Term
|
Definition
| The attraction of unlike substances |
|
|
Term
| What is cohesion? Why does it occur in H2O? |
|
Definition
| the attraction between "like" substances, it occurs in H2O because of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules |
|
|
Term
| What is the determining factor in classifying a carbohydrate? |
|
Definition
| The number of sugar molecules present "amount of saccharides" |
|
|
Term
| What are two monosaccharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define the solubility of lipids? |
|
Definition
| Soluble in nonpolar substances but nonsoluble in water |
|
|
Term
| What is a monounsaturated fatty acid? |
|
Definition
| fatty acid with one double covalent bond with a hydrogen attached to it. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a lipid and a phospholipid? |
|
Definition
| The fatty acid chain is replaced by a phosphate group. |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes a steroid? |
|
Definition
| A backbone of four linked carbon rings |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary structure? |
|
Definition
| The three-dimensional shape that results from hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| What is the tertiary structure? |
|
Definition
| Combined secondary structures often of globular domain |
|
|
Term
| What is the quaternary structure? |
|
Definition
| Protein that is assembles from two or more separate peptide chain. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two purines and pyrimidines? |
|
Definition
Purines: Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine |
|
|
Term
| How many rings are in a purine vs. a pyrimidine? |
|
Definition
| Purines have double-ring structures where pyrimidines have single-ring structures |
|
|
Term
| What two things affect the efficiency of an enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are the nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the union of the cofactor and the enzyme |
|
|
Term
| How many kinds binding sites do allosteric enzymes have? Describe it/them? |
|
Definition
| Two. One is an active site for the substrate and one an allosteric site for an allosteric effector |
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinds of allosteric effectors? |
|
Definition
Allosteric activator: binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's active form
Allosteric inhibitor: binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's inactive form |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a polymer?
A) protein
B) glucose
C) cellulose
D) starch
E) glycogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the type of protein which extends into the membrane but does NOT appear at both surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Integral proteins are amphipathic. Describe the polar/nonpolar regions. |
|
Definition
| Hydrophobic regions are embedded in the membrane and the hydrophilic regions are exposed to the aqueous solution |
|
|
Term
| Describe what molecules are permeable to the phospholibid membrane? |
|
Definition
| Only small, uncharged polar molecules and hydrophobic molecules freely pass across the membrane |
|
|
Term
| What does an adhesion protein do? (2 roles) |
|
Definition
| attach cells to neighboring cells or provide anchors for the internal filaments. |
|
|
Term
| Where do electron transfer proteins transfer electrons to and from, and when? |
|
Definition
| transfers electrons from one molecule to another during chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
| What type of molecules help provide some form of rigidity to the plasma membranes of ANIMAL CELLS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is glycocalyx? What does it consist of? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate coat covering the outer face of the plasma membrane. It consists of oligosaccharides that are attached to the membrane phospholipids and proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What provides markers for cell-cell recognition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form/structure is DNA normally spread out as within the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When cell division occurs what happens to the chromatin? |
|
Definition
| It condenses into rod-shaped bodies called chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| What are two key components to a chromosome? |
|
Definition
| Two long DNA molecules and various histone (protein) molecules |
|
|
Term
| What is the pupose of a histone during cell division? |
|
Definition
| To organize the lengthy DNA, coiling it into bundles called nucleosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentrations of DNA in the process of manufacturing the components of ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| What site serves as the site for the separation of chromosomes during cell division? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things are ribosomes composed of? |
|
Definition
| RNA molecules and proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the ribosomes function in the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
| To assist in the assembly of amino acids into proteins. |
|
|
Term
| When ribosomes are present in the ER, what is this called? What does this ultimately produce? |
|
Definition
| Rough ER ultimately producing glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the smooth ER? |
|
Definition
| To synthesize lipids and hormones |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of smooth ER in liver cells? |
|
Definition
| To help break down toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products from cellular reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
| To modify and package proteins and lipids into vesicles. |
|
|
Term
| Where do vesicles often migrate and merge to? What does this ultimately do? |
|
Definition
| The plasma membrane ultimately releasing their contents to the outside of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What are lysosomes and where do the come from? Do they occur in plant cells? |
|
Definition
| Lysosomes are vesicles from the Golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes. These break down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders such as bacteria. The do NOT occur in plant cells |
|
|
Term
| Where are peroxisomes normally found and what is their function? |
|
Definition
| The are normally found in the liver and kidney cells where they break down toxic substances and photosynthesizing cells. |
|
|
Term
| What do mitochondria carry out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the end result of Aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
| A process in which energy is obtained from carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
Rank the following in order of decreasing diameter (Large--->Small)
Intermediate filaments, microtubules, microfilaments |
|
Definition
| Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments |
|
|
Term
| What are microtubules made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 locations are microtubules easily found? |
|
Definition
| Spindle apparatus, flagella and cilia |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of intermediate filaments? |
|
Definition
| To provide support for maintaining the shape of the cell |
|
|
Term
| What are microfilaments made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are microfilaments generally found in? |
|
Definition
| Muscle cells and in cells that move by changing shape |
|
|
Term
| What two things act as MTOCs? |
|
Definition
| Centrioles and Basal bodies |
|
|
Term
| What gives rise to the microtubules which make up the spindle apparatus during cell division? Location? |
|
Definition
| A pair of centrioles located outside the nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
| What 4 groups are cell wall found in? |
|
Definition
| plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria |
|
|
Term
| In plants, what is the cell wall mainly consisted of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a modified polysaccharide differing from cellulose in that one of the hydroxyl groups is replaced by a group containing nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| What are food vacuoles and what do the often do? |
|
Definition
| Temporary receptacles of nutrients that often merge with lysosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What do storage vaculoes store in PLANTS? (3) |
|
Definition
| starch, pigments, and toxic substances |
|
|
Term
| What occupies most of the interior of many plant cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When central vacuoles are fully filled, what do they do? Thus... |
|
Definition
| The exert turgor pressure on the cell walls thus, maintaining rigidity in the cells |
|
|
Term
| What structure helps maintain rigidity in the cells and by what process? |
|
Definition
| Central vacuoles and by turgor |
|
|
Term
| What are contractile vacuoles and what organisms are they found in? |
|
Definition
| Organelles in single-celled organisms that collect and pump excess water out of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein attachments between adjacent animal cells |
|
|
Term
| What analogy can be used for desmosomes? |
|
Definition
| hold together tissues that undergo considerable stress |
|
|
Term
| What are tight junctions? Where are they normally found at? |
|
Definition
| tightly stitched seams between animal cells. Normally found in cells lining the digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| What are Gap junctions? What proteins are contained in gap junctions? |
|
Definition
| narrow tunnels between animal cells consisting of proteins called connexons. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of connexons? |
|
Definition
| to prevent the cytoplasm of each cell from mixing, but allowing the passage of ions and small molecules |
|
|
Term
| What is the plasmodesmata and where is it found? |
|
Definition
| narrow channels between PLANT cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the general structures of a prokaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and often a cell wall |
|
|
Term
| Is the DNA molecule of a prokaryote different from a eukaryote? If so how? |
|
Definition
| Yes. prokaryotes are single naked DNA molecules without the proteins in eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
| Which ribosomes are bigger, prokaryotes or eukaytoes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cell wall of bacteria composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Flagella in bacteria are NOT composed of microtubules. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does hypertonic mean? |
|
Definition
| a higher concentration of solutes in relativity |
|
|
Term
| What does hypotonic mean? |
|
Definition
| A lower concentration of solutes in relativity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of substances in the same direction in response to a force or pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of water out of a cell that results in the collapse of a cell |
|
|
Term
| What is facilitated diffusion? |
|
Definition
| diffusion of solutes through channel proteins in the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is countercurrent exchange? |
|
Definition
| the diffusion of substrates between two regions in which substances are moving by bulk flow in opposite directions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicles fusing with the plama membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is endocytosis? What are the 3 types? |
|
Definition
capture of a substance outside the cell when the plasma membrane merges to engulf it
Phagocytosis: undissolved material enters the cell and plasma membrane wraps around the solid material and engulfs it.
Pinocytosis: dissolved substance enter the cell and plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing the liquid to enter.
R-M endocytosis: specific molecules in the fluid surrounding the cell bind to specialized receptors that concentrate in coated pits in the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Mitochondria are often NOT near areas of major cellular activity? |
|
Definition
| False: Mitochondria ARE often more numerous near areas of major cellular activity |
|
|
Term
What mode of transport does this describe:
Movement of solutes across a plasma membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration with the aid of proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What mode of transport:
Movement of water out of a cell resulting in the collapse of the plasma membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What mode of transport:
Movement of urine through the urinary tract. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Smooth ER helps in the assembaly of amino acids into proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is adaptive advantage? |
|
Definition
| A variation in genetics that imparts an advantage |
|
|
Term
| What term regarding the evidence of evolution, refers to the fossilized resin of tree? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to minerals deposited in molds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the term petrification mean? |
|
Definition
| minearals replace the cells of an organism |
|
|
Term
| What are vestigial structures? |
|
Definition
| Structures appear to be useless but had ancestral functions |
|
|
Term
| What does the forces of evolution term, adaptive radiation, mean? |
|
Definition
| Emergency of number of lineages from single species to adopt to different niches |
|
|
Term
| What is allopatric speciation? |
|
Definition
| Geographic barrier that leads to speciation |
|
|
Term
| What is convergent evolution? |
|
Definition
| unrelated species becoming more similar in feature to adapt the same environment |
|
|
Term
| What term means, small local population that breed with each other only? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of evolution is described here?
Two or more similar species becoming more dissimilar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes the migration of individuals between different populations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in composition of gene pool due to change |
|
|
Term
| What term describes when one species evolves in response to new adaptations that appear in another species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sympatric speciation? |
|
Definition
| 1 mutation causing a reproductive barrier |
|
|
Term
What significant fossil does this describe?
Primitive crustacean in early Paleozoic era. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What significant fossil does this describe?
Ancient animals similar to birds and reptiles in Mesozoic era. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What significant fossil does this describe?
Primitive horse the size of fox |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What significant fossil does this describe?
Hairy elephant in Siberian ice. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What significant fossil does this describe?
Found in asphalt tar-pits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What significant fossil does this describe?
Preserved in amber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What significant fossil does this describe?
Missing links between reptiles and birds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The more different the biochemical characteristics, the earlier the divergence of two species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major vestigial strucutre seen in a Python? |
|
Definition
| Legs which are reduced to useless bones |
|
|
Term
| What happens as a result of migration due to species multiplication? |
|
Definition
| Lessens intraspecies competition |
|
|
Term
| Describe Lamarckian Evolution? |
|
Definition
| New organs or changes in existing ones arose because of the need "use or disuse" |
|
|
Term
| Describe the inheritance of acquired characteristics of Lamarckian evolution? |
|
Definition
| "The more muscle mass my daddy has, the more I'd have" |
|
|
Term
| What term is the sum of all the alleles for any given trait in population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 conditions that must be met during the Hardy-Weinberg Principle? |
|
Definition
1)Population is large
2) No mutations that affect the gene pool
3) Mating between individuals is completely random
4) No net migration into or out of the population
5) The genes in the population are all equally successful at reproduction. |
|
|
Term
| In the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, what does the p^2 frequency stand for? |
|
Definition
| Frequency of the dominant homozygote |
|
|
Term
In the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, what does the 2pq frequency stand for?
|
|
Definition
| Frequency of the heterozygote |
|
|
Term
In the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, what does the q^2 frequency stand for?
|
|
Definition
| Frequency of recessive homozygote |
|
|
Term
| What is assortive mating? |
|
Definition
| Non-random mating who are selected via proximity and phenotypes. |
|
|
Term
| In the assortive mating concept, what is ultimately affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the assotive mating principle, what is ultimately UNCHANGED? |
|
Definition
| the frequencies in the gene pool |
|
|
Term
| What is the bottleneck effect? |
|
Definition
| rapid population reduction where some alleles are over-represented and some alleles are under-represented |
|
|
Term
| With the founder effect, do FEW or MANY individuals colonize new habitats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main change during gene flow? |
|
Definition
| Changing population's gene pool |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation? |
|
Definition
Allopatric- physical barrier
Sympatric- no barrier |
|
|
Term
| What are 6 events that lead to speciation? |
|
Definition
1)Genetic variation
2) Environmental changes
3) Migration to new environment
4) Adaptation to new environment
5) Natural Selection
6) Isolation |
|
|
Term
True or False:
During Adaptive Radiation, many species adapt to the same niche. |
|
Definition
| False, each specie adapts to a distinct niche |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Adaptive radiation increases competition |
|
Definition
| False, since each species adapts to a distinct niche, competition in minimalized |
|
|
Term
All living organisms can be divided into four categories. Which category do the following species fall into?
Chemosynthetic bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All living organisms can be divided into four categories. Which category do the following species fall into?
Green Plants and photoplankton
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All living organisms can be divided into four categories. Which category do the following species fall into?
Yeasts?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All living organisms can be divided into four categories. Which category do the following species fall into?
Amoebas, earthworms, humans
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does assimilation mean? |
|
Definition
| building of new tissues from digested food |
|
|
Term
| What doe the term "irritability" mean? |
|
Definition
| ability to respond to a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What are the reactants and products in photosynthesis (general)? |
|
Definition
| CO2 and H20 -----> Carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?
Composed entirely of amino acids
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?
Primarily globular in nature, carriers of enzymes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?
Fibrous in nature and act as structural proteins. Collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?
Simple protein portion with nonprotein parts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?
Proteins bound to lipid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?
Proteins bound to carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?
Proteins bound to pigmented molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?
Protein complexed around a metal ion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?
Proteins containing histone or protamine (bound to DNA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rupture of lysosome membrane and cell suicide |
|
|
Term
| What is Brownian movement? |
|
Definition
| Movement of particles due to kinetic energy which spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Streaming movement within the cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates, respectively |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What process is used to break down saccharide polymers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chief means of food storage in animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What releases more energy per gram weight than any other class of biological compounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What biological compound provides insulation and protection against injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does centrifugation separate cells based off of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant strucutre is the tip of root/stems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plant hormone makes roots develop faster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormones does the Corpus Luteum make and where does the Corpus Luteum come from? |
|
Definition
| Makes estrogen and progesterone and comes from ruptured follicle |
|
|
Term
| In plants, what is the purpose of the endosperm? |
|
Definition
| To grow and feed the embryo |
|
|
Term
True or False:
In monocots, cotyledon absobs the endosperm |
|
Definition
| False, this happens in dicots |
|
|
Term
| What strucutre are the testes attached to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe what occurs during the follicular phase? (Hormone, from where, result) |
|
Definition
| FSH from the anterior pituitary stimulates growth of follicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the lateral meristem and where does this allow growth from? |
|
Definition
| Cambium, allows growth in diameter |
|
|
Term
| During what phase does the follicle turn into the corpus luteum? Which hormone causes this? |
|
Definition
| The Luteal Phase, lutenizing hormone (LH) causes this |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Meristems are differentiated tissues in plants that can grow to be an adult plant? |
|
Definition
| False, meristems are undifferentiated tissues in plants that can grow to be an adult plant |
|
|
Term
| What term is the development of unfertilized egg? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant structure protects the pistil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the female organ of the flower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are woody underground stems that can develop upright stems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure are sperm made in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the male organ of the flower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plant structure catches pollen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tube like structure that guides pollen along? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the epididymis attached to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During Meiosis, what occurs during INTERPHASE? |
|
Definition
| chromosomes are replicated into 2N number of sister chromatids |
|
|
Term
| What stage of MEIOSIS does the chromatin condense into chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phase of MEIOSIS are the tetrads formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phase of MEIOSIS does "crossing-over" occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major accomplishment of ANAPHASE I? |
|
Definition
| Disjunction (homologous pairs separate and pull to opposite poles) |
|
|
Term
True or False:
All plants go through asexual reproduction in some form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 major groups of species does FISSION occur in? |
|
Definition
| amoebae, paramecia, algae, bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What two major groups of species does BUDDING occur in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What body structure is required for regeneration to occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the mitochondira typically found in sperm? |
|
Definition
| Neck and body of the sperm |
|
|
Term
| What 2 hormones are the ovaries regulated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 hormones do ovaries produce and secrete? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen and Progesterone |
|
|
Term
| What hormone is the production of LH and FSH regulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone stimulates the thickening of the endometrim? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general description of sexual reproduction in plants? |
|
Definition
| Alternating between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations |
|
|
Term
True of False:
Gametophytes produce gametes by meiosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Gametophyte reproduces sexually while sporophyte reporduces asexually |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the female gametophytes developed and from what? |
|
Definition
| Developed in ovules from one out of 4 spores |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 major strucutures of a seed embryo? Describe each. |
|
Definition
1) Epicotyl- precursos to upperstem and leaves
2) Cotyledons- seed leaves
3) Hypocotyl- develops into stem and root
4) Endosperm- grows and feeds the embryo
5) Seed Coat- develops from outer covering of the ovule. |
|
|
Term
| In advanced plants, what does growth depend upon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the apical meristem found? |
|
Definition
| found on the tip of the roots and stems |
|
|
Term
| Where is the lateral meristem(cambium) located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Lateral meristems are active in monocots OR herbaceous dicots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The lateral meristem can differentiate into either xylem or phloem cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasmids capable of integration into bacterial genome |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for cytoplasmic DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viral DNA pahges into bacteria and become integrated to host bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Law of Independent Assortment? |
|
Definition
| As longs as two geners are on separate chromosomes, they will assort independently during meiosis |
|
|
Term
| What inheritance pattern is described by red+white=pink |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inheritance pattern is described by two alleles being expressed at the same time (Blood type is an example)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pass on of a sex-linked trait? |
|
Definition
| Skips a generation because the father cannot pass to the son, only to the daughter. |
|
|
Term
| What genetic issue refers to the failure of chromosome separation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe transcription (what gets formed from what, where does it form at, where does it go, and how does it get there) |
|
Definition
| DNA is transcribed nto mRNA in the nucleus and goes out into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores |
|
|
Term
| What is the sac-like structure that's involved in respiration and excretion and contains blood vessels to transport gas and waste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure provedes the aqueous environment that protects the developing embryo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a hollow sphere of cells evolved from blastocoel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of morula developing a fluid filled cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A moist membrane that permits gas exhange envelloping the amnion |
|
|
Term
| Describe determinate cleavage? |
|
Definition
| cells whose future pathways are determined early |
|
|
Term
| Which strucutres are derived from the ECTODERM? |
|
Definition
| Integument, hair, nails, skin, lens of eye, retina, CNS |
|
|
Term
| What structures are derived from the ENDODERM? |
|
Definition
| Lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of 1 layer blastula to 3 layered strucutre called gastrula |
|
|
Term
| What structures are derived from the MESODERM? |
|
Definition
| Musculoskeletal, circulatory, excretory systems. Gonads, connective tissues,and portions of digestive and respiratory organs |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Cleavage occurs without growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With species that have eggs, what gives food to the developing embryo? |
|
Definition
| The Yolk Sac blood yessels |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to the production of antibodies during an immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clumping of antigens called by antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Which type of cells produce antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does fibrin come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of fibrin? |
|
Definition
| to trap blood cells to form a clot |
|
|
Term
| What are granulocytes caused by and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| Caused by an inflammatory response that phagocytizes antigenic material |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to the production of antibodies against antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are immunoglobulins and what is there purpose? |
|
Definition
| large proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigen for removal |
|
|
Term
| What are interferons and how do they come about? |
|
Definition
| proteins produced by cells under viral attack taht diffuse and help other cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the Left Atrium receive blood from? |
|
Definition
| The 4 pulmonary veins (2 from each lung) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the left atrium pump blood through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the left ventricle receive blood from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the left ventricle pump blood through? |
|
Definition
| The semi-lunar valve and to the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for interstitial fluid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term refering to the transfer of antibodies from another individual or organsim? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cell fragment which lacks a nuclei and involved in clot formation |
|
|
Term
| What type of blood does the right atrium receive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What valve prevents backflow into the left or right ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytolysis of infected cells |
|
|
Term
| What is 3 things contained in a vascular bundle? |
|
Definition
| Xylem, Phloem, and cambium cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the term refering to the inner layer of xylem that's dead and can be used for lumber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the PITH and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| Storage of nutrients and plants support and it is the innermost layer |
|
|
Term
| What structure increases surface area for absorption of water and minerals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outer layer of xylem that's alive called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure is a sieve tube cell derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell do trachids arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of circulatory system do arthropods have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of circulatory system do annelids have? |
|
Definition
| Closed circulatory system |
|
|
Term
| Which side of the human heart is responsible for oxygenating blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the superior vena cava receive deoxygenated blood from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the inferior vena cava receive deoxygenated blood from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the coronary sinus receive deoxygenated blood from? |
|
Definition
| Blood from walls of the heart |
|
|
Term
| The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium through what structure? |
|
Definition
| Atrio-ventricular opening |
|
|
Term
| What is the left side of the heart responsible for? What is the proper name for the left side circulation? |
|
Definition
| Circulating of oxygenated blood. Systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the secondary circulation system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the liquid portion of blood called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does humoral immunity mainly produce? |
|
Definition
| Antibodies which are VERY specific to the antigen |
|
|
Term
| Which type of immunity is used to combal fungal and viral infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of cells produce antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cytotoxic T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of suppressor T cells? |
|
Definition
| regulates acticity of B and T cells |
|
|
Term
| Which type of immune cells activate B and T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antigens which are clumped togeth into large insoluble complexes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of sweat as a defense mechanism? |
|
Definition
| It attacks the bacterial cell wall |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of macrophages? |
|
Definition
| To engulf and destroy foreign particles |
|
|
Term
| What causes the inflammatory response as a defense mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What strucutre produces corticosteroids in response to stress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the adrenal medulla produce |
|
Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine "fight or flight" |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
| To regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium |
|
|
Term
| Which type of hormones does the anterior pituitary produce? What are some examples? |
|
Definition
Synthesizes direct and topic hormones.
Direct hormones: growth, proloactin, endorphines
Tropic hormones: ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, MSH |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of ADH? |
|
Definition
| Increase the permeability of the nephron collecting duct and thus promotes water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Where is bile produced and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Produced by gall bladder and it digest fat |
|
|
Term
| Where is calcitonin secreted from and what does it do |
|
Definition
| secreted by thyroid and it decreases plasma calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of cortisol/cortisone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is diabetes mellitus? |
|
Definition
| High blood glucose levels, insulin out of whack |
|
|
Term
| What chemical stimulates the ripening of fruit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of FSH? |
|
Definition
| Causes maturation of ovarian follicles |
|
|
Term
| Where is gastrin produces and what does it induce the production of? |
|
Definition
| Produced in the stomach and induces the production of HCl |
|
|
Term
| What specifically is glucagon produced from and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Produced from the alpha cells of the pancreas and it increases blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
| What structure of the pancreas synthesizes glucagon and insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does LH do in females? Males? |
|
Definition
Females- stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
Males- stimulates testes to make testosterone |
|
|
Term
| What is oxytocin produced by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the pancreas an exocrine, endocrine, or both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the parathyroid increase the [] of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of secretin? |
|
Definition
| Triggers secretion of alkaline bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme |
|
|
Term
| What type of corticosteroid is Aldesterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for growth hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic cells produce and secrete insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the body's blood volume is low, what does the kidney produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional unit of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neuron structure transmits impulese away from the cell body to the next neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytoplasmic extensions that receive information and transmit it to the cell body |
|
|
Term
| Which channel opens during depolarization? |
|
Definition
| Voltage gated sodium channels |
|
|
Term
| What are Nodes of Ranvier? |
|
Definition
| gaps between segments of myelin |
|
|
Term
| What produces myelin the the central nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a refractory period? |
|
Definition
| A period of rest immediately following action potential |
|
|
Term
| Which channel is opened during repolarization? What is the result? |
|
Definition
| Voltage-gated potassium channel opens bringing cell back to negative potential |
|
|
Term
| What specifically is a synapse a gap between? |
|
Definition
| Axon terminals of one cell and dendrite of the next cell |
|
|
Term
| What does botox prevent the release of? What is the effect? |
|
Definition
| Prevents the release of acetylcholine leading to paralysis |
|
|
Term
| What does curare block and what does this lead to? |
|
Definition
| Curare blocks the post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors leadaing to paralysis |
|
|
Term
| Which type of neurons carry sensory information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 major structures are contained in the brainstem? |
|
Definition
| Midbrain, pons, and medulla |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| helps to modulate motot impulses |
|
|
Term
| What structure helps supply the retina with blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscles help control the shape and focal length of the lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which eye structure bends/focuses light rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of neurons carry motor information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which brain structure contorls the endocrine system and visceral functions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which brain structure controls autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of the ossicles and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Three bone structure used to amplify sound |
|
|
Term
| Which nervous system is the parasympathetic nervous system part of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is contained in the retina and where is the retina relative to the eye? |
|
Definition
| The retina contains photoreceptors and is the innermost layer of the eye |
|
|
Term
| Which eye structure detects low-intensity illumination and is important for night vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the white part of the eye called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of cells are axons produced from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the CNS what produces myelin? In the peripheral nervous system what produces myelin? |
|
Definition
CNS- oligodendrocytes
Peripheral- Schwann cells |
|
|
Term
| What determines the speed of action potential propagation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between axon diameter and th espeed of action potential propagation? Why? |
|
Definition
| The greater the diameter, the faster the action potential propagation because the greater diameters axon is more heavily myelinated. |
|
|
Term
| What neuron structure is called the presynaptic neuron? Post-synaptic neuron? |
|
Definition
Presynaptic- axon terminal of one neuron
Postsynaptic- dendrite of another neuron |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Protozoa have an extremely organized nervous system? |
|
Definition
| False: protozoa possess no organized nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the Cnidaria nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of nervous system do Annelids have? |
|
Definition
| Primitive CNS which contains a defined ventral nerve cord, anterior brain, and definite nerve pathways |
|
|
Term
| How do arthropod and annelid nervous systems compare? |
|
Definition
| Arthropods have a more specialized sense organ |
|
|
Term
| What two structures make of the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which brain structure controls hunger, thirt, sex drive, H2O balance, blood pressure, and temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Thalamus a relay center for? |
|
Definition
| Relay center for the spinal cord and cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
| What is the outer and inner section of the spinal cord called? What about the brain? |
|
Definition
Spinal cord
Outer- White matter
Inner- Gray matter
Brain
Outer-Gray Matter
Inner- White Matter |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the somatic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Helps control voluntary movements |
|
|
Term
| Which nerver nnervates many of the thoracic and abdominal viscera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products, and amounts, of the Krebs cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the electron carriers of the electron transport train called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ATP are produced in the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the enzymes that reduce fat to fatty acids and glycerol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
The Krebs cycle reduces Acetyl CoA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In invertebrates, what is the name of the opening where the tracheae converges and gas exchange takes place |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During lactic acid fermentation, what is pyruvate converted to and why? |
|
Definition
| Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid to regenerate NAD+ |
|
|
Term
| In alcohol fermentation, what is needed in order to make ethanol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most efficient catabolic pathway used by organisms to gain back energy stored in glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things must be absent for the body to degrade protein? |
|
Definition
| Carbs and fat must be absent |
|
|
Term
| What is ferrodoxin and where does it occur relative to the ETC? |
|
Definition
| Ferrodoxin is one of the early electron carriers in the electron chain transport |
|
|
Term
| What are stacks of thylakoid sacs called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things do the light reactions produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fluid matrix of the cholorplast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the chlorophyll reside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is chlorophyll A called P700? |
|
Definition
| Because it absorbs best at 700nm |
|
|
Term
| Why is chlorophyll B called P680 |
|
Definition
| because it absorbs best at 680nm |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light ----> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for respiration? |
|
Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O ---> 6 CO2 + 12 H2O |
|
|
Term
| In photosynthesis where does the oxygen produced come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Dark Reaction use to produce its product? What is its product? |
|
Definition
| Uses ATP and NADPH from the light reaction to reduce CO2 to carbohydrate |
|
|
Term
| What is the main product of the dark reaction besides carbohydrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times must the Calvin Cycle take place in order to produce PGAL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In 6 turns of the Calvin cycle, how many PGAL are used to form how many RuBP?
How many molecules of glucose are formed? |
|
Definition
12 PGAL form 6 RuBP.
1 molecule of glucose is formed |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the leaf cuticle? |
|
Definition
| To reduce transpiration and conserve water on the upper surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of elongated chloroplast-containing cells spread over a large surface area. |
|
|
Term
| What surrounds each of the stomata on the lower surface of the leaves? Responsible for opening and closes the stomata? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When photosynthesis stops what happens to cell turgor? What happens to the stomata? |
|
Definition
| Cell turgor decreases and the stomata closes |
|
|
Term
| Why does the stomata close at night time? |
|
Definition
| To limit the loss of water vapor |
|
|
Term
| Why is the stomata open during the day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is chitin and what species typically have it? |
|
Definition
| Hard exoskeleton that offers some protection in arthropods |
|
|
Term
| What process is required for growth in arthropods with a chitin exoskeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes the two layers of muscle, longitudal and circular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe extension vs flexion in the skeleton? |
|
Definition
| Extension is straightening of a joint while flexion is bending of a joint |
|
|
Term
| What is the point of attachment of muscle to bone that moves called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of transforming undifferentiated connective tissue into bone? |
|
Definition
| Intramembranous ossification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentric circles of bony matrix surrounding haversian canal |
|
|
Term
| What is a bone to bone connection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of osteoblasts? |
|
Definition
| Synthesize and secrete organic making of bone matrix |
|
|
Term
| What are masses of cells the support bone resorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the structural units of bony matrix in compact bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interconnecting lattice inside spongy bone |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the thin filaments in the sarcomere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the Calcuim ion in muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
| Calcium is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filaments in muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for a muscle to be myogenic? |
|
Definition
| It can contract without stimulation from nerve cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin that supply oxygen to muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for making up the thick filaments in the sarcomere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a neuromuscular junction and what is it between? |
|
Definition
| synaptic cleft between nerve terminal and sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell membrane of muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| What propagates action potential in the muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cytoplasm of muscle fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum? |
|
Definition
| to envelop the myofibrils and store calcium ions |
|
|
Term
| What type of muscle does the somatic nervous system innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is smooth muscle innervated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are fiber cells created? |
|
Definition
| created by fusion of several mononucleated embryonic cells |
|
|
Term
| Where are mitochondria highly concentrated throughout muscle cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the defined boundary of a single sarcomere which also anchors the thin filament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term referring to the area running down the center of the sarcomere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only way to increase strength of the entire muscle? |
|
Definition
| Increasing the amount of muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Response of a single muscle fiber to brief stimulus above threshold |
|
|
Term
| What is the latent period in reference to muscle? |
|
Definition
| Time between stimulation and onset of a contraction |
|
|
Term
| During the contraction period, which happens to the various zones/bands? |
|
Definition
| The H-zone and I-band disappear and only the A-band exists |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the relaxation period? What is significant about this period? |
|
Definition
Absolute refractory period.
Muscle is unresponsive to stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Which type of muscle is myogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is extracellular digestion and where does it take place? |
|
Definition
| digestive process outside of cell within lumen or tract |
|
|
Term
| Where does intracellular digestion take place? |
|
Definition
| Within membrane-bound vesicles |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the oral groove where food particles are swept into by cilia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During phagocytosis, what is used to envelope food particles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft mass of chewed food within mouth |
|
|
Term
| What are lacteals and what is their purpose? |
|
Definition
| Lacteals are vessels of the lymphatic system which absorb fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of pancreatic amylase? |
|
Definition
| Breaks down starch to maltose |
|
|
Term
| What is the protein hydrolyzing enzyme in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The muscular contraction of the esophagus that moves food down |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the pyloric sphincter and where does it lead to? |
|
Definition
| chyme passes through here to the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein digestion enzyme produced in the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What structures are finger-like extensions of the small intestines that contian capillaries and lacteals for nutrient absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What process do Amoeba's use for digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the physical breakdown of food take place? |
|
Definition
| Digestive tract and the mouth |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the physical breakdown of food? |
|
Definition
| To increase the surface area that the digestive enzyme can act upon |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the chemical breakdown of food? |
|
Definition
| To break food particles down even further into useful molecules |
|
|
Term
| What is the digestion pathway in humans? |
|
Definition
| Oral cavity --> pharynx --> esophagus --> stomach --> small intestine --> large intestine --> anus |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of salivary amylase? |
|
Definition
| To hydrolyze starch to maltose |
|
|
Term
| What is the thick lining of the stomach which secretes mucus which protects stomach lining from acidic juices? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of HCl secretion in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| To kill bacteria, dissolve food, activate proteins |
|
|
Term
| Where is chemical digestion completed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are amino acids and monosaccharides picked up at and from? |
|
Definition
| Small intestine and by the villi |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the small intestine does most digestion take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main pupose of lipases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main pupose of aminopeptidases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What the major things does the intestinal mucosa secrete? |
|
Definition
| Lipases, aminopeptidases, disaccharidases |
|
|
Term
| What three enzymes does the pancreas produce and what is the purpose of the three? |
|
Definition
amylase- carbohydrate digestion
trypsin- protein digestion
lipase- fat digestion |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| To absorb salts and water that hasn't already been absorbed in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the principle storage form in plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What accumulates in the malpighian tubules and where are these accumulations transported to for disposal. |
|
Definition
| Minearl salts and uric acid accumulate here and transported to intestine for disposal |
|
|
Term
| Which species have nephridia and what is the function? |
|
Definition
Annelids.
Two pairs in each segment that rid body of waste |
|
|
Term
| What is uric acid and what species form it? |
|
Definition
| nitrogenous waste crystals formed by arthropods |
|
|
Term
| What is the Bowman's capsule and what is the purpose of the Bowman's capsule? |
|
Definition
| Bulb within the nephron for filtration |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the distal convoluted tubule and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
| tubule within nephron for water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What is the glomerulus and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| special capillary bed in the nephron |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the loop of henle? |
|
Definition
| responsible for water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Where is the peritubular capillary specifically located and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
| surrounds nephron to facilitate reabsorption of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the proximal tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cellular arrangement in protozoans and cnidarians and how is this related to excretion? |
|
Definition
| all cells in contact with external aqueous environment, thus wastes are simple diffused out of cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| How do paramecium get rid of excess water? |
|
Definition
| By use of a specialized contractile vacuole |
|
|
Term
| How are the lungs involved in excretion of humans? |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide and water vapor from lungs are constantly exhaled |
|
|
Term
| How is the skin involved in human excretion? |
|
Definition
| Sweat glands constantly excrete water and dissolved salt |
|
|
Term
| Where is urea produced in humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organ functions to maintain the osmolarity of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure of the kidney is known to have Na/K pumps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What section of the kidney does the loop of Henle run though? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What section of the kidney does the convulted tubules and Bowman's capsule run through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of filtration driven by? |
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure of the blood |
|
|
Term
| Where does reabsorption primariyl take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reabsorption of water in the collecting tubule region regulated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ADH do to the collecting duct? What is the result of this? |
|
Definition
| ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct, thus more concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| Where is ADH stored after production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two nervous system structures are involved in a complex reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are fixed-action patterns? |
|
Definition
| innate behaior in response to certain stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What is a stimulus that elicits innate behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reticular activating system? |
|
Definition
| a complex relex response with interactions of many neuron pathways to respond to danger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 neuron pathway of afferent neuron to efferent neuron |
|
|
Term
| What is extinction in reference to behavior? |
|
Definition
| gradual elimination of conditioned response |
|
|
Term
| What is negative reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| removing unpleasant stimulus after behavior |
|
|
Term
| What is a spontaneous recovery in reference to animal behavior? |
|
Definition
| if stimulus no longer is applied, response will return to normal |
|
|
Term
| What is a critical period? |
|
Definition
| specific time period when proper environment pattern must be presente for development to be complete |
|
|
Term
| What is imprinting and when does it take place? |
|
Definition
| During critical period of development, an object becomes accepted permanently as an element in their behavioral pattern |
|
|
Term
| What term describes using smell or chemical detection as a mean of communication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimizes violent intraspecific aggressions by establishing an order |
|
|
Term
| What do releaser pheromones eventually cause? |
|
Definition
| trigger reversible behavior change in the recipient |
|
|
Term
| What do primer pheromones eventually cause? |
|
Definition
| Long term behavioral and physiological alteration in recipient. |
|
|
Term
| What is a neutral stimulus? |
|
Definition
| Stimulus that will not by itself elicit the response prior to conditioning |
|
|
Term
| What is agonistic display and what is an example? |
|
Definition
| display of appeasment, like when a dog wags its tail |
|
|
Term
| What term describes the physical environment like water, rock, sunlight, climate, and temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an ecological community? |
|
Definition
| populations of different plants and animals species interacting in a given environment |
|
|
Term
| What specifically is an ecosystem? |
|
Definition
| interaction between biotic communities and non-living environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an ecological population? |
|
Definition
| a group of organisms of the same species living together in a given location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bottom layer where light can't reach |
|
|
Term
| What term describes decaying plant and animals in soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One organsims benefits while the other is not affected |
|
|
Term
| What is a homeothermic animal? |
|
Definition
| warm-blooded animals that maintain contant body temperatures |
|
|
Term
| Where do creatures live if they are said to be in a hyperosmotic environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are creatures living if they are said to live in a hypoosmotic environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Describe inter vs intra specific interactions
|
|
Definition
inter- species compete against one another
intra- species work with one another |
|
|
Term
| What term describes a symbiotic relationship where both organsims derive benefits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is obligatory symbiosis? |
|
Definition
| One organsim depends on the other for survival |
|
|
Term
| What is a poikilothermic animal? |
|
Definition
| A cold blooded animal that depends on external temperature for activity |
|
|
Term
| What term describes protists and fungi that decompose dead organic matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| community stage that will succeed one another until a climax community is reached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crawling and sessil organisms of the sea |
|
|
Term
| What is the algae that is responsible for most of the autotrophic work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of land is typically known as a grassland biome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the littoral zone of the ocean? |
|
Definition
| Several miles from shore and up to 600 feet deep |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to active swimmers of the sea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What grows in a polar region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less rainfall with long cold winters |
|
|
Term
| Describe a temperate deciduous forest biome? |
|
Definition
| cold winters, warm summers, moderate rainfall with trees that shed its leaves |
|
|
Term
| Describe a temperate coniferous forest biome? |
|
Definition
| cole, dry, and inhabited by fir, pine, and spruce. Year round dry and cold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treeless frozen plain with very short summer |
|
|
Term
| What helps determine the water holding capacity for soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps determine what type of vegetation can be supported? |
|
Definition
| Nitrate and phosphate content |
|
|
Term
True or False:
No two species can occupy the same niche? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both participating species living together in permanent association with each other |
|
|
Term
| What is ecological succession? |
|
Definition
| Orderly process by which one biotic community replaces another until climax community is established |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to plants growing on other plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two typical characteristics of animals who live in grassland biomes? |
|
Definition
| Animals develop long legs and hoofs |
|
|
Term
| Why do trees in temperatre coniferous forests develop needle-shaped leaves? |
|
Definition
| Increased water conservation |
|
|
Term
| What color are carotenoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These carrier proteins include nonprotein parts containing iron. |
|
Definition
| Ferredoxin and cytochrome |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to "fix CO2"? |
|
Definition
| Take inorganic CO2 and incorporate it into an organic molecule that can be used in biological systems |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The Dark Reactions occur only during the dark. |
|
Definition
| False: They do not occur in the dark at all |
|
|
Term
| Why doesn't the light-independent reaction take place in the dark? |
|
Definition
| Because it relies upon the products from the light-dependent reactions |
|
|
Term
| What general structure is the site where both light dependent and light independent reactions occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common and inefficient protein on Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the usual photosynthesizing cells where CO3 is absorbed when it enters the plant leaf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When CO3 enters the plant what does it combine with and what is the end product? |
|
Definition
| Combines with PEP to form OAA |
|
|
Term
| What is OAA converted to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of moving CO2 to the bundle sheath cells? |
|
Definition
| To increase the efficiency of photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the biosynthetic pathway that leads to the fixation of oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relative CO2 uptake a measure of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main goal of oxidative phosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| To extract ATP from NADH and FADH2 |
|
|
Term
| During oxidative phosphorylation, what is the last electron acceptor at the end of the ETC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the mitochondria are the etc proteins embedded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following produce ATP except:
a) glycolysis
b) the Krebs cycle
c) lactate fermentation
d) oxidative phosphorylation
e) photophosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following processes release CO2 except:
a) krebs cycle
b) alcoholic fermentation
c) oxidative phorphorylation
d) conversion of pyruvate to ethanol
e) conversion pof pyruvate to acetyl CoA |
|
Definition
| oxidative phosphoryloation |
|
|
Term
| What is an effective way to count the number of chromosome at any one time during mitosis? |
|
Definition
| Count the numbber of centromeres |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process of synapsis? |
|
Definition
| Once chromosomes are condensed, homologous chromosomes pair |
|
|
Term
| During what stage of Meiosis do the tetrads uncouple? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sites along the chromosome does crossing over occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a cell has 46 chromosomes at the beginning of mitosis, then at anaphase there would be a total of how many chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a cell has 46 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis, then at anaphase I there would be a total of how many chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following does not contribute to genetic variation?
Anaphase of mitosis
anaphase of meiosis I
fertilization
crossing over
random union of egg and sperm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to one gene affecting the phenotypic expression of a second gene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to a single gene having more than one phenotypic expression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of single-stranded DNA binding protein? |
|
Definition
| To attach to each strand of the uncoiled DNA to keep them separate |
|
|
Term
| Along which strand does DNA polymerase move and in what direction? |
|
Definition
| 3'---->5' and on the template strand |
|
|
Term
| What enzymes break and rejoin the double helix, allowing the twists to unravel and preventing the formation of knots. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects okazaki segments eventually leading to a single complement strand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which strand contains Okazaki fragments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does elongation begin? |
|
Definition
| DNA polymerase attaches to the RNA primers to begin elongation |
|
|
Term
| What is a frameshift mutation? |
|
Definition
| Subsequent nucleotides to be displaced one position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An assemblage of DNA actively being transcribed into rRNA |
|
|
Term
| What attaches to the promotor regino to initiate transcription? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the TATA box found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During RNA processing, how is the 5' cap formed? |
|
Definition
| GTP is added to the 5' end to form a 5' cap |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure that helps provide stability and also appears to control the movement of the mRNA across the nuclear envelope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sequences that express a code for a polypeptide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the noncoding sequences in DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before the RNA moves into the cytoplasm ________ deletes out the _____ and splices the _____ |
|
Definition
| snRNPs delete out the introns and splice the exons |
|
|
Term
| How is an aminoacyl tRNA formed? Where does the occur? |
|
Definition
| In the cytoplasm, amino acids attach to the 3' end of the tRNAs |
|
|
Term
| What describes regions where DNA is loosely bound to nucleosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
DNA in Euchromatin is actively being transcribed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is heterochromatin? What is the relative activity of DNA? |
|
Definition
| Areas where nucleosomes are more tightly compacted and where DNA is inactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA segments within a DNA molecule that are able to move to new locations. |
|
|
Term
| Subsequent processing by what two structures make final modifications before a protein can function as a structural element or as an enzyme? |
|
Definition
| Endoplasmic reticulum or golgi body |
|
|
Term
| Viruses consist of a __________ surrounded by a protein coat called a _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Viruses are typically unspecific for the types of cells that they infect. |
|
Definition
| False. Viruses are specific for the kinds of cells they will parasitize |
|
|
Term
| What are the two basic replication cycles that viruses follow? Describe the two. |
|
Definition
Lytic cycle- Destruction phase of active viral replication
lysogenic cycle- dormant phase where the virus remains inactibe until a trigger occurs |
|
|
Term
| What is a virus that is in a dormant state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do retroviruses use to allow themselves to survive? |
|
Definition
| Reverse transcriptase to make a DNA complement of their RNA |
|
|
Term
| By what mechanism does a bacterial cell reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of DNA exchange between bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What process occurs when new DNA is introduced into bacteria by a virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bacterial transformation? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria absorbing DNA from their surroundings |
|
|
Term
| How are restriction fragments separated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do restriction fragments between individuals of the same species differ in length? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slight differences in DNA sequences |
|
|
Term
| How are two stands of DNA molecules connected? |
|
Definition
| hydrogen bonding between the bases of one stand and the bases of the second strand |
|
|
Term
| What is the end product of translation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What of the following contains a code for a protein? Why?
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
rRNA
tRNA
mRNA |
|
Definition
| mRNA because is is the starting material thus, the code |
|
|
Term
| Describe homologous vs. analogous structures? |
|
Definition
Homologous- body parts that resemble one another in different species because of a common ancestor
Analogous- body parts that resemble one another because of adaptations to their environments |
|
|
Term
| Describe stabilizing selection. |
|
Definition
| Selection which eliminates individuals that have extreme or unusual traits |
|
|
Term
| Describe directional selection. |
|
Definition
| Favoring traits that are at one extreme of a range of traits |
|
|
Term
| Describe disruptive selection. |
|
Definition
| Selection that favors both extremes but not the middle |
|
|
Term
| What is sexual dimorphism? |
|
Definition
| differences in the appearance of males and females |
|
|
Term
| What does balanced polymorphism look to maintain/balance? |
|
Definition
| Different phenotypes in a population |
|
|
Term
| When does frequency-dependent selection occur? |
|
Definition
| When the least common phenotype has a selective advantage |
|
|
Term
| What are three different ways that sympatric speciation may occur? |
|
Definition
Balanced polymorphism
Polyploidy
Hybridization |
|
|
Term
| What is temporal isolation? |
|
Definition
| Species mate or flower during different season or at different tiemes of the day |
|
|
Term
| What is parallel evolution? |
|
Definition
| describes two relates species or two related lineages that have made similar evolutionary changes after their divergence from a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| Which pattern of macroevolution argues that evolution occurs by the gradual accumulation of small changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the endosymbiotic theory? |
|
Definition
| eukaryotes originated from a mutually beneficial association among various types or prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
| What was most responsivle for ending chemical evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the distinguishing characteristic of kingdom monera? |
|
Definition
| that they are prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
| When flagella are present in monera, what are they consisted of? |
|
Definition
| Flagellin, globular protein |
|
|
Term
| Describe a species who is a faculative anaerobe? |
|
Definition
| A species that grows in the presence of oxygen but when oxygen is absent can switch to an anaerobic metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What is significant of an archaebacteria's cell wall vs. a eubacteria's cell wall? |
|
Definition
| Archaebacteria's cell wall lacks peptidoglycan |
|
|
Term
| What are the three shapes of eubacteria and describe each shape? |
|
Definition
Cocci- spherical
Bacilli- rod shaped
Spirilla- spirals |
|
|
Term
| What are nodules and what type of bacteria live there |
|
Definition
| Nodules are specialized structures in plant roots and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live there |
|
|
Term
| What are the filaments of fungi called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cell wall of fungi chiefly consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two types of asexual spores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutualistic associations between fungi and root plants |
|
|
Term
| What are the three groups of species considered to be bryophytes? |
|
Definition
| mosses, liverworts, and hornworts |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of antheridium? |
|
Definition
| produce flagellated sperm that swin through water to fertilize eggs |
|
|
Term
| What are the female gametes of bryophytes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Female or male? Microspores and macrospores? |
|
Definition
Macrospores- female
Microspores- male |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the flowering plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts to the pistil or carpel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two structures of the stamen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to be a pseudocoelomate? |
|
Definition
| Have a gut that is not fully lined with mesoderm derived tissue |
|
|
Term
| In protosomes and deuterostomes, what does the first infold of the archenteron form? |
|
Definition
Protostomes- mouth
Deuterostomes- anus |
|
|
Term
| What animal is typically seen in the phylum porifera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are typically found in the phylum cnidaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the symmetry of cnidaria? How many germ layers? |
|
Definition
| 2 germ layers, radial symmetry |
|
|
Term
| What animals are typically found in the phylum platyhelminthes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the only phylum's which contain species with radial symmetry? |
|
Definition
| Cnidaria, and Echinodermata |
|
|
Term
| What animals are nematodes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species are found the the phylum mollusca? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the only phylum's who are pseudocoelomates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only acoelomate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insects, spiders, crustaceans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the only deuterostomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 main features exhibited by all chordates? |
|
Definition
Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Muscular tail |
|
|
Term
| What is the taxa structure in order from big to small? |
|
Definition
| Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
|
|
Term
| What is the type of bacteria which convert NO2- to NO3-? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of bacteria synthesizes NH3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which autotrophic bacteria uses H2S as their source of electrons to synthesize organic compounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT found in bacteria
peptidoglycans
flagellin
bacteriorhodopsin
chitin
phycobilins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following groups in NOT photosynthetic
cyanobacteria
diatoms
dinoflagellates
foraminifera
phaeophyta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following carry our asexual reproduction
conidia
dikaryotic hyphae
ascospores
basidiospores
zygospores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IN plants what are male gametes produced by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the differences between vascular bundles of dicots and monocots |
|
Definition
Dicots- organized in a circle
Monocots- scattered |
|
|
Term
| What are parenchyma cells? |
|
Definition
| most common component of ground tissue which aid in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion |
|
|
Term
| What are collenchyma cells? |
|
Definition
| Thick but flexible cell walls which serve as mechanical support |
|
|
Term
| Which cell is thicker sclerenchyma or collenchyma? What is the purpose of sclerenchyma? |
|
Definition
| Sclerenchyma. Purpose is to provide mechanical support |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the xylem? |
|
Definition
| Conduction of water and mechanical support |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the phloem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the radicle and what does it eventually develop into? |
|
Definition
| Radicle develops below the hypocotyl and develops into the root |
|
|
Term
| What doe the dividing cells of the apical meristem form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do cells mature into xylem, phloem, parenchyma, or epidermal cells? |
|
Definition
| Zone of maturation or differentiaiton |
|
|
Term
| In many monocots, what surround and protects the epicotyl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is primary growth in plants? |
|
Definition
| Growth seen only at the apical meristems |
|
|
Term
| What type of plants undergo secondary growth? |
|
Definition
| Conifers and woody dicots |
|
|
Term
| In plants what is the innermost ring of tightly packed cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the tissue inside of the endodermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cork cambium give rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the water movement apoplast? |
|
Definition
| Water travels from one cell wall to another without actually entering the other cells |
|
|
Term
| When water reaches the epidermis, what is the only way that it can continue into the vascular cylinder? |
|
Definition
| The Symplast Water Pathway |
|
|
Term
| What effect does potassium have on stomatal opening? |
|
Definition
| Creates a [ ] gradient favorable for H2O intake which in turn stimulates the opening of stomatal opening |
|
|
Term
| What hormone acts as a plant growth inhibitor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is dead at funtional maturity and why?
Companion cell
Guard Cell
Palisade Mesophyll
Sieve Tube Members
Vessel Members
|
|
Definition
| Vessel Members because they are part of the Xylem |
|
|
Term
| A plant with a fibrous root system, leaves with parallel venation, and a single cotyledon is most likely a monocot or dicot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces bark in woody plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do root hairs occur on? |
|
Definition
| Epidermal cells in the zone of maturation |
|
|
Term
| What contributes most of the water movement through the xylem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is wrong with this statement?
Auxin is produce at the shoot tip and diffuses down the stem? |
|
Definition
| Auxin does all of the except diffuse down the stem. It is transported down the stem |
|
|
Term
| Where does most carbon fixation occur in the C4 plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between reducing/increasing blood flow to parts of the body in various environments relative to body temperature? |
|
Definition
| Increasing blood flow cools the body down in hot environments and vice-versa |
|
|
Term
| Where are the intercostal muscles located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What in the carotid arteries monitor the pH of the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the chemoreceptors do to increase respiratory rate? |
|
Definition
| send nerve impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles |
|
|
Term
| How does an open circulatory system work? |
|
Definition
| Blood is pumped into an internal cavity called a hemocoel which bathes tissues with and oxygen/nutrient carrying fluid called hemolymph |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| Cleaning filters and immune respones centers that defend against infection |
|
|
Term
| Which type of cells catalyze the conversion of CO2 and H2O to H2CO3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do mature red blood cells maximize hemoglobin content and the ability to transport oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What strucuture of the kidney does the renal artery enter into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does Aldosterone have on the permeability of distal tubule and collecting duct? |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone increases the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct to Na+ |
|
|
Term
| What strucutre os the pharynx blocks the trachea so that solid and liquid material enter only the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What way are stomach cells producing pepsin protected from self-digestion? |
|
Definition
| Because the create pepsinogen |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the neuron contians the nucleus and other cellular organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term describes the action potential jumping from node to node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What are plasma cells of the immune system? |
|
Definition
| B cells which release specific antibodies that circulate throguh the body |
|
|
Term
| What are memory cells within the immune system? |
|
Definition
| B cells that do not rlease their antibodies until there is a subsequent invasion |
|
|
Term
| Where do T cells originate and where do they mature? |
|
Definition
| Originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland |
|
|
Term
| What are substances that stimulate the production of memory cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary until they are needed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the parathyroid hormone? |
|
Definition
| Increases calcium in the blood stimulating the reabsorption in the kidneys and release from the bones |
|
|
Term
| What is cAMP produced from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3? |
|
Definition
| Increase cellular metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What hormone does the pineal secerete and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
| Melatonin which helps with circadian rhythms |
|
|
Term
| How is most CO2 transpoted in the blood as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gas diffusion in the lungs occurs across membranes of what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following carries the least amount of oxygenated blood? Why
Left Ventricle
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Veins
Pulmonary Arteries
Small Intestine Capillaries |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary arteries because they carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be come oxygenated |
|
|
Term
| Which structure maintains systolic blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When filtrate moves through the nephron, solutes become _____________________ as they move up the ___________________ of the loop of henle. |
|
Definition
| less concentrated, ascending limb |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in neurons during the refractory period following an action potential? |
|
Definition
| Na+ on the inside of K+ on the outside exchange places across the neuron membrane |
|
|
Term
| What exposes binding sites on actin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following initiates a specific attack against an antigen?
Compliment
Interferon
Lysozyme
Macrophage
Plasma Cells |
|
Definition
Plasma Cells because they are synthesized by B-cells for that purpose
NOT macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Eggs move from the ovary to the uterus through what structure? |
|
Definition
| Oviduct or fallopian tubes |
|
|
Term
| What structure neutralizes urine in the urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ovulation mark? |
|
Definition
| The release of the secondary oocyte from the follicle |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Sertoli cells? |
|
Definition
| To help the spermatid as they differentiate into mature sperm where they eventually complete formation in the epididymis |
|
|
Term
| What triggers Meiosis II in the oocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the central cavity formed by gastrulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure gives off HCG as well as implants into the endometrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is embryonic induction? |
|
Definition
| The influence of one cell or group over another |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone promotes the development of the endometrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In birds and mammals, where does gastrulation begin at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the movement towards light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is inclusive fitness? |
|
Definition
| Fitness of one species and its immediate relatives |
|
|
Term
| What is a type I survivorship curve? |
|
Definition
| Most of the species live through midage where afterwards mortality is high |
|
|
Term
| What is a type II survivorship curve? |
|
Definition
| Length of survivorship is random |
|
|
Term
| What is a type III survivorship curve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a biotic potential? |
|
Definition
| Maximum growth potential under ideal conditions |
|
|
Term
| What type of growth is seen in R selected species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be said about a K species growth? |
|
Definition
| Growth is relatively constant |
|
|
Term
| What is the competitive exclusion principle? |
|
Definition
| When two species are competing for the exact same resources, one is likely to be more successful |
|
|
Term
| What is resource partitioning? |
|
Definition
| Some species coexist even though there is competition for resources |
|
|
Term
| What is character displacement? |
|
Definition
| As a result of resource partitioning, one species shifts niche thus reducing competition |
|
|
Term
| What is a realized niche? |
|
Definition
| Part of their existence where niche overlap does not occur |
|
|
Term
| What type of land does primary succession occur on? |
|
Definition
| Land that has never previously been inhabited |
|
|
Term
| What type of land does secondary succession occur on? |
|
Definition
| Land that was previously inhabitied but has been destroyed |
|
|
Term
| What are ecological pyramids used to represent? |
|
Definition
| Differences in trophic levels |
|
|
Term
| Where does food storage in seeds occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is most responsible for movement of water up a tall tree? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transmits nerve impulses between neruons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are characteristics of arthropods EXCEPT:
Body segmentation
jointed appendages
exoskeleton of chitin
true coelom
closed circulatory system |
|
Definition
| closed circulatory system |
|
|
Term
All of the following are associated with the rate of breathing except:
an increase in HCO3- in the blood
an increase in pH in the blood
an increase in CO2 in the blood
moving to a higher elevation
an increase in muscular activity |
|
Definition
| an increase in pH in the blood because it is less acidic. This would be correct if the pH were decreasing |
|
|
Term
| What is the most likely reason that a new community replaces a resident community? |
|
Definition
| The biotic and abiotic characteristics of the habitiat change due ot the influence of the resident community |
|
|
Term
| How can one best describe punctuated equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| Speciation events occur relatively rapidly |
|
|
Term
| What promotes elongation of cells in shoot tips of plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of water in photophosphorylation? |
|
Definition
| To provide electrons which are energized by light energy |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The blastopore is the opening to the archenteron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following lacks a true coelom?
Earthworms
Mammals
Mollusks
Roundworms
Sea Stars and urchins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in most flowering plants? |
|
Definition
| Cells of the palisade mesophyll |
|
|
Term
| Two sympatric specis of pine trees release their pollen during differnt months. What is this an example of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During cellular respiration, ATP is generated by all of the following except:
glycolysis
oxidative phosphorylation
Calvin Benson cycle
biochemical pathways in cytoplasm
biochemical pathways in mitochondria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which blood pressure is measured when the sounds of Korotkoff disappear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the best explanation:
The frequency of individuals better able to survive in a newq habitat increases in a population over time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mature xylem is characterized as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chemical would not be included if one were to replicate the environment of ancient Earth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of secondary growth of the vascular cambium? |
|
Definition
| Xylem and phloem cell production |
|
|
Term
All of the following are effective in lowering body temperature in mammals except
large ears
sweating
panting
decreased muscular activity
decreased blood flow to extremitites
|
|
Definition
| decreased blood flow to extremities |
|
|
Term
| In C3 plants, what enzyme incorporates CO2 into an organic molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does secondary growth of angiosperms produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To a cell with a diploid chromosome number of 8, how many chromosomes would be present in a cell at anaphase of mitosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To a cell with a diploid chromosome number of 8, how many chromosomes would be present in each daughter cell at the end of telophase II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True of False:
In gymnosperms, the development of seeds is protected inside an ovary |
|
Definition
| False. This describes angiosperms |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The gametophyge generation is the dominatnt stage of the life cycle and the sporophyte generation remains attached to the gametophyte.
This describes Green Algae
|
|
Definition
False
This describes mosses |
|
|
