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DAT
Barrons Review (Reproduction)
29
Biology
Graduate
10/03/2011

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Term
S phase
Definition
replicate genome (create chromatids)
Term
G1 & G2 phase
Definition
gap phases
Term
mitosis
Definition
2N=>2N, occurs in all dividing cells; 10% of cell cycle
1. Interphase – replication of genetic material resulting in sister chromatids
2. Prophase – chromosomes condense; spindles form
3. Metaphase – chromosomes align at plate
4. Anaphase – sister chromatids separate; shortest phase
5. Telophase – new nuclear membranes form (cleavage furrow forms); spindles disappear
Term
sequence
Definition
S, G2, P, M, A, T, G1
Term
Plants
Definition
Plants lack centrioles and divide by cell plate not cleavage furrow
Term
Meiosis
Definition
occurs in sex cells, homologous chromosomes pair at meta plate (tetrads), crossing over can occur, 2N=>N
- First Meiotic Division produces 2 daughter cells w/ N chromosomes w/ sister chrom
1. Prophase – chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material (crossing over)
2. Metaphase – tetrads align at plate (synapsis); each pair attaches to a separate spindle
3. Anaphase – homologous pairs pulled to opposite poles (disjunction) / distribution to the two daughter cells is random w/ respect to parental origin
4. Telophase – nuclear membrane forms around each nucleus
- Second division is very similar to mitosis. Note that only one becomes functional gamete in females
Term
chiasmata
Definition
X-shaped region b/w diff. chromatids of homologous chromosomes
Term
kinetichore
Definition
specialized group of proteins and DNA on a chromatid to which several spindle microtubles are attached; found within the centromere of each chromosome
Term
synapsis
Definition
– pairing of homologous of chromosomes during meiosis I
Term
inversion
Definition
chromosomal segment turned 180degrees
Term
Translocation –
Definition
2 nonhomologous chromosomes interchange genes (attachment of all or part of one chromosome to another)
Term
Exception to genetic code
Definition
***Mitochondria is an exception to the universality of the genetic code
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
– failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during Meiosis I or sister chromatids to separate during Meiosis II; result in trisomy or monosomy; ex Down syndrome
Turner syndrome – sterile female lacking X chromosome
Klinefelter Syndrome = 44 autosomes + XXY
Term
Asexual Reproduction
Definition
production of offspring w/o fertilization
• Binary Fission – prokaryotes; DNA replicates, wall grows inward along midwall; ex paramecia, amoebae, algae, bacteria
• Budding – develops as outgrowth, forms smaller cell; ex hydra & yeast
• Regeneration – regrowth of lost body part; ex starfish and hydra
• Parthenogenesis – unfertilized egg to adult egg; ex bees and ants
Term
Gonads
Definition
male = testes, female = ovaries
Term
Leydig cells
Definition
in the testes, secrete testosterone
Term
Spermatogenesis
Definition
sperm production in seminiferous tubules; head = nucleus & tail = flagellum
Term
acrosome
Definition
membrane-bound structure at the anterior end of sperm cells; contains hyaluronidase (hydrolytic enzyme that causes the breakdown of protective surfaces of the egg)
Term
prostatic fluid
Definition
– helps neutralize the acidic vaginal secretions to enhance sperms’ ability to swim; also neutralizes seminal fluid (too acidic from metabolic waste of sperm)
Term
Oogenesis
Definition
oocytes produced in ovaries
Term
capacitation
Definition
– functional maturation of the spermatozoa while in the female, allows for egg penetration
Term
Male Reproductive
Definition
path of sperm SEVEnUP (seminiferous tub, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis)
Term
Female Reproductive –
Definition
– fallopian tube opens to uterus (narrow end called cervix), cervix connects with vaginal canal
Term
The Menstrual Cycle -
Definition
divided into follicular, ovulation, luteal, menstruation
• Follicular – FSH promotes development of follicle which secretes estrogen
• Ovulation- peak in estrogen=> LH surge=> ovulation (midway through cycle) => mature follicle bursts releasing ovum
• Luteal – LH induces follicle to develop into corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone (LH and FSH inhibited)
• Menstruation – If fertilized placenta produces (Human chorionic gonadotropin) hCG (estrogen + proges levels remain high) // If NOT fertilized, corpus luteum atrophies to corpus albicans (drop in estrogen + prog) and menstrual flow begins
Term
Estrogen
Definition
thicken endometrium
Term
Progesterone
Definition
– development and maintenance of endometrial wall
Term
Gametophyte generation –
Definition
haploid & produce haploid gametes thru mitosis; sexually reproduce; ex mosses
Term
Sporophyte generation
Definition
diploid but produces haploid spore by meiosis; ex ferns and angiosperms
Term
Angiosperms
Definition
flowering plants; flower is reproductive structure
• Stamen – male organ; composed of stalk-like filament & sac-like anther (produces haploid spores that develop into pollen)
• Pistil – female organ; composed of stigma (catches pollen), style, and ovary
• Sepals – green leaves cover and protect flower bud during early development
• Fertilization – 1 sperm nucleus + 1 egg nucleus => zygote => embryo 1 sperm nucleus + 2 polar nuclei => 3n endosperm
• Seed formation – Epicotyl (precursor of leaves), Cotyledons (seed leaves), Hypocotyl (develops into lower stem and root), Endosperm (feeds embryo), Seed Coat (develops from outer covering of ovule)
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