential explanations for the rise in cohabitation during this period? |
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Definition
| 5% of US households consist of cohabitors, unmarried adults in an intimate relationship who share a household; more than half of marriages now occuring precede by cohabitation; cohabitation has become a trial for marriage and in some cases an alternative; young adults and divorcees; for same-sex couples, marriage may not be an option |
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