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DAT Cliffs AP Biology
Cliffs AP Biology 2nd edition
735
Biology
Professional
04/24/2012

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Term
What is "adhesion"?
Definition
The attraction of unlike substances
Term
What is cohesion? Why does it occur in H2O?
Definition
the attraction between "like" substances, it occurs in H2O because of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules
Term
What is the determining factor in classifying a carbohydrate?
Definition
The number of sugar molecules present "amount of saccharides"
Term
What are two monosaccharides?
Definition
Fructose and glucose
Term
Define the solubility of lipids?
Definition
Soluble in nonpolar substances but nonsoluble in water
Term
What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?
Definition
fatty acid with one double covalent bond with a hydrogen attached to it.
Term
What is the difference between a lipid and a phospholipid?
Definition
The fatty acid chain is replaced by a phosphate group.
Term
What characterizes a steroid?
Definition
A backbone of four linked carbon rings
Term
What is the primary structure?
Definition
The order of amino acids
Term
What is the secondary structure?
Definition
The three-dimensional shape that results from hydrogen bonding between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids.
Term
What is the tertiary structure?
Definition
Combined secondary structures often of globular domain
Term
What is the quaternary structure?
Definition
Protein that is assembles from two or more separate peptide chain.
Term
What are the two purines and pyrimidines?
Definition

Purines: Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines: Thymine and Cytosine

Term
How many rings are in a purine vs. a pyrimidine?
Definition
Purines have double-ring structures where pyrimidines have single-ring structures
Term
What two things affect the efficiency of an enzyme?
Definition
Temperature and pH
Term
_______ are the nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes.
Definition
Cofactors
Term
What is a holoenzyme?
Definition
the union of the cofactor and the enzyme
Term
How many kinds binding sites do allosteric enzymes have? Describe it/them?
Definition
Two.  One is an active site for the substrate and one an allosteric site for an allosteric effector
Term
What are the two kinds of allosteric effectors?
Definition

Allosteric activator: binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's active form

 

Allosteric inhibitor: binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's inactive form

Term

Which of the following is not a polymer?

A) protein

B) glucose

C) cellulose

D) starch

E) glycogen

Definition
B) glucose
Term
What is the type of protein which extends into the membrane but does NOT appear at both surfaces?
Definition
integral protein
Term
Integral proteins are amphipathic. Describe the polar/nonpolar regions.
Definition
Hydrophobic regions are embedded in the membrane and the hydrophilic regions are exposed to the aqueous solution
Term
Describe what molecules are permeable to the phospholibid membrane?
Definition
Only small, uncharged polar molecules and hydrophobic molecules freely pass across the membrane
Term
What does an adhesion protein do? (2 roles)
Definition
attach cells to neighboring cells or provide anchors for the internal filaments.
Term
Where do electron transfer proteins transfer electrons to and from, and when?
Definition
transfers electrons from one molecule to another during chemical reactions
Term
What type of molecules help provide some form of rigidity to the plasma membranes of ANIMAL CELLS?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
What is glycocalyx? What does it consist of?
Definition
Carbohydrate coat covering the outer face of the plasma membrane. It consists of oligosaccharides that are attached to the membrane phospholipids and proteins.
Term
What provides markers for cell-cell recognition?
Definition
The glycocalyx
Term
What form/structure is DNA normally spread out as within the nucleus?
Definition
Chromatin
Term
When cell division occurs what happens to the chromatin?
Definition
It condenses into rod-shaped bodies called chromosomes
Term
What are two key components to a chromosome?
Definition
Two long DNA molecules and various histone (protein) molecules
Term
What is the pupose of a histone during cell division?
Definition
To organize the lengthy DNA, coiling it into bundles called nucleosomes
Term
What is nucleoli?
Definition
Concentrations of DNA in the process of manufacturing the components of ribosomes
Term
What site serves as the site for the separation of chromosomes during cell division?
Definition
Nucleus
Term
What two things are ribosomes composed of?
Definition
RNA molecules and proteins
Term
What is the ribosomes function in the cytoplasm?
Definition
To assist in the assembly of amino acids into proteins.
Term
When ribosomes are present in the ER, what is this called? What does this ultimately produce?
Definition
Rough ER ultimately producing glycoproteins
Term
What is the purpose of the smooth ER?
Definition
To synthesize lipids and hormones
Term
What is the purpose of smooth ER in liver cells?
Definition
To help break down toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products from cellular reactions
Term
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Definition
To modify and package proteins and lipids into vesicles.
Term
Where do vesicles often migrate and merge to? What does this ultimately do?
Definition
The plasma membrane ultimately releasing their contents to the outside of the cell.
Term
What are lysosomes and where do the come from? Do they occur in plant cells?
Definition
Lysosomes are vesicles from the Golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes. These break down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders such as bacteria. The do NOT occur in plant cells
Term
Where are peroxisomes normally found and what is their function?
Definition
The are normally found in the liver and kidney cells where they break down toxic substances and photosynthesizing cells.
Term
What do mitochondria carry out?
Definition
Aerobic respiration
Term
What is the end result of Aerobic respiration?
Definition
A process in which energy is obtained from carbohydrates
Term

Rank the following in order of decreasing diameter (Large--->Small)

 

Intermediate filaments, microtubules, microfilaments

Definition
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
Term
What are microtubules made of?
Definition
Tubulin
Term
What 3 locations are microtubules easily found?
Definition
Spindle apparatus, flagella and cilia
Term
What is the role of intermediate filaments?
Definition
To provide support for maintaining the shape of the cell
Term
What are microfilaments made of?
Definition
The protein actin
Term
What cells are microfilaments generally found in?
Definition
Muscle cells and in cells that move by changing shape
Term
What two things act as MTOCs?
Definition
Centrioles and Basal bodies
Term
What gives rise to the microtubules which make up the spindle apparatus during cell division? Location?
Definition
A pair of centrioles located outside the nuclear envelope
Term
What 4 groups are cell wall found in?
Definition
plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria
Term
In plants, what is the cell wall mainly consisted of?
Definition
Cellulose
Term
What is chitin?
Definition
a modified polysaccharide differing from cellulose in that one of the hydroxyl groups is replaced by a group containing nitrogen
Term
What are food vacuoles and what do the often do?
Definition
Temporary receptacles of nutrients that often merge with lysosomes.
Term
What do storage vaculoes store in PLANTS? (3)
Definition
starch, pigments, and toxic substances
Term
What occupies most of the interior of many plant cells?
Definition
Central vacuoles
Term
When central vacuoles are fully filled, what do they do? Thus...
Definition
The exert turgor pressure on the cell walls thus, maintaining rigidity in the cells
Term
What structure helps maintain rigidity in the cells and by what process?
Definition
Central vacuoles and by turgor
Term
What are contractile vacuoles and what organisms are they found in?
Definition
Organelles in single-celled organisms that collect and pump excess water out of the cell.
Term
What are desmosomes?
Definition
Protein attachments between adjacent animal cells
Term
What analogy can be used for desmosomes?
Definition
hold together tissues that undergo considerable stress
Term
What are tight junctions? Where are they normally found at?
Definition
tightly stitched seams between animal cells. Normally found in cells lining the digestive tract
Term
What are Gap junctions? What proteins are contained in gap junctions?
Definition
narrow tunnels between animal cells consisting of proteins called connexons.
Term
What is the purpose of connexons?
Definition
to prevent the cytoplasm of each cell from mixing, but allowing the passage of ions and small molecules
Term
What is the plasmodesmata and where is it found?
Definition
narrow channels between PLANT cells.
Term
What are the general structures of a prokaryotic cell?
Definition
Plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and often a cell wall
Term
Is the DNA molecule of a prokaryote different from a eukaryote? If so how?
Definition
Yes. prokaryotes are single naked DNA molecules without the proteins in eukaryotes
Term
Which ribosomes are bigger, prokaryotes or eukaytoes?
Definition
Eukaryotes
Term
What is the cell wall of bacteria composed of?
Definition
Peptidoglycans
Term
True or False: Flagella in bacteria are NOT composed of microtubules.
Definition
True
Term
What does hypertonic mean?
Definition
a higher concentration of solutes in relativity
Term
What does hypotonic mean?
Definition
A lower concentration of solutes in relativity
Term
What is bulk flow?
Definition
movement of substances in the same direction in response to a force or pressure
Term
What is dialysis?
Definition
diffusion of solutes across a selectively permeable membrane
Term
What is plasmolysis?
Definition
movement of water out of a cell that results in the collapse of a cell
Term
What is facilitated diffusion?
Definition
diffusion of solutes through channel proteins in the plasma membrane
Term
What is countercurrent exchange?
Definition
the diffusion of substrates between two regions in which substances are moving by bulk flow in opposite directions
Term
What is exocytosis?
Definition
vesicles fusing with the plama membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell
Term
What is endocytosis? What are the 3 types?
Definition

capture of a substance outside the cell when the plasma membrane merges to engulf it

 

Phagocytosis: undissolved material enters the cell and plasma membrane wraps around the solid material and engulfs it.

Pinocytosis: dissolved substance enter the cell and plasma membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing the liquid to enter.

R-M endocytosis: specific molecules in the fluid surrounding the cell bind to specialized receptors that concentrate in coated pits in the plasma membrane

Term
True or False: Mitochondria are often NOT near areas of major cellular activity?
Definition
False: Mitochondria ARE often more numerous near areas of major cellular activity
Term

What mode of transport does this describe:

 

Movement of solutes across a plasma membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration with the aid of proteins.

Definition
Facilitated Diffusion
Term

What mode of transport:

 

Movement of water out of a cell resulting in the collapse of the plasma membrane.

Definition
Plasmolysis
Term

What mode of transport:

 

Movement of urine through the urinary tract.

Definition
Bulk Flow
Term
True or False: Smooth ER helps in the assembaly of amino acids into proteins.
Definition
False
Term
What is adaptive advantage?
Definition
A variation in genetics that imparts an advantage
Term
What term regarding the evidence of evolution, refers to the fossilized resin of tree?
Definition
Amber
Term
What term refers to minerals deposited in molds?
Definition
Cast
Term
What does the term petrification mean?
Definition
minearals replace the cells of an organism
Term
What are vestigial structures?
Definition
Structures appear to be useless but had ancestral functions
Term
What does the forces of evolution term, adaptive radiation, mean?
Definition
Emergency of number of lineages from single species to adopt to different niches
Term
What is allopatric speciation?
Definition
Geographic barrier that leads to speciation
Term
What is convergent evolution?
Definition
unrelated species becoming more similar in feature to adapt the same environment
Term
What term means, small local population that breed with each other only?
Definition
Deme
Term

What type of evolution is described here?

 

Two or more similar species becoming more dissimilar?

Definition
Divergent Evolution
Term
What term describes the migration of individuals between different populations?
Definition
Gene flow
Term
What is genetic drift?
Definition
changes in composition of gene pool due to change
Term
What term describes when one species evolves in response to new adaptations that appear in another species 
Definition
Coevolution
Term
What is sympatric speciation?
Definition
1 mutation causing a reproductive barrier
Term

What significant fossil does this describe?

 

Primitive crustacean in early Paleozoic era.

Definition
Trilobite
Term

What significant fossil does this describe?

 

Ancient animals similar to birds and reptiles in Mesozoic era.

Definition
Dinosaurs
Term

What significant fossil does this describe?

 

Primitive horse the size of fox

Definition
Eohippus
Term

What significant fossil does this describe?

 

Hairy elephant in Siberian ice.

Definition
Woolly Mammoth
Term

What significant fossil does this describe?

 

Found in asphalt tar-pits

Definition
Saber-tooth tigers
Term

What significant fossil does this describe?

 

Preserved in amber

Definition
Insects
Term

What significant fossil does this describe?

 

Missing links between reptiles and birds

Definition
Archaepteryx
Term

True or False:

 

The more different the biochemical characteristics, the earlier the divergence of two species

Definition
True
Term
What is the major vestigial strucutre seen in a Python?
Definition
Legs which are reduced to useless bones
Term
What happens as a result of migration due to species multiplication?
Definition
Lessens intraspecies competition
Term
Describe Lamarckian Evolution?
Definition
New organs or changes in existing ones arose because of the need "use or disuse"
Term
Describe the inheritance of acquired characteristics of Lamarckian evolution?
Definition
"The more muscle mass my daddy has, the more I'd have"
Term
What term is the sum of all the alleles for any given trait in population?
Definition
Gene pool
Term
What are the 5 conditions that must be met during the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?
Definition

1)Population is large

2) No mutations that affect the gene pool

3) Mating between individuals is completely random

4) No net migration into or out of the population

5) The genes in the population are all equally successful at reproduction.

Term
In the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, what does the p^2 frequency stand for?
Definition
Frequency of the dominant homozygote
Term

In the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, what does the 2pq frequency stand for?

Definition
Frequency of the heterozygote
Term

In the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, what does the q^2 frequency stand for?

Definition
Frequency of recessive homozygote
Term
What is assortive mating?
Definition
Non-random mating who are selected via proximity and phenotypes.
Term
In the assortive mating concept, what is ultimately affected?
Definition
Relative genotype ratios
Term
In the assotive mating principle, what is ultimately UNCHANGED?
Definition
the frequencies in the gene pool
Term
What is the bottleneck effect?
Definition
rapid population reduction where some alleles are over-represented and some alleles are under-represented
Term
With the founder effect, do FEW or MANY individuals colonize new habitats?
Definition
FEW
Term
What is the main change during gene flow?
Definition
Changing population's gene pool
Term
What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
Definition

Allopatric- physical barrier

Sympatric- no barrier

Term
What are 6 events that lead to speciation?
Definition

1)Genetic variation

2) Environmental changes

3) Migration to new environment

4) Adaptation to new environment

5) Natural Selection

6) Isolation

Term

True or False:

 

During Adaptive Radiation, many species adapt to the same niche.

Definition
False, each specie adapts to a distinct niche
Term

True or False:

 

Adaptive radiation increases competition

Definition
False, since each species adapts to a distinct niche, competition in minimalized
Term

All living organisms can be divided into four categories. Which category do the following species fall into?

 

Chemosynthetic bacteria?

Definition
Autotrophic anaerobes
Term

All living organisms can be divided into four categories. Which category do the following species fall into?

 

Green Plants and photoplankton

Definition
Autotrophic aerobes
Term

All living organisms can be divided into four categories. Which category do the following species fall into?

 

Yeasts?

Definition
Heterotrophic anaerobes
Term

All living organisms can be divided into four categories. Which category do the following species fall into?

 

Amoebas, earthworms, humans

Definition
Heterotrophic aerobes
Term
What does assimilation mean?
Definition
building of new tissues from digested food
Term
What doe the term "irritability" mean?
Definition
ability to respond to a stimulus
Term
What are the reactants and products in photosynthesis (general)?
Definition
CO2 and H20 -----> Carbohydrates
Term

WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?

 

Composed entirely of amino acids

 

 

Definition
Simple
Term

WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?

 

Primarily globular in nature, carriers of enzymes

Definition
Albumins and globulins
Term

WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?

 

Fibrous in nature and act as structural proteins. Collagen

Definition
Scleroproteins
Term

WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?

 

Simple protein portion with nonprotein parts.

Definition
Conjugated
Term

WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?

 

Proteins bound to lipid

Definition
Lipoprotein
Term

WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?

 

Proteins bound to carbohydrates

Definition
Mucoproteins
Term

WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?

 

Proteins bound to pigmented molecules

Definition
Chromoproteins
Term

WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?

 

Protein complexed around a metal ion

Definition
Metalloproteins
Term

WHAT TYPE OF PROTEINS?

 

Proteins containing histone or protamine (bound to DNA)

Definition
Nucleoproteins
Term
What is autolysis?
Definition
Rupture of lysosome membrane and cell suicide
Term
What is Brownian movement?
Definition
Movement of particles due to kinetic energy which spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the  cell
Term
What is cyclosis?
Definition
Streaming movement within the cell
Term
What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates, respectively
Definition
1:2:1
Term
What process is used to break down saccharide polymers?
Definition
Hydrolysis
Term
What is the chief means of food storage in animals?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What releases more energy per gram weight than any other class of biological compounds?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What biological compound provides insulation and protection against injury?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What does centrifugation separate cells based off of?
Definition
Density
Term
What plant strucutre is the tip of root/stems?
Definition
Apical Meristem
Term
Which plant hormone makes roots develop faster?
Definition
Auxin
Term
Which hormones does the Corpus Luteum make and where does the Corpus Luteum come from?
Definition
Makes estrogen and progesterone and comes from ruptured follicle
Term
In plants, what is the purpose of the endosperm?
Definition
To grow and feed the embryo
Term

True or False:

 

In monocots, cotyledon absobs the endosperm

Definition
False, this happens in dicots
Term
What strucutre are the testes attached to?
Definition
Epididymis
Term
Describe what occurs during the follicular phase? (Hormone, from where, result)
Definition
FSH from the anterior pituitary stimulates growth of follicle
Term
What is karyokinesis?
Definition
Nuclear division
Term
What is another name for the lateral meristem and where does this allow growth from?
Definition
Cambium, allows growth in diameter
Term
During what phase does the follicle turn into the corpus luteum? Which hormone causes this?
Definition
The Luteal Phase, lutenizing hormone (LH) causes this
Term

True or False:

 

Meristems are differentiated tissues in plants that can grow to be an adult plant?

Definition
False, meristems are undifferentiated tissues in plants that can grow to be an adult plant
Term
What term is the development of unfertilized egg?
Definition
Parthenogenesis
Term
What plant structure protects the pistil?
Definition
Petals
Term
What is the female organ of the flower?
Definition
Pistil
Term
What are woody underground stems that can develop upright stems?
Definition
Rhizomes
Term
What structure are sperm made in?
Definition
Seminiferous tubules
Term
What is the male organ of the flower?
Definition
Stamen
Term
Which plant structure catches pollen?
Definition
Stigma
Term
What is the tube like structure that guides pollen along?
Definition
Style
Term
What is the epididymis attached to?
Definition
Vas Deferens
Term
During Meiosis, what occurs during INTERPHASE?
Definition
chromosomes are replicated into 2N number of sister chromatids
Term
What stage of MEIOSIS does the chromatin condense into chromosomes?
Definition
Prophase I
Term
What phase of MEIOSIS are the tetrads formed?
Definition
Prophase I
Term
What phase of MEIOSIS does "crossing-over" occur?
Definition
Prophase I
Term
What is the major accomplishment of ANAPHASE I?
Definition
Disjunction (homologous pairs separate and pull to opposite poles)
Term

True or False:

 

All plants go through asexual reproduction in some form?

Definition
True
Term
What 4 major groups of species does FISSION occur in?
Definition
amoebae, paramecia, algae, bacteria
Term
What two major groups of species does BUDDING occur in?
Definition
Hydra and yeast
Term
What body structure is required for regeneration to occur?
Definition
The central disc
Term
Where are the mitochondira typically found in sperm?
Definition
Neck and body of the sperm
Term
What 2 hormones are the ovaries regulated by?
Definition
LH and FSH
Term
What 2 hormones do ovaries produce and secrete?
Definition
Estrogen and Progesterone
Term
What hormone is the production of LH and FSH regulated?
Definition
GnRH
Term
Which hormone stimulates the thickening of the endometrim?
Definition
Estrogen
Term
What is the general description of sexual reproduction in plants?
Definition
Alternating between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations
Term

True of False:

 

Gametophytes produce gametes by meiosis

Definition
False: Mitosis
Term

True or False:

 

Gametophyte reproduces sexually while sporophyte reporduces asexually

Definition
True
Term
Where are the female gametophytes developed and from what?
Definition
Developed in ovules from one out of 4 spores
Term
What are the 5 major strucutures of a seed embryo? Describe each.
Definition

1) Epicotyl- precursos to upperstem and leaves

2) Cotyledons- seed leaves

3) Hypocotyl- develops into stem and root

4) Endosperm- grows and feeds the embryo

5) Seed Coat- develops from outer covering of the ovule.

Term
In advanced plants, what does growth depend upon?
Definition
Meristem cells
Term
Where is the apical meristem found?
Definition
found on the tip of the roots and stems
Term
Where is the lateral meristem(cambium) located?
Definition
Between xylem and phloem
Term

True or False:

 

Lateral meristems are active in monocots OR herbaceous dicots

Definition
False, inactive in both
Term

True or False:

 

The lateral meristem can differentiate into either xylem or phloem cells.

Definition
True
Term
What is an episome?
Definition
plasmids capable of integration into bacterial genome
Term
What is another name for cytoplasmic DNA?
Definition
Plasmids
Term
What is a provirus?
Definition
viral DNA pahges into bacteria and become integrated to host bacteria
Term
Describe the Law of Independent Assortment?
Definition
As longs as two geners are on separate chromosomes, they will assort independently during meiosis
Term
What inheritance pattern is described by red+white=pink
Definition
Incomplete Dominance
Term
What inheritance pattern is described by two alleles being expressed at the same time (Blood type is an example)?
Definition
Codominance
Term
Describe the pass on of a sex-linked trait?
Definition
Skips a generation because the father cannot pass to the son, only to the daughter.
Term
What genetic issue refers to the failure of chromosome separation?
Definition
Nondisjunction
Term
Describe transcription (what gets formed from what, where does it form at, where does it go, and how does it get there)
Definition
DNA is transcribed nto mRNA in the nucleus and goes out into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
Term
What is the sac-like structure that's involved in respiration and excretion and contains blood vessels to transport gas and waste?
Definition
Allantois
Term
What structure provedes the aqueous environment that protects the developing embryo?
Definition
Amnion
Term
What is a hollow sphere of cells evolved from blastocoel?
Definition
Blastula
Term
What is the process of morula developing a fluid filled cavity?
Definition
Blastulation
Term
What is the Chorion?
Definition
A moist membrane that permits gas exhange envelloping the amnion
Term
Describe determinate cleavage?
Definition
cells whose future pathways are determined early
Term
Which strucutres are derived from the ECTODERM?
Definition
Integument, hair, nails, skin, lens of eye, retina, CNS
Term
What structures are derived from the ENDODERM?
Definition
Lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder lining
Term
Describe gastrulation
Definition
process of 1 layer blastula to 3 layered strucutre called gastrula
Term
What structures are derived from the MESODERM?
Definition
Musculoskeletal, circulatory, excretory systems. Gonads, connective tissues,and portions of digestive and respiratory organs
Term

True or False:

 

Cleavage occurs without growth

Definition
True
Term
With species that have eggs, what gives food to the developing embryo?
Definition
The Yolk Sac blood yessels
Term
What term refers to the production of antibodies during an immune response?
Definition
Active Immunity
Term
What is agglutination?
Definition
Clumping of antigens called by antibodies
Term
Which type of cells produce antibodies?
Definition
B-cells
Term
Where does fibrin come from?
Definition
Fibrinogen
Term
What is the purpose of fibrin?
Definition
to trap blood cells to form a clot
Term
What are granulocytes caused by and what do they do?
Definition
Caused by an inflammatory response that phagocytizes antigenic material
Term
What term refers to the production of antibodies against antigens?
Definition
Humoral immunity
Term
What are immunoglobulins and what is there purpose?
Definition
large proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigen for removal
Term
What are interferons and how do they come about?
Definition
proteins produced by cells under viral attack taht diffuse and help other cells
Term
What does the Left Atrium receive blood from?
Definition
The 4 pulmonary veins (2 from each lung)
Term
Where does the left atrium pump blood through?
Definition
The mitral valve
Term
Where does the left ventricle receive blood from?
Definition
The left atrium
Term
Where does the left ventricle pump blood through?
Definition
The semi-lunar valve and to the rest of the body
Term
What is another name for interstitial fluid?
Definition
Lymph
Term
What is the term refering to the transfer of antibodies from another individual or organsim?
Definition
Passive Immunity
Term
What is a platelet?
Definition
A cell fragment which lacks a nuclei and involved in clot formation
Term
What type of blood does the right atrium receive?
Definition
Deoxygenated blood 
Term
What valve prevents backflow into the left or right ventricles?
Definition
Semi-lunar valve
Term
What do the T cells do?
Definition
Cytolysis of infected cells
Term
What is 3 things contained in a vascular bundle?
Definition
Xylem, Phloem, and cambium cells
Term
What is the term refering to the inner layer of xylem that's dead and can be used for lumber
Definition
Heartwood
Term
What is the function of the PITH and where is it located?
Definition
Storage of nutrients and plants support and it is the innermost layer
Term
What structure increases surface area for absorption of water and minerals?
Definition
Root hairs
Term
What is the outer layer of xylem that's alive called?
Definition
Sapwood
Term
What structure is a sieve tube cell derived from?
Definition
Phloem
Term
What type of cell do trachids arise from?
Definition
Xylem cell
Term
What type of circulatory system do arthropods have?
Definition
Open circulatory system
Term
What kind of circulatory system do annelids have?
Definition
Closed circulatory system
Term
Which side of the human heart is responsible for oxygenating blood?
Definition
Right side
Term
Where does the superior vena cava receive deoxygenated blood from?
Definition
Head, arms, thorax
Term
Where does the inferior vena cava receive deoxygenated blood from?
Definition
Lower parts of the body
Term
Where does the coronary sinus receive deoxygenated blood from?
Definition
Blood from walls of the heart
Term
The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium through what structure?
Definition
Atrio-ventricular opening
Term
What is the left side of the heart responsible for? What is the proper name for the left side circulation?
Definition
Circulating of oxygenated blood. Systemic circulation
Term
What is another name for the secondary circulation system?
Definition
Lymph vessels
Term
What is the liquid portion of blood called?
Definition
Plasma
Term
What does humoral immunity mainly produce?
Definition
Antibodies which are VERY specific to the antigen
Term
Which type of immunity is used to combal fungal and viral infections?
Definition
Cell-mediated immunity
Term
Which type of cells produce antibodies?
Definition
B cells
Term
What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?
Definition
destroy infected cells
Term
What is the function of suppressor T cells?
Definition
regulates acticity of B and T cells
Term
Which type of immune cells activate B and T cells?
Definition
Helper T cells
Term
What is agglutinate?
Definition
Antigens which are clumped togeth into large insoluble complexes
Term
What is the function of sweat as a defense mechanism?
Definition
It attacks the bacterial cell wall
Term
What is the function of macrophages?
Definition
To engulf and destroy foreign particles
Term
What causes the inflammatory response as a defense mechanism?
Definition
Histamine
Term
What strucutre produces corticosteroids in response to stress?
Definition
Adrenal cortex
Term
What does the adrenal medulla produce
Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine "fight or flight"
Term
What is the function of aldosterone?
Definition
To regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium
Term
Which type of hormones does the anterior pituitary produce? What are some examples?
Definition

Synthesizes direct and topic hormones.

Direct hormones: growth, proloactin, endorphines

Tropic hormones: ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, MSH

Term
What is the purpose of ADH?
Definition
Increase the permeability of the nephron collecting duct and thus promotes water reabsorption
Term
Where is bile produced and what does it do?
Definition
Produced by gall bladder and it digest fat
Term
Where is calcitonin secreted from and what does it do
Definition
secreted by thyroid and it decreases plasma calcium
Term
What is chyme?
Definition
partially digested food
Term
What is the purpose of cortisol/cortisone?
Definition
Regulation of glucose
Term
What is diabetes mellitus?
Definition
High blood glucose levels, insulin out of whack
Term
What chemical stimulates the ripening of fruit?
Definition
Ethylene
Term
What is the purpose of FSH?
Definition
Causes maturation of ovarian follicles
Term
Where is gastrin produces and what does it induce the production of?
Definition
Produced in the stomach and induces the production of HCl
Term
What specifically is glucagon produced from and what is its function?
Definition
Produced from the alpha cells of the pancreas and it increases blood glucose levels
Term
What structure of the pancreas synthesizes glucagon and insulin?
Definition
Islets of Langerhans
Term
What does LH do in females? Males?
Definition

Females- stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum

 

Males- stimulates testes to make testosterone

Term
What is oxytocin produced by?
Definition
The hypothalamus
Term
Is the pancreas an exocrine, endocrine, or both?
Definition
Both
Term
What does the parathyroid increase the [] of?
Definition
Plasma calcium
Term
What is the function of secretin?
Definition
Triggers secretion of alkaline bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme
Term
What type of corticosteroid is Aldesterone?
Definition
mineralocorticoids
Term
What is another name for growth hormone?
Definition
somatotropin
Term
What does ACTH do?
Definition
stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids
Term
Which pancreatic cells produce and secrete insulin?
Definition
Beta cells
Term
When the body's blood volume is low, what does the kidney produce?
Definition
renin
Term
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
Definition
Neurons
Term
Which neuron structure transmits impulese away from the cell body to the next neuron?
Definition
Axon
Term
What is a dendrite?
Definition
Cytoplasmic extensions that receive information and transmit it to the cell body
Term
Which channel opens during depolarization?
Definition
Voltage gated sodium channels
Term
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
Definition
gaps between segments of myelin
Term
What produces myelin the the central nervous system?
Definition
Oligodendrocytes
Term
What is a refractory period?
Definition
A period of rest immediately following action potential
Term
Which channel is opened during repolarization? What is the result?
Definition
Voltage-gated potassium channel opens bringing cell back to negative potential
Term
What specifically is a synapse a gap between?
Definition
Axon terminals of one cell and dendrite of the next cell
Term
What does botox prevent the release of? What is the effect?
Definition
Prevents the release of acetylcholine leading to paralysis
Term
What does curare block and what does this lead to?
Definition
Curare blocks the post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors leadaing to paralysis
Term
Which type of neurons carry sensory information
Definition
afferent neurons
Term
What 3 major structures are contained in the brainstem?
Definition
Midbrain, pons, and medulla
Term
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Definition
helps to modulate motot impulses
Term
What structure helps supply the retina with blood?
Definition
Choroid
Term
Which muscles help control the shape and focal length of the lens?
Definition
Ciliary muscles
Term
Which eye structure bends/focuses light rays?
Definition
Cornea
Term
Which type of neurons carry motor information?
Definition
Efferent neurons
Term
Which brain structure contorls the endocrine system and visceral functions?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Which brain structure controls autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate?
Definition
Medulla
Term
Describe the structure of the ossicles and what is its function?
Definition
Three bone structure used to amplify sound
Term
Which nervous system is the parasympathetic nervous system part of?
Definition
Autonomic nervous system
Term
What is contained in the retina and where is the retina relative to the eye?
Definition
The retina contains photoreceptors and is the innermost layer of the eye
Term
Which eye structure detects low-intensity illumination and is important for night vision?
Definition
Rods
Term
What is the white part of the eye called?
Definition
Sclera
Term
Which type of cells are axons produced from?
Definition
Glilal cells
Term
In the CNS what produces myelin? In the peripheral nervous system what produces myelin?
Definition

CNS- oligodendrocytes

Peripheral- Schwann cells

Term
What determines the speed of action potential propagation?
Definition
Diameter of the axon
Term
What is the relationship between axon diameter and th espeed of action potential propagation? Why?
Definition
The greater the diameter, the faster the action potential propagation because the greater diameters axon is more heavily myelinated.
Term
What neuron structure is called the presynaptic neuron? Post-synaptic neuron?
Definition

Presynaptic- axon terminal of one neuron

Postsynaptic- dendrite of another neuron

Term

True or False:

 

Protozoa have an extremely organized nervous system?

Definition
False: protozoa possess no organized nervous system
Term
What is another name for the Cnidaria nervous system?
Definition
Nerve net
Term
What type of nervous system do Annelids have?
Definition
Primitive CNS which contains a defined ventral nerve cord, anterior brain, and definite nerve pathways
Term
How do arthropod and annelid nervous systems compare?
Definition
Arthropods have a more specialized sense organ
Term
What two structures make of the CNS?
Definition
Brain and spinal cord
Term
Which brain structure controls hunger, thirt, sex drive, H2O balance, blood pressure, and temperature
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What is the Thalamus a relay center for?
Definition
Relay center for the spinal cord and cerebral cortex
Term
What is the outer and inner section of the spinal cord called? What about the brain?
Definition

Spinal cord

Outer- White matter

Inner- Gray matter

 

Brain

Outer-Gray Matter

Inner- White Matter

Term
What is the function of the somatic nervous system?
Definition
Helps control voluntary movements
Term
Which nerver nnervates many of the thoracic and abdominal viscera?
Definition
Vagus nerve
Term
What are the products, and amounts, of the Krebs cycle?
Definition
6NADH 2FADH2 AND 2ATP
Term
What are the electron carriers of the electron transport train called?
Definition
cytochrome
Term
How many ATP are produced in the ETC?
Definition
32
Term
What is the name of the enzymes that reduce fat to fatty acids and glycerol?
Definition
Lipases
Term

True or False:

 

The Krebs cycle reduces Acetyl CoA

Definition
True
Term
In invertebrates, what is the name of the opening where the tracheae converges and gas exchange takes place
Definition
Spiracle
Term
Where does glycolysis take place?
Definition
In the cytoplasm
Term
During lactic acid fermentation, what is pyruvate converted to and why?
Definition
Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid to regenerate NAD+
Term
In alcohol fermentation, what is needed in order to make ethanol?
Definition
Pyruvate
Term
What is the most efficient catabolic pathway used by organisms to gain back energy stored in glucose?
Definition
Cellular respiration
Term
What two things must be absent for the body to degrade protein?
Definition
Carbs and fat must be absent
Term
What is ferrodoxin and where does it occur relative to the ETC?
Definition
Ferrodoxin is one of the early electron carriers in the electron chain transport
Term
What are stacks of thylakoid sacs called?
Definition
Grana
Term
What two things do the light reactions produce?
Definition
ATP and NADPH
Term
What is the fluid matrix of the cholorplast?
Definition
Stroma
Term
Where does the chlorophyll reside?
Definition
Thylakoid membrane
Term
Why is chlorophyll A called P700?
Definition
Because it absorbs best at 700nm
Term
Why is chlorophyll B called P680
Definition
because it absorbs best at 680nm
Term
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Definition
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light ----> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
Term
What is the equation for respiration?
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O ---> 6 CO2 + 12 H2O
Term
In photosynthesis where does the oxygen produced come from?
Definition
 H2O NOT CO2
Term
What does the Dark Reaction use to produce its product? What is its product?
Definition
Uses ATP and NADPH from the light reaction to reduce CO2 to carbohydrate
Term
What is the main product of the dark reaction besides carbohydrate?
Definition
PGAL
Term
How many times must the Calvin Cycle take place in order to produce PGAL?
Definition
3 times
Term

In 6 turns of the Calvin cycle, how many PGAL are used to form how many RuBP?

How many molecules of glucose are formed?

Definition

12 PGAL form 6 RuBP.

 

1 molecule of glucose is formed

Term
What is the purpose of the leaf cuticle?
Definition
To reduce transpiration and conserve water on the upper surface
Term
What is palisade?
Definition
layer of elongated chloroplast-containing cells spread over a large surface area.
Term
What surrounds each of the stomata on the lower surface of the leaves? Responsible for opening and closes the stomata?
Definition
Guard Cells
Term
When photosynthesis stops what happens to cell turgor? What happens to the stomata?
Definition
Cell turgor decreases and the stomata closes
Term
Why does the stomata close at night time?
Definition
To limit the loss of water vapor
Term
Why is the stomata open during the day?
Definition
To admit CO2
Term
What is chitin and what species typically have it?
Definition
Hard exoskeleton that offers some protection in arthropods
Term
What process is required for growth in arthropods with a chitin exoskeleton?
Definition
Molting
Term
What term describes the two layers of muscle, longitudal and circular
Definition
Planaria
Term
Describe extension vs flexion in the skeleton?
Definition
Extension is straightening of a joint while flexion is bending of a joint
Term
What is the point of attachment of muscle to bone that moves called?
Definition
Insertion
Term
What is the process of transforming undifferentiated connective tissue into bone?
Definition
Intramembranous ossification
Term
What is lamellae?
Definition
Concentric circles of bony matrix surrounding haversian canal
Term
What is a bone to bone connection?
Definition
Ligament
Term
What is the function of osteoblasts?
Definition
Synthesize and secrete organic making of bone matrix
Term
What are masses of cells the support bone resorption?
Definition
Osteoclasts
Term
What are the structural units of bony matrix in compact bone?
Definition
Osteons
Term
What are spicules?
Definition
interconnecting lattice inside spongy bone
Term
What makes up the thin filaments in the sarcomere?
Definition
Actin
Term
What is the purpose of the Calcuim ion in muscle contraction?
Definition
Calcium is released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate contraction
Term
What are myofibrils?
Definition
filaments in muscle fiber
Term
What does it mean for a muscle to be myogenic?
Definition
It can contract without stimulation from nerve cells
Term
What is myoglobin?
Definition
hemoglobin that supply oxygen to muscles
Term
What is responsible for making up the thick filaments in the sarcomere?
Definition
Myosin
Term
What is a neuromuscular junction and what is it between?
Definition
synaptic cleft between nerve terminal and sarcolemma
Term
What is a sarcolemma?
Definition
Cell membrane of muscle fiber
Term
What propagates action potential in the muscles?
Definition
Sarcolemma
Term
What is the cytoplasm of muscle fiber?
Definition
Sarcoplasm
Term
What is the purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
to envelop the myofibrils and store calcium ions
Term
What type of muscle does the somatic nervous system innervate?
Definition
Skeletal muscle
Term
What is smooth muscle innervated by?
Definition
Autonomic nervous system
Term
How are fiber cells created?
Definition
created by fusion of several mononucleated embryonic cells
Term
Where are mitochondria highly concentrated throughout muscle cells?
Definition
Myofibrils
Term
What is the defined boundary of a single sarcomere which also anchors the thin filament?
Definition
Z-line
Term
What is the term referring to the area running down the center of the sarcomere?
Definition
M line
Term
What is the only way to increase strength of the entire muscle?
Definition
Increasing the amount of muscle fibers
Term
What is a simple twitch?
Definition
Response of a single muscle fiber to brief stimulus above threshold
Term
What is the latent period in reference to muscle?
Definition
Time between stimulation and onset of a contraction
Term
During the contraction period, which happens to the various zones/bands?
Definition
The H-zone and I-band disappear and only the A-band exists
Term
What is another name for the relaxation period? What is significant about this period?
Definition

Absolute refractory period.

 

Muscle is unresponsive to stimulus

Term
Which type of muscle is myogenic?
Definition
Cardiac muscle
Term
What is extracellular digestion and where does it take place?
Definition
digestive process outside of cell within lumen or tract
Term
Where does intracellular digestion take place?
Definition
Within membrane-bound vesicles
Term
What is the name of the oral groove where food particles are swept into by cilia?
Definition
Cytopharynx
Term
During phagocytosis, what is used to envelope food particles?
Definition
pseudopods
Term
What is bolus?
Definition
soft mass of chewed food within mouth
Term
What are lacteals and what is their purpose?
Definition
Lacteals are vessels of the lymphatic system which absorb fatty acids and glycerol
Term
What is the purpose of pancreatic amylase?
Definition
Breaks down starch to maltose
Term
What is the protein hydrolyzing enzyme in the stomach?
Definition
Pepsin
Term
What is peristalsis?
Definition
The muscular contraction of the esophagus that moves food down
Term
What passes through the pyloric sphincter and where does it lead to?
Definition
chyme passes through here to the small intestine
Term
What is trypsin?
Definition
A protein digestion enzyme produced in the pancreas
Term
What structures are finger-like extensions of the small intestines that contian capillaries and lacteals for nutrient absorption?
Definition
Villi
Term
What process do Amoeba's use for digestion?
Definition
Phagocytosis
Term
Where does the physical breakdown of food take place?
Definition
Digestive tract and the mouth
Term
What is the purpose of the physical breakdown of food?
Definition
To increase the surface area that the digestive enzyme can act upon
Term
What is the purpose of the chemical breakdown of food?
Definition
To break food particles down even further into useful molecules
Term
What is the digestion pathway in humans?
Definition
Oral cavity --> pharynx --> esophagus --> stomach --> small intestine --> large intestine --> anus
Term
What is the purpose of salivary amylase?
Definition
To hydrolyze starch to maltose
Term
What is the thick lining of the stomach which secretes mucus which protects stomach lining from acidic juices?
Definition
Gastric mucosa
Term
What is the purpose of HCl secretion in the stomach?
Definition
To kill bacteria, dissolve food, activate proteins
Term
Where is chemical digestion completed?
Definition
Small intestine
Term
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Definition
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Term
Where are amino acids and monosaccharides picked up at and from?
Definition
Small intestine and by the villi
Term
Which part of the small intestine does most digestion take place?
Definition
duodenum
Term
What is the main pupose of lipases?
Definition
fat digestion
Term
What is the main pupose of aminopeptidases?
Definition
polypeptide digestion
Term
What the major things does the intestinal mucosa secrete?
Definition
Lipases, aminopeptidases, disaccharidases
Term
What three enzymes does the pancreas produce and what is the purpose of the three?
Definition

amylase- carbohydrate digestion

trypsin- protein digestion

lipase- fat digestion

Term
What is the function of the large intestine?
Definition
To absorb salts and water that hasn't already been absorbed in the small intestine
Term
What is the principle storage form in plants?
Definition
Starch
Term
What accumulates in the malpighian tubules and where are these accumulations transported to for disposal.
Definition
Minearl salts and uric acid accumulate here and transported to intestine for disposal
Term
Which species have nephridia and what is the function?
Definition

Annelids.

Two pairs in each segment that rid body of waste

Term
What is uric acid and what species form it?
Definition
nitrogenous waste crystals formed by arthropods
Term
What is the Bowman's capsule and what is the purpose of the Bowman's capsule?
Definition
Bulb within the nephron for filtration
Term
What is the purpose of the distal convoluted tubule and what is its purpose?
Definition
tubule within nephron for water reabsorption
Term
What is the glomerulus and where is it located?
Definition
special capillary bed in the nephron
Term
What is the purpose of the loop of henle?
Definition
responsible for water reabsorption
Term
Where is the peritubular capillary specifically located and what is its purpose?
Definition
surrounds nephron to facilitate reabsorption of nutrients
Term
What is the purpose of the proximal tubule?
Definition
nutrient reabsorption
Term
What is the cellular arrangement in protozoans and cnidarians and how is this related to excretion?
Definition
all cells in contact with external aqueous environment, thus wastes are simple diffused out of cell membrane
Term
How do paramecium get rid of excess water?
Definition
By use of a specialized contractile vacuole
Term
How are the lungs involved in excretion of humans?
Definition
carbon dioxide and water vapor from lungs are constantly exhaled
Term
How is the skin involved in human excretion?
Definition
Sweat glands constantly excrete water and dissolved salt
Term
Where is urea produced in humans?
Definition
liver
Term
Which organ functions to maintain the osmolarity of blood?
Definition
Kidney
Term
What structure of the kidney is known to have Na/K pumps
Definition
Proximal tubule
Term
What section of the kidney does the loop of Henle run though?
Definition
The medulla
Term
What section of the kidney does the convulted tubules and Bowman's capsule run through?
Definition
Cortex
Term
What is the process of filtration driven by?
Definition
Hydrostatic pressure of the blood
Term
Where does reabsorption primariyl take place?
Definition
Proximal tubule
Term
What is the reabsorption of water in the collecting tubule region regulated by?
Definition
ADH or vasopressin
Term
What does ADH do to the collecting duct? What is the result of this?
Definition
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct, thus more concentrated urine
Term
Where is ADH stored after production?
Definition
Posterior pituitary
Term
What two nervous system structures are involved in a complex reflex?
Definition
Brainstem and cerebrum
Term
What are fixed-action patterns?
Definition
innate behaior in response to certain stimuli
Term
What is a stimulus that elicits innate behavior?
Definition
Releasor
Term
What is the reticular activating system?
Definition
a complex relex response with interactions of many neuron pathways to respond to danger
Term
What is a simple reflex?
Definition
2 neuron pathway of afferent neuron to efferent neuron
Term
What is extinction in reference to behavior?
Definition
gradual elimination of conditioned response
Term
What is negative reinforcement?
Definition
removing unpleasant stimulus after behavior
Term
What is a spontaneous recovery in reference to animal behavior?
Definition
if stimulus no longer is applied, response will return to normal
Term
What is a critical period?
Definition
specific time period when proper environment pattern must be presente for development to be complete
Term
What is imprinting and when does it take place?
Definition
During critical period of development, an object becomes accepted permanently as an element in their behavioral pattern
Term
What term describes using smell or chemical detection as a mean of communication?
Definition
Olfactory sense
Term
What is a pecking order?
Definition
minimizes violent intraspecific aggressions by establishing an order
Term
What do releaser pheromones eventually cause?
Definition
trigger reversible behavior change in the recipient
Term
What do primer pheromones eventually cause?
Definition
Long term behavioral and physiological alteration in recipient.
Term
What is a neutral stimulus?
Definition
Stimulus that will not by itself elicit the response prior to conditioning
Term
What is agonistic display and what is an example?
Definition
display of appeasment, like when a dog wags its tail
Term
What term describes the physical environment like water, rock, sunlight, climate, and temperature?
Definition
Abiotic
Term
What is an ecological community?
Definition
populations of different plants and animals species interacting in a given environment
Term
What specifically is an ecosystem?
Definition
interaction between biotic communities and non-living environment
Term
What is the lithosphere?
Definition
Rock and soil surface
Term
What is an ecological population?
Definition
a group of organisms of the same species living together in a given location
Term
What is an aphotic zone?
Definition
bottom layer where light can't reach
Term
What term describes decaying plant and animals in soil?
Definition
Humus
Term
What is commensalism?
Definition
One organsims benefits while the other is not affected
Term
What is a homeothermic animal?
Definition
warm-blooded animals that maintain contant body temperatures
Term
Where do creatures live if they are said to be in a hyperosmotic environment?
Definition
sea water
Term
Where are creatures living if they are said to live in a hypoosmotic environment?
Definition
fresh water
Term

Describe inter vs intra specific interactions

 

Definition

inter- species compete against one another

intra- species work with one another

Term
What term describes a symbiotic relationship where both organsims derive benefits?
Definition
mutualism
Term
What is obligatory symbiosis?
Definition
One organsim depends on the other for survival
Term
What is a poikilothermic animal?
Definition
A cold blooded animal that depends on external temperature for activity
Term
What term describes protists and fungi that decompose dead organic matter?
Definition
Saprophytism
Term
What is a sere?
Definition
community stage that will succeed one another until a climax community is reached
Term
What is benthos?
Definition
crawling and sessil organisms of the sea
Term
What is the algae that is responsible for most of the autotrophic work?
Definition
Diatom
Term
What type of land is typically known as a grassland biome?
Definition
Prairies
Term
What is the littoral zone of the ocean?
Definition
Several miles from shore and up to 600 feet deep
Term
What term refers to active swimmers of the sea?
Definition
Nekton
Term
What grows in a polar region?
Definition
nothing
Term
Describe a taiga biome?
Definition
less rainfall with long cold winters
Term
Describe a temperate deciduous forest biome?
Definition
cold winters, warm summers, moderate rainfall with trees that shed its leaves
Term
Describe a temperate coniferous forest biome?
Definition
cole, dry, and inhabited by fir, pine, and spruce. Year round dry and cold
Term
Describe a tundra biome?
Definition
treeless frozen plain with very short summer
Term
What helps determine the water holding capacity for soil?
Definition
texture and clay content
Term
What helps determine what type of vegetation can be supported?
Definition
Nitrate and phosphate content
Term

True or False:

 

No two species can occupy the same niche?

Definition
True
Term
What is symbiosis?
Definition
Both participating species living together in permanent association with each other
Term
What is ecological succession?
Definition
Orderly process by which one biotic community replaces another until climax community is established
Term
What term refers to plants growing on other plants?
Definition
Epiphytes
Term
What are two typical characteristics of animals who live in grassland biomes?
Definition
Animals develop long legs and hoofs
Term
Why do trees in temperatre coniferous forests develop needle-shaped leaves?
Definition
Increased water conservation
Term
What color are carotenoids?
Definition
Red, orange, or yellow
Term
These carrier proteins include nonprotein parts containing iron.
Definition
Ferredoxin and cytochrome
Term
What does it mean to "fix CO2"?
Definition
Take inorganic CO2 and incorporate it into an organic molecule that can be used in biological systems
Term

True or False:

 

The Dark Reactions occur only during the dark.

Definition
False: They do not occur in the dark at all
Term
Why doesn't the light-independent reaction take place in the dark?
Definition
Because it relies upon the products from the light-dependent reactions
Term
What general structure is the site where both light dependent and light independent reactions occur?
Definition
Chloroplast
Term
What is the most common and inefficient protein on Earth?
Definition
Rubisco
Term
What are the usual photosynthesizing cells where CO3 is absorbed when it enters the plant leaf?
Definition
Mesophyll cells
Term
When CO3 enters the plant what does it combine with and what is the end product?
Definition
Combines with PEP to form OAA
Term
What is OAA converted to?
Definition
Malate
Term
What is the purpose of moving CO2 to the bundle sheath cells?
Definition
To increase the efficiency of photosynthesis
Term
What is the biosynthetic pathway that leads to the fixation of oxygen?
Definition
photorespiration
Term
What is the relative CO2 uptake a measure of?
Definition
Photosynthetic rate
Term
What is the main goal of oxidative phosphorylation?
Definition
To extract ATP from NADH and FADH2
Term
During oxidative phosphorylation, what is the last electron acceptor at the end of the ETC?
Definition
oxygen
Term
Where in the mitochondria are the etc proteins embedded?
Definition
Cristae
Term

All of the following produce ATP except:

 

a) glycolysis

b) the Krebs cycle
c) lactate fermentation

d) oxidative phosphorylation

e) photophosphorylation 

Definition
lactate fermentation
Term

All of the following processes release CO2 except:

 

a) krebs cycle

b) alcoholic fermentation

c) oxidative phorphorylation

d) conversion of pyruvate to ethanol

e) conversion pof pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Definition
oxidative phosphoryloation
Term
What is an effective way to count the number of chromosome at any one time during mitosis?
Definition
Count the numbber of centromeres
Term
Describe the process of synapsis?
Definition
Once chromosomes are condensed, homologous chromosomes pair
Term
During what stage of Meiosis do the tetrads uncouple?
Definition
Anaphase I
Term
What sites along the chromosome does crossing over occur?
Definition
Chiasmata
Term
If a cell has 46 chromosomes at the beginning of mitosis, then at anaphase there would be a total of how many chromosomes?
Definition
92 chromosomes
Term
If a cell has 46 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis, then at anaphase I there would be a total of how many chromosomes?
Definition
46 chromosomes
Term

Which of the following does not contribute to genetic variation?

Anaphase of mitosis

anaphase of meiosis I

fertilization

crossing over

random union of egg and sperm

Definition
anaphase of mitosis
Term
What term refers to one gene affecting the phenotypic expression of a second gene?
Definition
Epistasis
Term
What term refers to a single gene having more than one phenotypic expression?
Definition
Pleiotropy
Term
What are chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes called?
Definition
Autosomes
Term
What is the purpose of single-stranded DNA binding protein?
Definition
To attach to each strand of the uncoiled DNA to keep them separate
Term
Along which strand does DNA polymerase move and in what direction?
Definition
3'---->5' and on the template strand
Term
What enzymes break and rejoin the double helix, allowing the twists to unravel and preventing the formation of knots.
Definition
topoisomerases
Term
What connects okazaki segments eventually leading to a single complement strand?
Definition
DNA ligase
Term
Which strand contains Okazaki fragments?
Definition
lagging strand
Term
How does elongation begin?
Definition
DNA polymerase attaches to the RNA primers to begin elongation
Term
What is a frameshift mutation?
Definition
Subsequent nucleotides to be displaced one position
Term
What is the nucleolus?
Definition
An assemblage of DNA actively being transcribed into rRNA
Term
What attaches to the promotor regino to initiate transcription?
Definition
RNA polymerase
Term
Where is the TATA box found?
Definition
promotor region
Term
During RNA processing, how is the 5' cap formed?
Definition
GTP is added to the 5' end to form a 5' cap
Term
What is the structure that helps provide stability and also appears to control the movement of the mRNA across the nuclear envelope?
Definition
Poly-A-tail
Term
What are the sequences that express a code for a polypeptide?
Definition
Exons
Term
What are the noncoding sequences in DNA?
Definition
Introns
Term
Before the RNA moves into the cytoplasm ________ deletes out the _____ and splices the _____
Definition
snRNPs delete out the introns and splice the exons
Term
How is an aminoacyl tRNA formed? Where does the occur?
Definition
In the cytoplasm, amino acids attach to the 3' end of the tRNAs
Term
What describes regions where DNA is loosely bound to nucleosomes?
Definition
Euchromatin
Term

True or False:

 

DNA in Euchromatin is actively being transcribed?

Definition
True
Term
What is heterochromatin? What is the relative activity of DNA?
Definition
Areas where nucleosomes are more tightly compacted and where DNA is inactive
Term
What are transpoons?
Definition
DNA segments within a DNA molecule that are able to move to new locations.
Term
 Subsequent processing by what two structures make final modifications before a protein can function as a structural element or as an enzyme?
Definition
Endoplasmic reticulum or golgi body
Term
Viruses consist of a __________ surrounded by a protein coat called a _________
Definition
Nucleic acid, capsid
Term

True or False:

 

Viruses are typically unspecific for the types of cells that they infect.

Definition
False. Viruses are specific for the kinds of cells they will parasitize
Term
What are the two basic replication cycles that viruses follow? Describe the two.
Definition

Lytic cycle- Destruction phase of active viral replication

 

lysogenic cycle- dormant phase where the virus remains inactibe until a trigger occurs

Term
What is a virus that is in a dormant state?
Definition
Provirus
Term
What do retroviruses use to allow themselves to survive?
Definition
Reverse transcriptase to make a DNA complement of their RNA
Term
By what mechanism does a bacterial cell reproduce?
Definition
Binary fission
Term
What is the process of DNA exchange between bacteria?
Definition
Conjugation
Term
What process occurs when new DNA is introduced into bacteria by a virus?
Definition
Transduction
Term
What is bacterial transformation?
Definition
Bacteria absorbing DNA from their surroundings
Term
How are restriction fragments separated?
Definition
gel electrophoresis
Term
Why do restriction fragments between individuals of the same species differ in length?
Definition
Polymorphisms
Term
What are polymorphisms?
Definition
Slight differences in DNA sequences
Term
How are two stands of DNA molecules connected?
Definition
hydrogen bonding between the bases of one stand and the bases of the second strand
Term
What is the end product of translation
Definition
polypeptides
Term

What of the following contains a code for a protein? Why?

DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

rRNA

tRNA

mRNA

Definition
mRNA because is is the starting material thus, the code
Term
Describe homologous vs. analogous structures?
Definition

Homologous- body parts that resemble one another in different species because of a common ancestor

 

Analogous- body parts that resemble one another because of adaptations to their environments

Term
Describe stabilizing selection.
Definition
Selection which eliminates individuals that have extreme or unusual traits
Term
Describe directional selection.
Definition
Favoring traits that are at one extreme of a range of traits
Term
Describe disruptive selection.
Definition
Selection that favors both extremes but not the middle
Term
What is sexual dimorphism?
Definition
differences in the appearance of males and females
Term
What does balanced polymorphism look to maintain/balance?
Definition
Different phenotypes in a population
Term
When does frequency-dependent selection occur?
Definition
When the least common phenotype has a selective advantage
Term
What are three different ways that sympatric speciation may occur?
Definition

Balanced polymorphism

Polyploidy

Hybridization

Term
What is temporal isolation?
Definition
Species mate or flower during different season or at different tiemes of the day
Term
What is parallel evolution?
Definition
describes two relates species or two related lineages that have made similar evolutionary changes after their divergence from a common ancestor
Term
Which pattern of macroevolution argues that evolution occurs by the gradual accumulation of small changes?
Definition
Phyletic gradualism
Term
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Definition
eukaryotes originated from a mutually beneficial association among various types or prokaryotes
Term
What was most responsivle for ending chemical evolution?
Definition
Photosynthesis
Term
What is the distinguishing characteristic of kingdom monera?
Definition
that they are prokaryotes
Term
When flagella are present in monera, what are they consisted of?
Definition
Flagellin, globular protein
Term
Describe a species who is a faculative anaerobe?
Definition
A species that grows in the presence of oxygen but when oxygen is absent can switch to an anaerobic metabolism
Term
What is significant of an archaebacteria's cell wall vs. a eubacteria's cell wall?
Definition
Archaebacteria's cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
Term
What are the three shapes of eubacteria and describe each shape?
Definition

Cocci- spherical

Bacilli- rod shaped

Spirilla- spirals

Term
What are nodules and what type of bacteria live there
Definition
Nodules are specialized structures in plant roots and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live there
Term
What are the filaments of fungi called?
Definition
Hyphae
Term
What does the cell wall of fungi chiefly consist of?
Definition
Chitin
Term
What are two types of asexual spores?
Definition

Sporangiospores

Conidia

Term
What are mycorrhizae?
Definition
Mutualistic associations between fungi and root plants
Term
What are the three groups of species considered to be bryophytes?
Definition
mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Term
What is the function of antheridium?
Definition
produce flagellated sperm that swin through water to fertilize eggs
Term
What are the female gametes of bryophytes called?
Definition
archegonium
Term
Female or male? Microspores and macrospores?
Definition

Macrospores- female

Microspores- male

Term
What is the name of the flowering plants?
Definition
Angiosperms
Term
What are the three parts to the pistil or carpel?
Definition
Ovary, style, stigma
Term
What are the two structures of the stamen?
Definition
Anther and filament
Term
What does it mean to be a pseudocoelomate?
Definition
Have a gut that is not fully lined with mesoderm derived tissue
Term
In protosomes and deuterostomes, what does the first infold of the archenteron form?
Definition

Protostomes- mouth

Deuterostomes- anus

Term
What animal is typically seen in the phylum porifera?
Definition
Sponges
Term
What animals are typically found in the phylum cnidaria?
Definition
Jellyfish, corals
Term
What is the symmetry of cnidaria? How many germ layers?
Definition
2 germ layers, radial symmetry
Term
What animals are typically found in the phylum platyhelminthes?
Definition
Flatworms
Term
What are the only phylum's which contain species with radial symmetry?
Definition
Cnidaria, and Echinodermata
Term
What animals are nematodes?
Definition
Roundworms
Term
What species are found the the phylum mollusca?
Definition
Clams, snails, octopuses
Term
What are the only phylum's who are pseudocoelomates?
Definition
Nematoda, rotifera
Term
What is the only acoelomate?
Definition
Platyhelminthes
Term
Who are the arthropods?
Definition
Insects, spiders, crustaceans
Term
Who are the annelids?
Definition
Segmented worms
Term
What are the only deuterostomes?
Definition
Echinoderms and Chordata
Term
What are the 4 main features exhibited by all chordates?
Definition

Notochord

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeal gill slits

Muscular tail

Term
What is the taxa structure in order from big to small?
Definition
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Term
What is the type of bacteria which convert NO2- to NO3-?
Definition
Nitrifying bacteria
Term
Which type of bacteria synthesizes NH3?
Definition
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Term
Which autotrophic bacteria uses H2S as their source of electrons to synthesize organic compounds?
Definition
Purple Sulfer bacteria
Term

Which of the following is NOT found in bacteria

peptidoglycans

flagellin

bacteriorhodopsin

chitin

phycobilins

Definition
chitin
Term

Which of the following groups in NOT photosynthetic

cyanobacteria

diatoms

dinoflagellates

foraminifera

phaeophyta

Definition
Foraminifera
Term

Which of the following carry our asexual reproduction

conidia

dikaryotic hyphae

ascospores

basidiospores

zygospores

Definition
conidia
Term
IN plants what are male gametes produced by?
Definition
antheridium
Term
Describe the differences between vascular bundles of dicots and monocots
Definition

Dicots- organized in a circle

Monocots- scattered

Term
What are parenchyma cells?
Definition
most common component of ground tissue which aid in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
Term
What are collenchyma cells?
Definition
Thick but flexible cell walls which serve as mechanical support
Term
Which cell is thicker sclerenchyma or collenchyma? What is the purpose of sclerenchyma?
Definition
Sclerenchyma. Purpose is to provide mechanical support
Term
What is the function of the xylem?
Definition
Conduction of water and mechanical support
Term
What is the function of the phloem?
Definition
Conduction of sugars
Term
What is the plumule?
Definition
Young leaves
Term
What is the radicle and what does it eventually develop into?
Definition
Radicle develops below the hypocotyl and develops into the root
Term
What doe the dividing cells of the apical meristem form?
Definition
Zone of cell division
Term
Where do cells mature into xylem, phloem, parenchyma, or epidermal cells?
Definition
Zone of maturation or differentiaiton
Term
In many monocots, what surround and protects the epicotyl?
Definition
Coleoptile
Term
What is primary growth in plants?
Definition
Growth seen only at the apical meristems
Term
What type of plants undergo secondary growth?
Definition
Conifers and woody dicots
Term
In plants what is the innermost ring of tightly packed cells?
Definition
Endodermis
Term
What makes up the tissue inside of the endodermis?
Definition
Stele
Term
What does the cork cambium give rise to?
Definition
Periderm
Term
What is the water movement apoplast?
Definition
Water travels from one cell wall to another without actually entering the other cells 
Term
When water reaches the epidermis, what is the only way that it can continue into the vascular cylinder?
Definition
The Symplast Water Pathway
Term
What effect does potassium have on stomatal opening?
Definition
Creates a [ ] gradient favorable for H2O intake which in turn stimulates the opening of stomatal opening
Term
What hormone acts as a plant growth inhibitor?
Definition
ABA or Abscisic acid
Term

Which of the following is dead at funtional maturity and why?

Companion cell

Guard Cell

Palisade Mesophyll

Sieve Tube Members

Vessel Members

 

Definition
Vessel Members because they are part of the Xylem
Term
A plant with a fibrous root system, leaves with parallel venation, and a single cotyledon is most likely a monocot or dicot?
Definition
Monocot
Term
What produces bark in woody plants?
Definition
Cork Cambium
Term
Where do root hairs occur on?
Definition
Epidermal cells in the zone of maturation
Term
What contributes most of the water movement through the xylem?
Definition
Transpiration
Term

What is wrong with this statement?

 

Auxin is produce at the shoot tip and diffuses down the stem?

Definition
Auxin does all of the except diffuse down the stem. It is transported down the stem
Term
Where does most carbon fixation occur in the C4 plants?
Definition
Bundle Sheath Cells
Term
What is the relationship between reducing/increasing blood flow to parts of the body in various environments relative to body temperature?
Definition
Increasing blood flow cools the body down in hot environments and vice-versa
Term
Where are the intercostal muscles located?
Definition
Between the ribs
Term
What in the carotid arteries monitor the pH of the blood?
Definition
Chemoreceptors
Term
What do the chemoreceptors do to increase respiratory rate?
Definition
send nerve impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Term
How does an open circulatory system work?
Definition
Blood is pumped into an internal cavity called a hemocoel which bathes tissues with and oxygen/nutrient carrying fluid called hemolymph
Term
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Definition
Cleaning filters and immune respones centers that defend against infection
Term
Which type of cells catalyze the conversion of CO2 and H2O to H2CO3
Definition
red blood cells
Term
How do mature red blood cells maximize hemoglobin content and the ability to transport oxygen?
Definition
By lacking a nucleus
Term
What strucuture of the kidney does the renal artery enter into?
Definition
Bowman's capsule
Term
What effect does Aldosterone have on the permeability of distal tubule and collecting duct?
Definition
Aldosterone increases the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct to Na+
Term
What strucutre os the pharynx blocks the trachea so that solid and liquid material enter only the esophagus?
Definition
Epiglottis
Term
What way are stomach cells producing pepsin protected from self-digestion?
Definition
Because the create pepsinogen
Term
Which part of the neuron contians the nucleus and other cellular organelles?
Definition
Cell body
Term
What term describes the action potential jumping from node to node?
Definition
Saltatory conduction
Term
What is a reflex arc?
Definition
Rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus
Term
What are plasma cells of the immune system?
Definition
B cells which release specific antibodies that circulate throguh the body
Term
What are memory cells within the immune system?
Definition
B cells that do not rlease their antibodies until there is a subsequent invasion
Term
Where do T cells originate and where do they mature?
Definition
Originate in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland
Term
What are substances that stimulate the production of memory cells?
Definition
Vaccines
Term
What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary until they are needed?
Definition
ADH and oxytocin
Term
What is the purpose of the parathyroid hormone?
Definition
Increases calcium in the blood stimulating the reabsorption in the kidneys and release from the bones
Term
What is cAMP produced from?
Definition
ATP
Term
What is the purpose of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3?
Definition
Increase cellular metabolism
Term
What hormone does the pineal secerete and what is its purpose?
Definition
Melatonin which helps with circadian rhythms
Term
How is most CO2 transpoted in the blood as?
Definition
HCO3-
Term
Gas diffusion in the lungs occurs across membranes of what structure?
Definition
Alveoli
Term

Which of the following carries the least amount of oxygenated blood? Why

Left Ventricle

Left Atrium

Pulmonary Veins

Pulmonary Arteries

Small Intestine Capillaries

Definition
Pulmonary arteries because they carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be come oxygenated
Term
Which structure maintains systolic blood pressure?
Definition
Left Ventricle
Term
When filtrate moves through the nephron, solutes become _____________________ as they move up the ___________________ of the loop of henle.
Definition
less concentrated, ascending limb
Term
What occurs in neurons during the refractory period following an action potential?
Definition
Na+ on the inside of K+ on the outside exchange places across the neuron membrane
Term
What exposes binding sites on actin?
Definition
Tropomyosin
Term

Which of the following initiates a specific attack against an antigen?

Compliment

Interferon

Lysozyme

Macrophage

Plasma Cells

Definition

Plasma Cells because they are synthesized by B-cells for that purpose

 

NOT macrophages

Term
Eggs move from the ovary to the uterus through what structure?
Definition
Oviduct or fallopian tubes
Term
What structure neutralizes urine in the urethra?
Definition
Prostate
Term
What does ovulation mark?
Definition
The release of the secondary oocyte from the follicle
Term
What is the function of Sertoli cells?
Definition
To help the spermatid as they differentiate into mature sperm where they eventually complete formation in the epididymis
Term
What triggers Meiosis II in the oocyte?
Definition
Sperm penetration
Term
What is the central cavity formed by gastrulation?
Definition
Archenteron
Term
What structure gives off HCG as well as implants into the endometrium?
Definition
Trophoblast
Term
What is embryonic induction?
Definition
The influence of one cell or group over another
Term
What stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release hormones?
Definition
GnRH
Term
What hormone promotes the development of the endometrium?
Definition
Progesterone
Term
In birds and mammals, where does gastrulation begin at?
Definition
Primitive streak
Term
What is the movement towards light?
Definition
Phototaxis
Term
What is inclusive fitness?
Definition
Fitness of one species and its immediate relatives
Term
What is a type I survivorship curve?
Definition
Most of the species live through midage where afterwards mortality is high
Term
What is a type II survivorship curve?
Definition
Length of survivorship is random
Term
What is a type III survivorship curve?
Definition
Species often die young
Term
What is a biotic potential?
Definition
Maximum growth potential under ideal conditions
Term
What type of growth is seen in R selected species?
Definition
Rapid growth
Term
What can be said about a K species growth?
Definition
Growth is relatively constant
Term
What is the competitive exclusion principle?
Definition
When two species are competing for the exact same resources, one is likely to be more successful
Term
What is resource partitioning?
Definition
Some species coexist even though there is competition for resources
Term
What is character displacement?
Definition
As a result of resource partitioning, one species shifts niche thus reducing competition
Term
What is a realized niche?
Definition
Part of their existence where niche overlap does not occur
Term
What type of land does primary succession occur on?
Definition
Land that has never previously been inhabited
Term
What type of land does secondary succession occur on?
Definition
Land that was previously inhabitied but has been destroyed
Term
What are ecological pyramids used to represent?
Definition
Differences in trophic levels
Term
Where does food storage in seeds occur?
Definition
Cotyledon OR Endosperm
Term
What is most responsible for movement of water up a tall tree?
Definition
Sunlight
Term
What transmits nerve impulses between neruons?
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term

All of the following are characteristics of arthropods EXCEPT:

Body segmentation

jointed appendages

exoskeleton of chitin

true coelom

closed circulatory system

Definition
closed circulatory system
Term

All of the following are associated with the rate of breathing except:

an increase in HCO3- in the blood

an increase in pH in the blood

an increase in CO2 in the blood

moving to a higher elevation

an increase in muscular activity

Definition
an increase in pH in the blood because it is less acidic. This would be correct if the pH were decreasing
Term
What is the most likely reason that a new community replaces a resident community?
Definition
The biotic and abiotic characteristics of the habitiat change due ot the influence of the resident community
Term
How can one best describe punctuated equilibrium?
Definition
Speciation events occur relatively rapidly
Term
What promotes elongation of cells in shoot tips of plants?
Definition
Indoleacetic acid
Term
What is the main function of water in photophosphorylation?
Definition
To provide electrons which are energized by light energy
Term

True or False:

 

The blastopore is the opening to the archenteron

Definition
True
Term

Which of the following lacks a true coelom?

 

Earthworms

Mammals

Mollusks

Roundworms

Sea Stars and urchins

Definition
Roundworms
Term
Where does photosynthesis primarily occur in most flowering plants?
Definition
Cells of the palisade mesophyll
Term
Two sympatric specis of pine trees release their pollen during differnt months. What is this an example of?
Definition
Temporal isolation
Term

During cellular respiration, ATP is generated by all of the following except:

glycolysis

oxidative phosphorylation

Calvin Benson cycle

biochemical pathways in cytoplasm

biochemical pathways in mitochondria

Definition
Calvin Benson cycle
Term
Which blood pressure is measured when the sounds of Korotkoff disappear.
Definition
Diastolic
Term

What is the best explanation:

 

The frequency of individuals better able to survive in a newq habitat increases in a population over time.

Definition
Natural selection
Term
Mature xylem is characterized as
Definition
Dead cells
Term
What chemical would not be included if one were to replicate the environment of ancient Earth?
Definition
Oxygen gas
Term
What is the result of secondary growth of the vascular cambium?
Definition
Xylem and phloem cell production
Term

All of the following are effective in lowering body temperature in mammals except

large ears

sweating

panting

decreased muscular activity

decreased blood flow to extremitites

 

Definition
decreased blood flow to extremities
Term
In C3 plants, what enzyme incorporates CO2 into an organic molecule?
Definition
RuBP carboxylase
Term
What does secondary growth of angiosperms produce?
Definition
Woody tissues
Term
To a cell with a diploid chromosome number of 8, how many chromosomes would be present in a cell at anaphase of mitosis?
Definition
16
Term
To a cell with a diploid chromosome number of 8, how many chromosomes would be present in each daughter cell at the end of telophase II?
Definition
4
Term

True of False:

 

In gymnosperms, the development of seeds is protected inside an ovary

Definition
False. This describes angiosperms
Term

True or False:

 

The gametophyge generation is the dominatnt stage of the life cycle and the sporophyte generation remains attached to the gametophyte.

 

This describes Green Algae

 

Definition

False

This describes mosses

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