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Definition
| See anecdotal observation. |
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Definition
| A form of direct, continuous observation in which the observer records a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behavior(s) of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviors as those events occur in the client |
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| provides descriptions of specific skills (usually in hierarchical order) and the conditions under which each skill should be observed. |
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| A form of assessment that includes indirect and direct procedures such as interviews, checklists, and tests to identify and define the specific target behavior. In addition to identifying behavior(s) to change, comprehensive behavioral assessment can uncover functional relations between variables; it provides context on the resources, assets, significant others, compet-ing contingencies, maintenance and generalization factors, and reinforcers (or punishers) that can be combined to improve the efficiency of an intervention. |
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| a behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus control |
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| an assessment that acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behavior, obtains data across multiple settings and persons |
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| function-based definition |
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Definition
| Designates responses as members of the targeted response class solely in terms of their common effect on the environment. |
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| when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short- and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short- and long-term punishers are minimized. The potential meaningfulness of any behavior change should be judged within this context. |
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| the philosophy, principle, and belief that people with disabilities should, to the maximum extent possible, be physically and socially integrated into the mainstream of society regardless of the degree or type of disability; use progressively more typical settings and procedures to help them be as normal as possible |
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| a behavior that, when learned, produces corresponding modifications or co-variation in other untrained behaviors |
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Definition
| Effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behav-ior being measured. |
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| Relevance of Behavior Rule |
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Definition
| only behaviors likely to produce reinforcement in the person's natural environment should be targeted for change |
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| Refers to the extent to which target behaviors are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral behaviors are produced. |
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| The response class selected for intervention; can be defined either functionally or topographically. |
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| The physical form or shape of a behavior. |
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| topography-based definition |
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Definition
| Defines instances of the targeted response class by the shape or form of the behavior. |
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| Indirect Functional Assessment |
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Definition
| structured interviews, checklists, rating scales, or questionnaires used to obtain information from people who are familiar with the person exhibiting the problem behavior; used to identify conditions or events in the natural environment that correlate with the problem behavior |
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Definition
| Assessment procedures that provide information about a persons behavior as they occur. Test and direct observations. |
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| an outcome or result that appears to exist behavior of the way it is measured bu in fact does not correspond to what actually occurred |
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| the change in rate of responding over time, based on count per unit of time, expressed as a factor by which responding is accelerating or decelerating, used in Standard Celeration Charts |
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Definition
| a unit of time (week, day, etc) in which celeration is plotted on a Standard Celeration Chart |
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Definition
| measured as a factor by which rate multiplies or divides across the celeration time periods |
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Definition
| a tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior |
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Definition
| any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response, each discrete response occurs when an opportunity to respond exists |
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Definition
| The total time that behavior occurs; measured by elapsed time from the onset of a response to its end point. |
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Definition
| obtaining a tally or count of the number of times a behavior occurs |
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Definition
| any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space, can be emitted at any time, discrete, requires minimal time to complete, and can produce a wide range of response rates (i.e. the # of words read during a 1-min counting period) |
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Definition
| How often a behavior occurs. (interchangeable with rate in 2nd ed.) |
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Definition
| A measure of temporal locus, defined as the elapsed time between two successive responses. |
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Definition
| The force or intensity with which a response is emitted; provides important quantitative parameters used in defining and verifying the occurrence of some response classes. |
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Definition
| The process of applying quantitative labels to describe and dif-ferentiate objects and natural events. |
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Definition
| Nonrandom measurement error; a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event. |
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| measurement by permanent product |
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Definition
| A method of measuring behavior after it has occurred by recording the effects that the behavior produced on the environment. |
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Definition
| A measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviors is recorded at precisely specified time intervals (at the moment each time interval ends) Good for measuring continuous activity |
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Term
| partial-interval recording |
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Definition
A time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals (typically from 5 to 10 seconds). The observer records whether the target behavior occurred at any time during the interval.
Overestimates total duration, underestimates rates of high frequency Bx. |
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Term
| planned activity check (PLACHECK) |
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Definition
| A variation of momentary time sampling in which the observer records whether each person in a group is engaged in the target behavior at specific points in time; provides a measure of group behavior |
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Definition
| A fundamental measure of how often behavior occurs expressed as count per standard unit of time (e.g., per minute, per hour, per day) and calculated by dividing the number of responses recorded by the number of standard units of time in which observations were conducted |
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Definition
| the fact that a behavior can occur repeatedly throughout time, one of the three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived |
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Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time |
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Definition
| every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events; often measured in latency and IRT |
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Definition
| A measurement of the presence or absence of behavior within specific time intervals. It is most useful with continuous and high-rate behaviors. |
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Definition
| The physical form or shape of a behavior. |
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Definition
| A time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals (typically from 5 to 15 seconds). At the end of each interval, the observer records whether the target behavior occurred throughout the entire interval; tends to underestimate the overall percentage of the observation period in which the target behavior actually occurred. |
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Definition
| a ration or proportion formed by combining the same dimensional qualities such as count or time, expressed as a number of parts per 100; typically expressed as a ratio of the number of responses of a certain type per total number of responses or opportunities |
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Definition
| measure of the number of response opportunities needed to achieve a predetermined level of performance |
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Definition
| measure of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a subsequent response |
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| Accuracy (of measurement) |
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Definition
| the extent to which observed values, (the data produced by measuring an event), match the true state, or true values, of the event as it exists in nature |
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Definition
| the extent to which the researcher convinces herself and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation (IOA) |
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Definition
| The process of comparing the data produced by a measurement system to a known standard or true value and, when sources of error are found, using that information to correct or improve the measurement system. |
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Definition
| all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period |
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Definition
| when the behavior that is measured is the same as the behavior that is the focus of the investigation |
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| Discontinuous Measurement |
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Definition
| conducted in a matter such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected |
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| Exact Count-Per-Interval IOA |
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Definition
| the percentage of total intervals in which 2 observers record the same count |
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Definition
| when the behavior that is measured is in some way different from the behavior of interest; considered less valid than direct b/c it inters about relations between the data obtained and the actual behavior of interest |
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Term
| interobserver agreement (IOA) |
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Definition
| the degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events. |
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Term
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Definition
| an index of agreement between observers for data obtained by interval recording or time sampling measurement; compare the 2 observers recordings of the occurrence or non-occurrence of the behavior in each observation interval and dividing the number of intervals of agreement by the total number of intervals and multiplying by 100 |
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Term
| Mean Count-Per-Interval IOA |
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Definition
| the average percentage of agreement between the counts reported by 2 observers in a measurement period comprised of a series of smaller counting times, more conservative measure than total count IOA |
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| Mean Duration-Per-Occurrence IOA |
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Definition
| calculated by average percentage of agreement of the durations, more conservative and meaningful assessment |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonrandom measurement error; a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently either overestimated or underestimated the true value of an event. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure produced by an observation and measurement system. Observed values serve as the data that the researcher and others will interpret to form conclusions about an investigation.The quantitative label produced by measuring an event |
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Term
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Definition
| Any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error; often entails a shift in the observers interpretation of the definition of the target behavior from that used in training. |
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Term
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Definition
| influence on the data reported by an observer that results from the observers awareness that others are evaluating the data he reports |
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Term
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Definition
| for discrete trial data based on comparing the observers' count (0 or 1) on a trial-by-trial, or item-by-item, basis |
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| Validity (of measurement) |
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Definition
| the extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behavior of interest and to the reason(s) for measuring it |
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Term
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Definition
| An interobserver agreement index based only on the intervals in which either observer recorded the nonoccurence of the behavior, calculated by dividing the number of intervals in which the two observers agreed that the behavior did not occur, by the number of intervals in which either or both observers recorded the nonoccurence of the behavior, and multiplying by 100. Use for high rates of behavior, because the behavior happening all the time makes it likely that agreement for scored will happen. by looking at just the unscored ones, you eliminate the possibility of extra agreement skewing your IOA |
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Term
| true value (of measurement) |
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Definition
| A measure accepted as a quantitative description of the true state of some dimensional quantity of an event as it exists in nature. Obtaining ____ requires "special or extraordinary precautions to ensure that all possible sources of error have been avoided or removed." Requires comparing an observed value to an independent standard. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relevant index of IOA for total duration measurement; computed by dividing the shorter of the two durations reported by the observers by the longer duration and multiplying by 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| the simplest indicator of IOA for event recording data; based on comparing the total count recorded by each observer, per measurement period; calculated by dividing the smaller of the two observers counts by the larger and multiplying by 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| an intraobserver agreement index based only on the intervals in which either observer recorded the occurrence of the behavior, calculated by dividing the number of intervals in which the two observers agreed that the behavior occurred by the number of intervals that either or both observers recorded the occurrence of the behavior and dividing it by 100. Apply to low rates of behavior, because it is likely that there are many unscored intervals that agree. |
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Term
| reliability (of measurement) |
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Definition
| the extent to which a measurement procedure yields the same value when brought into contact with the same state of nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| trained observer who is unaware of the study's purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period. |
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| Purpose for assessing accuracy of measurement |
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Definition
1. Are the data good enough to base Decision-making on?
2. discover and correct errors
3. detect patterns of measurement error
4. assure consumers of the accuracy of the data |
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Definition
| A simple and versatile graphic format for summarizing behavioral data; shares most of the line graphs features, but not distinct data points representing successive response measures through time. Also called histogram. |
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Definition
| a type of graph on which the cumulative number of responses emitted is represented on the vertical axis, steeper slope=greater response rate |
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Definition
| a device that automatically draws cumulative graphs that shows the rate of response in real time |
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Definition
| the results for measurements, usually in quantifiable form; measures of some quantifiable dimension of a behavior |
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Definition
| Level and trend of behavior between successive data points |
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Definition
| some measure of a socially significant behavior, measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the IV |
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Definition
| A visual format for displaying data; reveals relations among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables. |
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Definition
| The variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment |
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Definition
| the value on the vertical axis around which a series of behavioral measures converge |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on a Cartesian plane, a two-dimensional area formed by the intersection of two perpendicular lines. Any point within the plane represents a spe-cific relation between the two dimensions described by the intersecting lines. It is the most common graphic format for displaying data in applied behavior analysis. |
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Definition
| the average rate of responding during a smaller period of time within a larger period of which an overall response rate has been given (Cumulative record) |
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Definition
| A two-dimensional graph that shows the relative distribution of individual measures in a data set with respect to the variables depicted by the x-and y-axes. Data points on a scatterplot are not connected. |
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Term
| Split-middle line of progress |
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Definition
| a line drawn through a series of graphed data points that shows the overall trend in the data; drawn through the intersections of the vertical and horizontal middles of each half of the charted data and then adjusted up or down so that half of all the data points fall on or above and half fall on or below the line |
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Term
| Standard Celeration Chart |
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Definition
| a multiply-divide chart with 6 base-10 (or x10, divide by 10) cycles on the vertical axis that can accommodate response rates as low as 1 per 24 hours to as high as 1,000 per min |
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Definition
| The overall direction taken by a data path. It is described in terms of direction (increasing, decreasing, or zero trend), degree (gradual or steep), and the extent of variability of data points |
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Definition
| the frequency and extent to which multiple measures of behavior yield different outcomes |
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Definition
| A systematic approach for interpreting the results of behavioral research and treatment programs that entails visual inspection of graphed data for level, trend, and variability within and between experimental conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| average rate of response over a given time period (Cumulative record)(specific session, phase, or condition of an experiment, ex: responses per session). Divide the total number of responses during the period by the number of observation periods. |
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Term
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Definition
| graphs in which only one axis is scaled proportionally |
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