Term
| Two nervous system structures are involved in a complex reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When CO2 enters the plant what does it combine with and what is the end product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytoplasmic extensions that receive information and transmit it to the cell body |
|
|
Term
| Where is calcitonin secreted from and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Secreted from thyroid and it decreases blood calcium |
|
|
Term
| What water reaches the epidermis, what is the only way that it can return to the vascular cylinder (plants)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A virus that has integrated itself into the genome of the host cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What specifically is the nucleolous (meaning, what is happening)? |
|
Definition
| DNA actively being transcribed into rRNA |
|
|
Term
| What 3 ways does sympatric speciation occur? |
|
Definition
1) Balanced polymorphism
2) Polyploidy
3) Hybridization |
|
|
Term
| What effect does Aldosterone have on the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct? |
|
Definition
| It increases the permeability of the distal tubule and collecting duct to Na+ |
|
|
Term
| What is the term used to describe the movement of plants towards light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the growth hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structures (1) help to maintain rigidity in plant cells? What is this commonly referred to as? |
|
Definition
| Central Vacuoles and it is turgor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Woody underground stems that can develop upright stems |
|
|
Term
| What is the Spiracle? What species have them? |
|
Definition
| Opening where the tracheae converges and gas exchange takes place. Seen in invertebrates |
|
|
Term
| What does an Archaebacteria's cell wall lack that other bacteria don't? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure provides stability to mRNA as well as controls its movement across the nuclear envelope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the physiological definition of irritability? |
|
Definition
| The ability for a cell to respond to a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What direction does DNA Polymerase move and on what strand? |
|
Definition
| 3' ----> 5' on the template strand |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of aldosterone? |
|
Definition
| To regulate Na+ and K+ levels in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What 3 major enzymes does the intestinal mucosa secrete? |
|
Definition
| Lipases, aminopeptidases, disaccharidases |
|
|
Term
| What is an interspecific interaction? Intra (animal behavior). |
|
Definition
Inter- species compete against one another
Intra- species work with one another |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells, as well as location, do root hairs occur on in plants? |
|
Definition
| Epidermal cells in the zone of maturation |
|
|
Term
| What does secretin trigger the release of, and for what purpose? |
|
Definition
| Triggers secretion of alkaline bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of peritubular capillaries and where can they be found? |
|
Definition
| tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. |
|
|
Term
| What is the glomerulus and where can it be found? |
|
Definition
| a network (tuft) of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood. Found at the beginning of the nephron |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Pith and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| Storage of nutrients and aids in plant support. It is the innermost layer of plants |
|
|
Term
| What is agonistic behavior? |
|
Definition
| Any social behavior related to fighting |
|
|
Term
| What does gastrin induce the production of? |
|
Definition
| Induces production of HCl |
|
|
Term
| What does parathyroid hormone do with respect to blood Ca levels? |
|
Definition
| Increases the concentration |
|
|
Term
| In plants, what is the innermost ring of tightly packed cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches to the promotor region to initiate transcription? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does petrification mean in relation to fossilization? |
|
Definition
| Minerals replace the cells of an organism |
|
|
Term
| Where are Calvin cycle enzymes contained within the chloroplast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of pilli in bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Aids in the transfer on genetic material during conjugation |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about endospores with gram positive bacteria? |
|
Definition
| It allows them to be resistant to hot, cold, chemicals, radiation, and other extreme conditions |
|
|
Term
| What is the downside to endospores in bacteria, and by what process? |
|
Definition
| They slow down bacterial proliferation by endosporulation |
|
|
Term
| Is the gametophyte or sporophyte dominant in moss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a Rhizoid and roots? Similarities? |
|
Definition
| Roots represent an entire organ while rhizoids are singular tissues. However, they are similar in design and function. |
|
|
Term
| What portion of the cell is known as the apical surface? Basolateral? |
|
Definition
Apical- side of cell exposed to the lumen
Basolateral- everything else |
|
|
Term
| What are tight junctions? (specifically) Where are they located and what is their two major function? |
|
Definition
Tight junctions are areas which seal adjacent epithelial cells. They are located just beneath the apical surface.
Their two main functions are:
1) Prevent passage of molecules and ions between cells so that materials must actually enter the cells
2) The block the movement of integral membrane proteins between the apical and basolateral surfaces of the cell. This preserves the special functions of each individual cell |
|
|
Term
| What is expressed on the apical surfaces of the human lung epithelial cells? Basolateral surface? |
|
Definition
Apical- heregulin (growth stimulant)
Basolateral- Receptors |
|
|
Term
What do many disorders of the lungs do in respect to the epithelium?
What problems can this cause? |
|
Definition
Increase the permeability of the entire airway system epithelium.
This will cause proliferation (piling up) of the epithelial cells which is characteristic of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and cystic fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of adherens junctions? |
|
Definition
| They provide strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for holding cardiac muscle together as the heart expands and contracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two structures are adherens junctions built from? What is significant of each? |
|
Definition
Cadherins- ensure cells within tissues are bound together and rely on Calcium to function efficiently. They are transmembrane proteins too.
Catenins- complexed to cadherins.
Two types: Alpha & Beta
Alpha- may bind to Beta & actin
Beta- binds to cadherins |
|
|
Term
| What are Gap Junctions and what is significant about them? What are they made from? |
|
Definition
| They are intercellular channels which allow the passage on ions and small molecules. They are made from the transmembrane protein connexins. |
|
|
Term
| What is the end result of ions being able to flow through gap junctions? |
|
Definition
| Allowing ions to freely pass permits changes in membrane potential to pass on from cell to cell. |
|
|
Term
| What generally, and specifically, are desmosomes attached to, and where? |
|
Definition
Desmosomes are attached to intermediate filaments of keratin in the cytoplasm
General: Intermediate filaments (IF's)
Specific: IF's of keratin |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about carcinoma cells and desmosomes? |
|
Definition
| Carcinoma cells no longer have desmosomes which is thought to account for metastasis. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a hemidesmosome and a desmosome? |
|
Definition
Desmosomes- attach two epithelial cells together
Hemidesmosomes- Attach epithelial cells to basal lamina of adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
| What are plasmodesmata of plant cells analogous to in animal cells, functionally? What is the main structural difference. |
|
Definition
Gap Junctions
Plasmodesamata can be thought of as simple plasma membrane extentions which connect adjacent plant cells |
|
|
Term
| What are granulocytes and what are the 3 different types? |
|
Definition
WBC's which contain granules (membrane bound enzymes which digest endocytosed particles)
3 types
1) Eosinophils
2) Neutrophils
3) Basophils |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Agranulocytes do NOT contain granules. |
|
Definition
| False. Although the name implies "no-granules", agranulocytes DO contain "non-specific granules" which are lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of agranulocytes? |
|
Definition
1) Lymphocytes
2) Monocytes
3) Macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Which type of WBC releases histamine as an inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main targets for Eosinophils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of WBC defends against bacterial or fungal infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of histamine release on the blood stream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of WBC's are the predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of lymphocytes? Functions of each. |
|
Definition
1) B-cells- antibody production
2) T-cells- many
3) Natural Killer Cells- kills cancer cells or virally infected cells |
|
|
Term
| What are cytotoxic T-cells and what is their function? |
|
Definition
| T- cells which have a special co-receptor. These cells bind to antigens presented by tumor cells and viruses that have the major histocompatibility complex 1 on them. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a monocyte? |
|
Definition
| Replenish macrophages or in an inflammatory response, monocytes may act as macrophages to illicit an immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phase of mitosis does the nucleolus reappear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the slow block to polyspermy in humans. |
|
Definition
| Only one sperm may fertilize an egg due to cortical reactions which modify the exterior of the zona pellicuda, preventing more than one sperm from entering the egg |
|
|
Term
| How is polyspermy prevented in sea urchin eggs? |
|
Definition
| Changes in the electrical charge of the egg |
|
|
Term
| What is significant of the ductus venosus? |
|
Definition
| Allows blood to escape to the right ventricle ultimately bypassing pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
| What structure in the fetal heart allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Cholecystokinin? (2 of them) |
|
Definition
| A hunger suppressant which stimulates the release of bile. |
|
|
Term
| Approximately how many bones and different parts make up the axial skeleton? |
|
Definition
Approximately 80 different bones coming from 6 different locations
1) Skull
2) Vertebral Column
3) Rib Cage
4) Hyoid (U shaped bone associated w/ swallowing)
5) Sternum
6) Ossicles (inner ear bones) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 functions of the appendicular skeleton? |
|
Definition
1) Locomotion of the axial skeleton (lower limbs)
2) Manipulation of objects in the environment (upper limbs) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Haversian systems? What is its significance? |
|
Definition
| Haversian systems are also known as osteons which are the functional units of compact bone |
|
|
Term
| Where are the bones nerve and blood supply contained? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Albumin is a general name for any PROTEIN fitting the following 3 characteristics:
1) Water soluble
2) Denaturable by heat
3) Moderately soluble in salt solutions |
|
|
Term
| What is PKU disease? Can it be treated? If so, what is the prognosis? |
|
Definition
| Disease characterized by the inability to break down phenylalanine. It can be treated if diet is monitored at a very young age or else, mental retardation will develop. |
|
|
Term
| What is Hasimoto disease? |
|
Definition
| An autoimmune disease where the thyroid is attacked by immune responses. Often resulting in hypothyroidism |
|
|
Term
| What is a prostaglandin and what are the universal characteristics? |
|
Definition
Any member from a lipid that is derived from a fatty acid.
Universal Characteristics
1) Exactly 20 carbons
2) Must contain a 5 membered ring |
|
|
Term
| What effect do prostaglandins have on smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| They are involved in the regulation in contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandins are hormones but from what system? |
|
Definition
| Autocrine or Paracrine, NOT endocrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucose production from non-carbohydrate precursors |
|
|
Term
| Where can eccrine sweat glands be found? What about apocrine? |
|
Definition
Eccrine- all over the body
Apocrine- armpits & anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells on a jelly fish where the nematocyst (stinging threads) is formed. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the dermis? |
|
Definition
1) Cushion the body from stress and strain
2) Contain connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the skin holds sweat glands, sebaceous glands, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the skin can you find dead skin cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What refers to the outer layer of the ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is the serous membrane associated with the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the epithelium have to do with vascular resistance? |
|
Definition
| If the epithelium is intact, platelet derived substances are vasodialatory. Where as if the epithelium is degraded, the platelet derived substances are vasoconstrictatory |
|
|
Term
| During Hypoxia (inadequate oxygen), what chemical causes vasodilation and decreased vascular resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What acts as the major determinant in vascular resistance? |
|
Definition
| Resistance arterioles (small arteriolar tone) |
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for STROKE VOLUME? |
|
Definition
| SV = (End Diastolic Volume) - (End Systolic Volume) |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for cardiac output? |
|
Definition
| C.O. = Heart Rate * Stroke Volume |
|
|
Term
Describe alternation of generation in land plants.
*Easy and In-depth*
|
|
Definition
Easy - Diploid sporophyte alternates with a haploid gametophyte.
In depth - diploid sporophytes produce haploid spores via meiosis and haploid gametophytes produce haploid gametes via mitosis |
|
|
Term
| What genetic term best describes the human blood types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an amino acid go directly after the t-RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what process are t-RNA, m-RNA, and r-RNA produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For what reason does RNA synthesis have more errors than DNA synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Because RNA polymerase does NOT proofread like DNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| During which step of interphase are mitochondria, ribosomes, and proteins produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
|
|
Term
| What type of bonds like amino acids and proteins, respectively? |
|
Definition
Amino acids- peptide bonds
Proteins- Disulfide bonds |
|
|
Term
| If you increase the reaction constant, what happens to the reaction rate? |
|
Definition
| The reaction rate will decrease |
|
|
Term
| Which nitrogenous waste product do Malpighian Tubules form? Which species do we find them in and where do they discharge this waste? |
|
Definition
Uric Acid
Insects
Discharge into the gut |
|
|
Term
| What group can we classify the species "plasmodium" into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do osteoblasts mature into osteocytes? |
|
Definition
| When they are trapped within small spaces of bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant RNA? Least abundant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest (size) RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bonds link heavy and light chains in antibody's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Procedure where a small amount of amniotic fluid is removed from the developing fetus to test for genetic abnormalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic test which examines chromosomes in a sample of cells ultimately helping to identify genetic issues |
|
|
Term
| What region is where the repressor binds for protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Rh signs associated with Erythroblastosis fetalis? What does this cause? |
|
Definition
| Rh - mother, Rh + fetus. The Rh - mother produces antibodies which can enter the fetus' blood stream which cause agglutination. |
|
|
Term
| What group is associated with Green Algae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What group is associated with Red Algae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the pressure that pulls fluid into capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hydrostatic pressure? |
|
Definition
| Pressure that pushes fluid out of capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What term refers to the inactive form of an enyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would be the appearance of Staphylococci if one were to theoretically view it under a microscope? |
|
Definition
| As a cluster of multiple Staphylococci cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the appearance of Streptococci and why? |
|
Definition
| Streptococci is a non-cluster because it is virulent |
|
|
Term
| What term is the part of a macromolecule which B cells and T cells recognize as foreign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the abdomen swell because of malnourishment? |
|
Definition
| Less blood protein decreases osmotic pressure towards blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most superficial layer of bones where the tendons integrate |
|
|
Term
| Where would we find Rugal Folds in the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does water move via the symplastic pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the ascending loop of henle, what is the next part of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In prokaryotes, what is the majority of DNA replicated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the nodes of ranvier, what is there likely and abundance of and why? |
|
Definition
| Abundance of Sodium Potassium Pumps to facilitate saltatory conduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A shared trait derived from a common ancestor that is common to ALL members of a group. |
|
|
Term
| During late prophase (mitosis) a.k.a. "prometaphase", what significant event occurs? |
|
Definition
| Nuclear envelope breaks down and microtubules connect |
|
|
Term
| During what phase of mitosis do the daughter cells form, as well as the nuclear envelope reforms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During Mitosis, when does the daughter cell split? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what structure of the kidney would you be most likely to find pre-urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer does the Adrenal Cortex arise from? What about the Adrenal Medulla? |
|
Definition
Adrenal Cortex- mesoderm
Adrenal Medulla- Ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| What is a nonsense mutation? |
|
Definition
| Inserting base which results in a premature STOP codon |
|
|
Term
| What is Tidal Breathing and how does it compare to continuous breathing? What form of breathing do humans have? What about birds? |
|
Definition
| Tidal breathing inhibits gas exchange during exhalation. Tidal breathing is more inefficient compared to continuous breathing. Humans have tidal breathing, birds have continuous. |
|
|
Term
| How could one describe a fibrous joint? What is an example? |
|
Definition
Connected by fibrous tissue and lacking a joint cavity.
Sutures that connect the bones of the cranium |
|
|
Term
| What is cartilaginous joint? Example? |
|
Definition
No cavity and adjoined by cartiledge.
Where ribs attach to sternum (intercostal joint) |
|
|
Term
| Describe a Synovial Joint. Example |
|
Definition
True cavity, synovial fluid, full range of motion
Shoulder and Knee |
|
|
Term
| What is the wobble hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| Abnormal base pairing between codon and anticodon |
|
|
Term
| For every molecule of acetyl co a oxidized during the krebs cycle, how many NADH, FADH2, and GTP are produced? |
|
Definition
| 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP |
|
|
Term
| The expression of the bicoid gene is dependent on what? |
|
Definition
| ONLY the genotype of the mother |
|
|
Term
| What is ovoviviparity and what type of animals have this? |
|
Definition
| Egg develops AND hatches within the mother. Seen in reptiles and fish |
|
|
Term
| What is ovipary and what species express this? |
|
Definition
| Hatching an egg outside of the mother. Birds have this |
|
|
Term
| Why does blood move slower in the capillaries versus the arterioles? |
|
Definition
| Because the cross sectional area of the capillaries is greater than that of arterioles |
|
|
Term
| Are Killer T Cells part of the adaptive or innate immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could one describe the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
| Immediate, non specific by both chemical and mechanical means |
|
|
Term
| What is the Law of Segregation? |
|
Definition
| Each gamete receives a single allele for each gene during meiosis |
|
|
Term
| The Lac Operon contains genes which encode for what sugar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which DNA Polymerase reverses directions to proofread? In doing so, what specific activity is this performing? |
|
Definition
DNA polymerase III.
3'----->5' exonuclease activity |
|
|
Term
| What is Hamilton's Law of Inclusive Fitness? |
|
Definition
| Cost to the altruist, benefit to the recipient, coefficient of relatedness |
|
|
Term
| Where is the first polar body formed in human reproduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Influx of nutrients destroys aquatic ecosystem |
|
|
Term
| What is the midsection of long bones called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain DNA Polymerase I's activity in bacteria. |
|
Definition
| It may only synthesize new DNA by adding nucleotides to an existing strand |
|
|
Term
| What is the mneumonic to remember the diagnostic tests when looking for specific base sequences? |
|
Definition
SNOW DROP
(S)outhern Blot (D)NA
(N)orthern Blot (R)NA
(O) ---------- (O)
(W)estern Blot (P)roteins |
|
|
Term
| When oxygen depleted blood leaves the right ventricle, when does it go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mantle of a mollusk is primarily made of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could one describe recruitment (neurological)? |
|
Definition
| Neural stimulation of an increasing # of motor units |
|
|
Term
| What do DNA Microarrays measure? |
|
Definition
| Simultaneous expression of multiple genes |
|
|
Term
| What 2 places do prokaryotes store genetic information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to a location where muscle attaches to less movable end of a bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hypodermis mainly made of? What does this do? |
|
Definition
| mainly consists of adipose tissue to cushion the body |
|
|
Term
| What are septa's in the species hypha? |
|
Definition
| perforated cross walk making unicellular hypha, multicellular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified end of a parasitic fungus which penetrates host tissue for nutrient absorption |
|
|
Term
| What are mycellia and what is their benefit? |
|
Definition
| Clusters of interwoven Hyphae enhancing multinucleation |
|
|
Term
| What does vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles due in respect to blood flow and filtration? |
|
Definition
| Increases blood flow, decreases filtration |
|
|
Term
| What does vasoconstriction of the efferent arterioles due in respect to blood flow and filtration? |
|
Definition
| Decreases blood flow, increases filtration |
|
|
Term
| What plant structure helps roots push through dry soil by releasing secretin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the flower arrangement of monocots? Dicots? |
|
Definition
Monocots- 3
Dicots- 4 OR 5 |
|
|
Term
| What layer of a plant secretes digestive enzymes that break down seed structure, allowing germination? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the Dark Reactions take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Thoracic Duct located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is sporophyte or gametophyte dominant in Bryophytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is significant about the Ductus arteriosus? |
|
Definition
| Allows blood flow from pulmonary artery to aortic arch. |
|
|
Term
| What two fetal heart structures allow bypassing of the pulmonary circulation? |
|
Definition
| Foramen ovale and Ductus arteriosus |
|
|
Term
| What converts trypsinogen to trypsin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone initiates hunger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the master endocrine gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 ways can Aldosterone be released? |
|
Definition
| By renin pathways or ACTH |
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Term
| What induces exocytosis of neurotransmitters in the pre-synaptic cleft? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What structures of the renal system prevent excretion of large proteins out of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does aldosterone have on the blood pressure? What is aldosterone's primary effector site? |
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Definition
| Increases blood pressure, effector site is distal tubule |
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Term
| What primarily makes of cellulose? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the cause of negative pressure breathing in the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the diaphragm and incrompressability of intrapleural fluid |
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Term
Of the 4 listed below, which is NOT directly included in destruction of antigens:
Killer T cells, Basophils, Macrophages, Neutrophils |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe double fertilization? |
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Definition
| Generative cell undergoes mitosis producing 2 sperm cells which separately fertilize an egg and 2 polar nuclei by aid of a pollen tube |
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Term
| Where does the generation of impulses that travel down an axon take place at? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What 2 things does a nucleosome do to genetic material? |
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Definition
| Helps condense genetic material and by doing so it limits access to the promotor region |
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Term
| What type of function do Langerhans cells have and where are they derived from? |
|
Definition
| Immune function derived from red bone marrow |
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Term
|
Definition
| Microtubules involved in spindle formation during cell division |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 NON-homologous chromosomes interchange genes |
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|
Term
| What cells in the testes secrete testosterone? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What mechanism allows for sperm to penetrate the egg? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone thickens endometrium and what hormone maintains it? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen and progesterone, respectively |
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|
Term
| What makes the 3n endosperm? |
|
Definition
| 1 sperm and 2 polar nuclei |
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|
Term
| What is the stroke volume (not equation) |
|
Definition
| volume of blood discharged from each ventricle with each contraction |
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|
Term
| What type of cells release histamine? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What buffer maintains pH of internal cell fluid? Extracellular? |
|
Definition
Internal- Phosphate Buffer
External- Bicarbonate Buffer |
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|
Term
| What plant hormone promotes cell division? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is responsible for visual and auditory impulses? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 major components of the hindbrain? |
|
Definition
| Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum |
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|
Term
| What are the 2 major structures of the outer ear? |
|
Definition
| Auricle and Auditory canal |
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|
Term
| 2 structures of the mid ear? |
|
Definition
| Ossicles, Tympanic Membrane, |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the vestibular apparatus located in the inner ear? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Converts lactose back to glucose |
|
|
Term
| What is the glyoxylate cycle? |
|
Definition
| Can be thought of as glycolysis in plants and bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin unloads O2 under low pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxidize ammonia and nitrites into nitrates |
|
|
Term
| What is intramembraneous ossification? |
|
Definition
| Messenchymal (undifferentiated) tissue is transformed into and replaced by bone |
|
|
Term
| What is Endochondral Ossification and what type of bone is it likely to take place in? |
|
Definition
| Existing cartiledge is replaced by bone. Happens in Long bones |
|
|
Term
| What is a skeletal insertion? |
|
Definition
| Point of attachment of movable bone |
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|
Term
| What is tetanus and how is it different from tonus? |
|
Definition
| Tetanus is continual contraction while tonus is temporary contraction |
|
|
Term
| What cells secrete HCl in the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Cholecytokinin produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the body's main source of vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria of large intestine |
|
|
Term
| What 2 structures make the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
| Glomerulus surrounded by Bowman's Capsule |
|
|
Term
| What is a reticular activating response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for blue-green algae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How might one go about fighting prostaglandins and why? |
|
Definition
| They might take Aspirin since it reduces fevers, inflammation, and pain sensation. Prostaglandins induce all of these behaviors |
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|
Term
| At what stage in mitosis would one use a karyotype and why? |
|
Definition
| Metaphase since all of the chromosomes are nicely arranged at the metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
| What type of hormones derivatives are norepinephrine and epinephrine? |
|
Definition
| Amino Acid derivative hormones |
|
|
Term
| At what stage in mitosis do centrioles begin to move to the opposite poles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the ductus venosus allow blood to bypass? |
|
Definition
| The liver, NOT pulmonary circulation |
|
|
Term
| When looking at a pedigree, if there is a skip in the generation, what type of disease are you most likely viewing? What if it doesn't skip a generation and is included with both sexes in the 2nd generation? |
|
Definition
Autosomal recessive
Autosomal dominant |
|
|
Term
| What is the promotor region formally called in prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a dihybrid cross, which generation is a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ration characteristic of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Kingdom does Algae normally fall under? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After ovulation, what does the ovarian follicle create? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to clusters of sporangia which develop on the lower surface of the leaf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An organism belonging which type of species will be distinctly male or female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The phloem is known to transport sugars, but which one? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are starch and glycogen polymers of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the equation for blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| Blood pressure = cardiac output * peripheral vascular resistance |
|
|
Term
| Which stratum layer contains dividing cells? |
|
Definition
| Stratum germinativum "germ layer" |
|
|
Term
| What are the products of the first meiotic division of an egg cell? |
|
Definition
| One large cell and one small cell; the smaller cell forming a polar body |
|
|
Term
| What are transverse tubules and what do they allow? |
|
Definition
| Transverse tubules are deep invaginations of the sarcolemma. They allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly reach the interior of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What type(s) of muscle could one find sarcolemma? |
|
Definition
| Skeletal and cardiac, NOT smooth |
|
|
Term
| What does cartilage arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately what percent of the DNA sequence is converted to m-RNA in mammalian cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in vertebrates? |
|
Definition
Spermatogenesis- 4 functional spermatozoa are produced
Oogenesis- one functional ovum is produced |
|
|
Term
| What species is known as a plant-like protist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of phrenic nerves during inspiration? |
|
Definition
| To carry impulses to the diaphragm and allow contraction |
|
|
Term
| Where does blood travel slowest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attracts helper T cells to macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do natural killer cells combat microorganisms? |
|
Definition
| Indirectly, they only attack infected body cells |
|
|
Term
| Which fungal pathogen would most likely be involved in food spoilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fungal pathogen is involved in infections of the mucous membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species contain flagellum for locomotion and often have chloroplasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is insulin derived from? (Not B-cells) |
|
Definition
| Pro-insulin, pre-pro-insulin |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is responsible for degrading cyclic AMP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uniting of sperm cell and an egg cell, or simply Fertilization |
|
|
Term
| Define and explain the difference between transformation, transduction, and conjugation. |
|
Definition
Transformation- bacteria obtain DNA from the outside environment
Transduction- a virus obtains one bacteria's DNA and then infects another bacteria with the 1st bacteria's DNA
Conjugation- bacteria transfers its DNA DIRECTLY to another bacterial cell |
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|
Term
| What molecule forms a polyhedral lattice around coated pits during endocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which vessel of the heart has the highest blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the aortic branch which supplies blood to the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In humans, what is the function of the allantois? What does it eventually turn into? |
|
Definition
| The allantois is involved in oxygen and nutrient transport and eventually becomes |
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