Term
| what is a mental disorder? |
|
Definition
a variety of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that derive from the norm
(culturally determined) |
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Term
| What is the APA's definition of a mental disorder? |
|
Definition
Creates significant stress
impairs functioning
or leads to significant risk or harm |
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Term
| why is it hard to classify something as abnormal? |
|
Definition
it is based on cultural practices
opinionated |
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Term
| what are the three models that explain why people have mental disorders? |
|
Definition
Demonic
Medical
Diathesis-Stress |
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Term
| describe the demonic model for explaining mental disorders |
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Definition
| it is based on the belief that evil spirits in the body cause mental disorders |
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Term
| describe the medical model for explaining mental disorders |
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Definition
mental illness is a physical disorder requiring treatment
still popular in psychiatry |
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Term
| describe the Diatheisis-stress model for explaining mental disorders |
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Definition
| must have both a biological predisposition and significant stressors to develop a certain disorder |
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Term
| What does the DSM-IV contain? |
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Definition
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
lists of observable symptoms needed to warrant a particular disorder
adopts a categorical model |
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Term
| What was the DSM-IV criticized for? |
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Definition
| classifying so many human behaviors as disorders as abnormal |
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Term
| what does the DSM-IV not explain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most prevelant type of psychiatric disorder |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what percentage of americans have a disorder in their lifetime? |
|
Definition
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Term
| what does axis 1 contain in the DSM-IV |
|
Definition
almost every type of disorders
(anxiety, ptsd, bipolar, substances, gambling) |
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Term
| what does axis 2 contain in the DSM-IV |
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Definition
| personality disorders and mental retardation |
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Term
| what does axis 3 contain in the DSM-IV |
|
Definition
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Term
| what does axis 4 contain in the DSM-IV |
|
Definition
psychosocial/environmental stressors
(context, recording environmental relevance and effects, relationship difficulties, poverty) |
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Term
| what does axis 5 contain in the DSM-IV |
|
Definition
level of functioning within the past year
(most useless, educated guess of the person's functioning)
rated by GAF : 0-100
lower number is worse |
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Term
|
Definition
| the presence of more than one psychological disorder |
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Term
| why does comorbidity occur |
|
Definition
criteria for various disorders overlap
having one disorder increases vulnerability to another
common diathesis for different disorders
common stressors for different disorders |
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Term
| What were common psychiatric practices in the 1700s |
|
Definition
patients were often:
taken care of by family
placed in jail
placed in poor house
seperated from society
left to fend for themselves |
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Term
| Where and when was the first mental hospital created |
|
Definition
1773
williamsburg virginia |
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Term
| what was the mission of the 1st first mental hospital |
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Definition
| to provide short term care for court-referred patients |
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Term
| what are some examples of early treatments mental health patients received? |
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Definition
patients were drugged
water baths
bleeding instruments
restraining devices
shock therapy
patients were expected to fear their doctor |
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Term
| When was the mental health reform initiated |
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Definition
the early to mid 1800s
began in france in 1972 when patients were unshackled at hospitals |
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Term
| how did the focus change in the mental health reform |
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Definition
it was now on being kind to patients
they could leave their rooms more
some allowed to do gardening or lawn work
games and other equipment was purchased for them |
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Term
| Describe what occurred in the shift to custodial care? |
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Definition
understanding of psychopathology improved a little
asylums began to view their role as custodians to people who could not be cured
humane practices were preached, but not always practiced |
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Term
|
Definition
| brain shape determines your personality |
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Term
|
Definition
| defective nerves in brain would be cut and then reform normally |
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Term
| who began the practice of lobotomies |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 modern major psychological treatment groups |
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Definition
Insight oriented therapies
cognitive and behavioral therapies |
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Term
| Describe the ideas of insight oriented therapies |
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Definition
psychological problems caused by emotional forces
gaining insight into the forces is necessary
has been criticized for their focus on the origin instead of the present |
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Term
| describe the ideas of the cognitive behavioral therapies |
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Definition
| psychological problems are caused by maladaptive thinking or behavior problems |
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Term
| describe the psychodynamic therapies of insight-oriented |
|
Definition
developed by Freud
problems arise because of unconcsious conflicts
goal is to achieve insight into the unconscious motivations |
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Term
| what techniques did freud use in psychodynamic therapies |
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Definition
free association
dream analysis
interpretation
analyzing transference |
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Term
| describe the person centered therapy used by insight oriented |
|
Definition
carl rogers created
problems arise because of incongruence between real self and ideal self
goal is to decrease this incongruence |
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Term
| what techniques were used in person centered therapy |
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Definition
| unconditional positive regard, genuineness, empathy, and reflective listening |
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Term
| what was the idea behind action oriented therapy |
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Definition
| actions, thoughts, and feelings all connect |
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Term
| describe behavior therapy |
|
Definition
Joseph Wolpe and B.F. skinner
problems caused by maladaptive behavior patterns
goal is to change behaviors by learning new ones |
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Term
| what techniques were used in behavior therapy |
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Definition
| exposure therapy, relaxation, skills training, modeling, token economies, homework |
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Term
| describe cognitive therapy |
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Definition
albert ellis and aaron beck
problems are a function of maladaptive thinking patterns
goal is to replace maladaptive thoughts with more rational ones |
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Term
| what techniques were used in cognitive therapy |
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Definition
| identify cognitive distortions, cognitive restructuring, thought records |
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Term
| describe the cognitive behavioral theory |
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Definition
many scientists use both cognitive and behavioral approaches to treating patients
CBT is the most widely researched and supported treatment
better than or equal to medication for many disorders |
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Term
| describe the Dodo bird verdict |
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Definition
some argue that all psychotherapies are equally effective
heavily debated
theres 4 features common to every form of therapy |
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Term
| what are the common features to psychotherapy |
|
Definition
a relationship (patient and doctor)
locale is the place of healing
therapeutic rationale
task or procedure prescribed by the therapy |
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Term
| what are empirically-supported treatments |
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Definition
treatments for specific disorders that are backed by high quality scientific evidence
most are cognitive behavioral therapies |
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Term
| how are cognitive-behavioral therapies equal to or better than medication |
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Definition
no side effects
longer maintenance of gains |
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Term
| what are some common facts about anxiety disorders |
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Definition
most common class of disorders (29%)
most include fear or avoidance
some include panic attacks
almost twice as common in women
often have early age onset |
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Term
| what are the 4 origins of anxiety disorders |
|
Definition
classical conditioning
observational learning
information transfer
preparedness |
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Term
| describe the role of avoidance |
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Definition
avoidance is a problem in itself
it is negatively reinforcing
you can get over fear if you stop avoiding it
prevents you from learning your fear isnt as bad as you think |
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Term
|
Definition
the most common anxiety disorder
fear of social or performance situations |
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Term
|
Definition
history of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
worry about having more
worry about possible consequences
cause significant behavior change |
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Term
|
Definition
very sudden, intense rush of fear
increased heart rate, clammy hands, tightness in chest
lasts 10-20 minutes |
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Term
| what is an example of a panic disorder |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
fear of situations where escape may be difficult if an attack occurs
these situations usually avoided
can become housebound because of fear
avoidance response |
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Term
| describe generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
excessive anxiety and worry about multiple things for atleast 6 months
person finds it hard to control worry
commonly lifelong disorder |
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Term
|
Definition
| difficult to control recurrent thoughts/images cause repetitive behaviors/thoughts that are performed to control the obsession |
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Term
| describe the effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy with anxiety disorders |
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Definition
most treatable disorders
80% of people are effectively treated
not medication but therapy |
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Term
| describe CBT for anxiety disorders |
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Definition
focused on changing behavior
collaboration between patient and therapist
out of session "homework" practice |
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Term
| describe cognitive techniques |
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Definition
| focused on identifying, challenging, and developing more rational thinking patterns |
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Term
| what are key themes in cognitive techniques |
|
Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 primary targets of cognitive techniques |
|
Definition
more accurate estimations or probabilities
more objective understanding of how bad or dangerous the feared situation would actually be
more accurate appraisals of the ability to cope |
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Term
| what are examples of mood disorders |
|
Definition
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder |
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Term
| describe major depressive disorder |
|
Definition
17% lifetime prevalence
most common in women
average onset is 20s and 30s
comorbid with anxiety and substance use |
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Term
| describe major depressive episode |
|
Definition
at least 2 weeks of depressed mood nearly everyday for most of the day or loss of interest in most activities
sleep changes, weight changes, low energy, guilt, concentration problems |
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|
Term
| describe seasonal affective disorder |
|
Definition
depressed mood that coincides with seasonal changes
usually during winter months
marked by excess eating or sleeping
treated best by very bright light early in the morning |
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Term
| what are some facts about suicide |
|
Definition
3rd leading cause of death in young adults
many more attempts than completed (women attempt more, men complete more)
hopelessness is a strong predictor |
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Term
| what are some risk factors for suicide |
|
Definition
hopelessness
depression
drug use
old age |
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Term
| what are some myths about suicide |
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Definition
asking people about it makes it more likely
suicide is committed without warning
risk decreases when depression improves |
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Term
|
Definition
| long term, less severe form of depression |
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Term
| describe the characteristics of dystymia |
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Definition
2 or more years of depressed mood for more days than not
does not cycle like MDD
4-5% prevalence rate |
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Term
| describe bipolar disorder |
|
Definition
presence of at least one manic episode
usually alternate with depressive episodes
more heritable than other disorders
can go several days without sleeping or feeling tired |
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Term
| what happens when someone has a manic episode |
|
Definition
extremely elevated mood, decreased sleep, high energy, risky behaviors, talkative
make poor decisions during the increased energy |
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Term
| describe the effectiveness of treatments for mood disorders |
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Definition
| 1/3 of patients with mdd will improve without treatment about 60% resolve with treatment CBT is generally as effective as meds |
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Term
| describe cognitive therapy for depression |
|
Definition
patients taught to recognize their beliefs, the errors in them, and to adjust their thinking in a more rational way
60% of people improve from this therapy |
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Term
| what are the typical types of antidepressant medicines |
|
Definition
tricylics-- imipramine, amitriptyline
SSRI's--prozac, zoloft, lexapro, celexa, paxil |
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Term
| what are the atypical types of antidepressant medicines |
|
Definition
SNRI's-- effexor, cymbalta, paxil
Wellbutrin-- NE and dopamine antagonist, increases norepinphrine levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| psychotic disorder, does not have multiple personalities, typically least dangerous people have it |
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Term
| how many people have schizophrenia |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is the typical prevalence of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
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Term
| when is the typical onset of schizophrenia |
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Definition
mis to late 20s
later onsets have better outcomes
early onsets more severe |
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Term
| what increases your risk of schizophrenia 10-fold |
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Definition
| having a first degree relative who had it |
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Term
| what are the symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
delusions
hallucinations
disorganized speech
disorganized behavior |
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Term
| describe schizophrenic behavior |
|
Definition
they think violence is acceptable when it is not
loss of touch with reality
inappropriate emotions
social withdrawal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
poverty of speech
person often doesnt speak
brief and slow responses |
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|
Term
|
Definition
inability to engage in goal directed activities
person often sits around
unproductive |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of interest or pleasure in things person would normally enjoy |
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Term
| what is social withdrawal |
|
Definition
few friends
not able to function independently
struggle with basic care |
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Term
| what are the different types of delusions |
|
Definition
persecutory
control
grandeur
reference |
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Term
| describe persecutory delusions |
|
Definition
most common
person believes they are being spied on, followed or tormented |
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Term
| describe control delusions |
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Definition
| thoughts are being controlled, inserted, or removed by outside forece |
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Term
| describe grandeur delusions |
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Definition
| they are beliefs that you are unusually important |
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Term
| describe reference delusions |
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Definition
| interpreting random messages as if they were meant for you specifically |
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Term
| what is the most typical type of hallucination |
|
Definition
auditory
most commonly are threatening or pejorative messages |
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Term
| describe paranoid schizophrenia |
|
Definition
most common
prominent delusions or hallucinations
relatively intact cognitive function and affect
best prognosis |
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Term
| which subtype of schizophrenia has the best prognosis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| describe disorganized schizophrenia |
|
Definition
disorganized speech, behavior, and flat or inappropriate actions
unusually self absorbed |
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Term
| describe catatonic schizophrenia |
|
Definition
psychomotor disturbance
immobility, odd posture, resistance to being moved |
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Term
| what is the best treatment for schizophrenia |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
belief that we hold about a particular group of people
not always negative |
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|
Term
|
Definition
negative attitude toward a group of people
often results in discrimination |
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|
Term
| what is the implicit association test |
|
Definition
reaction time test
measure our prejudices subconsciously |
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Term
| how does the implicit association test work |
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Definition
it measures our reaction time to images of people with words (both positive and negative)
judges the amount of time it takes a person to make associations
quicker response = higher prejudice |
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Term
| what did the implicit association test find out |
|
Definition
whites respond faster to blacks than vice versa
women prefer other women to men
men prefer both equally |
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Term
| how is prejudice overcome |
|
Definition
cooperation instead of competition
in depth repeated contact with the prejudiced group
ex. sports team |
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Term
| what are internal attributions |
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Definition
| characteristics, personality, traits |
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Term
| what are external attributions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is the fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| our tendency to underestimate external causes of another persons behavior |
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Term
| what is social facilitation |
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Definition
| the presence of others can increase our performance |
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Term
| what is social comparison |
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Definition
| we evaluate our beliefs and behaviors by comparing them to others |
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Term
|
Definition
| changing your beliefs or behavior in order to follow group norms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| changing your behavior because someone asks you to |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| changing your behavior because someone told you to |
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Term
| describe stanley millgram's shock study |
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Definition
one experimenter
participant is brought in and sits in front of shock panel
asks a person questions, if wrong is told to shock them
65% would shock the person to a lethal level if authority figure was present |
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Term
| describe the diffusion of responsibility |
|
Definition
we are less likely to help someone when other people are around
feel less responsibility than if we were alone |
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Term
|
Definition
| we will engage in uncharacteristic behaviors when we are stripped of our usual identities |
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Term
| describe the zimbardo prison experiment |
|
Definition
students assigned roles of prisoner or guard
study cut short because guards became abusive |
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Term
| who wrote "influence" the psychology of persuasion |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what are the six factors which affect persuasion according to Cialdini's book |
|
Definition
Reciprocity
commitment and concistency
social proof/validation
liking
authority
scarcity |
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Term
| what is reciprocity in terms of persuasion |
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Definition
we try to repay others when they have provided something for us
can be used to bring out unequal exchanges |
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Term
| describe commitment/consistency in terms of persuasion |
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Definition
| we feel pressure to behave in a way consistent with a previous choice or behavior |
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Term
| describe social proof/validation in terms of persuasion |
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Definition
| we determine what is correct behavior by finding out what others are doing |
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Term
| describe liking in terms of persuasion |
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Definition
| we are more likely to comply with a request from someone we like |
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Term
| describe authority in terms of persuasion |
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Definition
| we are more likely to comply with a request from someone in a position of authority |
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Term
| describe scarcity in terms of persuasion |
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Definition
| opportunities are most valuable to us when they are less available |
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