ROLE OF THE LEADER

Strong Leader- a strong leader is one that is usually seen  as being the ruler of a nation or the head of a military. who have the control to initiate or withold the start of a war.

Weak Leader- a weak leader may also be incharge of a government and they too may be able initiate a war but are unable to control their men and therefore are unable to prevent it.

Crisis Decision Making

Small groups - have just a handful of people involved in the major decision making of war-like activity

Excluding bad news- it may be important at times to withhold the "bad news" from some to get the job done

Decision Making Pressures- such as having to make decisions quickly, having too resposibilty, not enough or too much information, limited options, focusing on what needs to be done now, things that happen unexpectedly and personal stresses all effect decision making

Crisis Management- using crisis management with aid in the prevention of crisis becoming war, help to keep the leader in control, and thereby increasing the advatage in the prevention of a war whenever possible

Psychological effects of Repetive Crisis

Crisis in the Nuclear Age-due to the use of ballistic missiles and other nuclear weapons. quick thinking has become more important that ever.

The Effects of Crisis on Rational Decision Making- knowing what must be decided, the course of action, cost, what is could happen or is most likely to happen. the decisions that are made can determine the outcome of the situation

Isues Regarding Perception and Cognition

Inaccurate perception of others- having the wrong idea about others can cause conflict

Misleading history- they have done certain things in the past, so it is presumed that this will happen again

The Double Standard of Hostility- It is ok for the one group to be angry about something but other cannot

Miscommunication- getting the wrong information or no information at all

overconfidence- being too confident in the outcome.

Wishful thinking-hoping that certain things will be done because other things were done 

Negative, but sometimes accurate, perception- thinking the worse because something was done