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| Mary Whiton Calkins: first female president of the APA |
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| first female president of the APA |
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| creation of American mental hospitals |
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| Psychoanalytic Perspective |
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| 1st psych lab in America at Johns Hopkins; 1st President of the APA |
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| self theory; client-centered therapy, active listening, unconditional positive regard |
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| 1st female Ph.D. in psych |
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| Behaviorism; Little Albert |
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| speech production area in the frontal lobe |
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| natural selection, survival of the fittest |
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| split-brain research; understanding of functional lateralization in the brain; how the cerebral hemispheres communicate |
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| studied the relation between language, thought, and cortical functions; his work resulted in creating the field of Neuropsychology. |
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| surgery designed to treat epileptics by severing the corpus callosum; contributed greatly to understanding the lateralization of brain function. |
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| speech comprehension area in the temporal lobe |
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| David Hubel (with Wiesel) |
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| discovered feature detectors in the visual system |
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| Law to detect JND; change must be proportional to the stimulus' magnitude |
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| Torsten Wiesel (with Hubel) |
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| discovered feature detectors in the visual system |
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| Unconscious motives, wishes, and urges |
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| role of hypnotism in human behavior and response |
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| Social Learning Theory, Bobo Doll Experiment, imitation in learning |
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| Conditioned Taste Aversion (The Garcia Effect) |
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| Classical Conditioning; Associative Leaning; Stimulus-Stimulus |
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| Contingency Theory - a stimulus must provide the subject information about the likelihood that certain events will occur. |
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| Operant Cond.; Skinner Box; Pos. and Neg. Reinforce. and Punishment |
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| Law of Effect; Instrumental Conditioning |
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| Latent Learning; rats in mazes |
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| Behaviorism; "Little Albert" |
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| Language Acquisition Device (LAD) |
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| studied memory using nonsense syllables; retention and forgetting curves |
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| testimony, misinformation effect, false memories |
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| STM's "Magic Number" = 7 ± 2 |
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| studied sensory memory sub-type - Iconic Memory - with cued recall tasks |
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| Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis; language determines thought |
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| the body reaction comes first, the emotion comes quickly afterward. |
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| controversial research on sexual motivation in the 1940's and 50's |
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| strive for self-actualization, Hierarchy of Needs |
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| study of facial expressions and emotions; first training tool to improve ability to read microexpressions; studied spontaneous facial expressions in blind individuals; discovered that many facial expressions are innate and not visually learned. |
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| Stanley Schachter (with Singer) |
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| 2-Factor Theory of Emotion - physiological arousal + cognitive label |
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| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
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| secure vs. insecure attachment |
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| Social Learning Theory, Bobo Doll Experiment, imitation in learning |
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| types of parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, authoritative |
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| 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development |
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| 5 Stages of Psychosexual Development |
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| criticized Kohlberg's work, b/c he only studied privileged, white men and boys, she felt this caused a biased opinion against women. |
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| wire mother monkey studies, contact comfort |
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| Levels of Moral Development - Pre-Conv., Conventional, Post-Conv. |
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| 4 Stages of Cognitive Development |
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| research on play; "Zone of proximal development" (ZPD) - the range of tasks that a child can complete independently; studied concept of inner speech in language development |
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| inferiority complex, sibling rivalry |
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| personality development is affected by observational learning and modeling (Bobo Doll Experiment); Social Learning Theory |
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| Big Five Trait Theory (CANOE: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion) |
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| unconscious, childhood experiences, 5 stages of sexual development |
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| collective unconscious, archetypes |
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| strive for self-actualization, Hierarchy of Needs |
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| Self Theory; real vs. ideal self; sees people as basically good |
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| founded psychometrics; developed the ideas of correlation, standard deviation, regression toward the mean |
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| Theory of Eight Multiple Intelligences |
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| 2-Factor Theory of Intelligence - "g" factor (general intelligence), an inherited intellectual ability that influences all around performance; "s" factor (specific abilities), which account for differences between scores on different tasks |
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| Triarchic Theory of Intelligence - creative, analytical, practical |
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| altered Binet's IQ test, calling it the Stanford-Binet |
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| (WIAS and WISC) - most widely used intelligence tests today |
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| founder of cognitive-behavioral therapies |
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| psychoanalysis, dream analysis, free association |
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| counterconditioning of fears |
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| client-centered therapy, active listening, unconditional positive regrad |
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| Behavioral Therapies use the principles of Operant Conditioning; Behavior Modification, Token Economies |
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| developed the Exposure Therapy technique known as flooding |
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| studies of conformity using lines |
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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| Attribution theory describes how people come to explain (make attributions about) the behavior of others and themselves; behavior is attributed to a disposition or to a situation |
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| obedience studies; "teacher" and "learner" shock experiment |
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| Stanford Prison Study; power of power; when roles become reality |
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