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| Genes on the same chromosome will stay together unless crossing over occurs |
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| For a Dihybrid Cross make a punnet square that is 4X4. I.E. if the genotypes are TTPP and TtPp the four on top would be (TP TP TP TP) and on the side would be (TP Tp tP tp) |
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| – progeny phenotypes that are blends of parental phenotypes. Classic example is color in snapdragons (dominant red crossed with recessive white produce PINK) |
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| multiple dominant alleles; ex BLOOD ( o = ii, A = IAIA or IAi, AB = IAIB |
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| gene carried on X chromosome; ex hemophilia & color blindness |
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| occurs when one gene masks or modifies the expression of an other gene |
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| single gene effects several phenotypic characteristics |
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| in somatic cells => tumors, in gametes => transmitted to offspring; insertion, deletion, substitution; ex sickle-cell anemia |
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CUT the PY; 1 ring
*Because G is triple bonded to C, higher G/C content more stable
*Nucleotides are H-bonded |
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| genetic code synonyms, multiple codons for same AA |
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Replication => Transcription => Translation
• DNA synthesis occurs during S-phase. In G2 the cell prepares to divide. During G1, we see the production of mitochondria, ribosomes, and much protein synthesis. Ribosomes are assembled by the nucleolus. |
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| • DNA synthesis occurs during S-phase. In G2 the cell prepares to divide. During G1, we see the production of mitochondria, ribosomes, and much protein synthesis. Ribosomes are assembled by the nucleolus. |
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| DNA => DNA synthesized in 5’=>3’; helicase unwinds double helix and an RNA polymerase called primase begins replication |
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| DNA => RNA (nucleus), mRNA has inverted complementary code, ex 5’ TCTTT 3’ mRNA would be 3’ AGAAA 5’ **principal site of the regulation of gene expression |
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| RNA => Protein (cytoplasm); mRNA translated to AA |
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| – nucleotide base sequences that are transcribed into mRNA → proteins; Introns – are removed during transcription; (exons = don’t exit) |
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| carries complement of DNA from nucleus to ribosomes, least abundant RNA |
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| brings AA to ribosomes during synthesis, recognizes AA and codons; in cytoplasm; smallest form of RNA |
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| ribosomal RNA; most abundant form of RNA |
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| two subunits; three binding sites: 1 for mRNA, 3 for tRNA |
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| – makes multiple DNA copies in vitro |
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| = most accurate way to discover molecular structures |
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| initiation (AUG), elongation, termination (UGA UAG UAA) |
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| – transcription enables prokaryotes to control metabolism |
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– require inducer for transcription
• RNA polymerase binds to promoter => structural genes transcribed
• Repressor binds to operator => structural genes NOT transcribed
• Inducer binds to repressor => no binding to operator => genes transcribed |
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| constant state of transcription unless corepressor- repressor complex present to inhibit |
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| virus that infects host bacterium; attachment/ adsorption => penetration/ eclipse=> lytic or lysogenic |
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| – phage DNA takes control of bacterium/ makes numerous progeny; bacterial cell bursts (lyses) releasing virons; these types of bacteriophage are called virulent; ALL HOST cells destroyed = evolutionary disadvantage |
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| becomes integrated into genome in harmless way (provirus/prophage); cleverness is that every time the host reproduces itself the prophage is reproduced too |
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| used for recognition and binding sites by bacterial viruses that cause infections |
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