Term
|
Definition
mammal that lays eggs
-platypuses and echidnas (spiny anteaters) |
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Term
|
Definition
| completes embryonic development in a pouch |
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Term
|
Definition
| at the junction of the small and large intestine (prevents the contents of the large intestine from entering the small intestine) |
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|
Term
| Sympathetic innervation of arteriole |
|
Definition
| kidney's afferent arteriole is constricted, reduced urine output |
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Term
|
Definition
In angiosperms
-egg nucleus forms 2N zygote
-central nucleus (other sperm fertilizes the two haploid central nuclei forming a #N endosperm nucleus, which is nutritive tissue) |
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|
Term
| Indeterminative cleavage of a zygote |
|
Definition
| will allow a human twin to be produced (each cell retains its capacity to develop into a viable embryo) |
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|
Term
| secondary growth in plants |
|
Definition
| increase in diameter of roots, stems and branches |
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Term
|
Definition
yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism
-excreted in bile and urine
-elevated levels can result in jaundice |
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Term
|
Definition
precursor form or zymogen of trypsin
-activated by enteropeptidase, which is found in intestinal mucosa |
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Term
|
Definition
| serine protease found in the digestive system that hydrolyses proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| generally referred to any water soluble protein |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| muscles located in the ventricles of the heart |
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Term
|
Definition
light sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye
-rods and cones |
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Term
|
Definition
| ring of smooth muscle around the eye, adjusts the lens shape |
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Term
|
Definition
radial symmetry
-no segmentation
-invertebrates |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| glycoprotein hormone released primarily from kidneys and stimulates red blood cell formation in the bone marrow |
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Term
| pluripotent stem cells give rise to |
|
Definition
| platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes |
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|
Term
| Erythrocytes are more abundant than leukocytes are more abundant than platelets |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
cancer of plasma cells, which are white blood cells that produce antibodies
- indefinite growth |
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|
Term
| lymphocyte fused with mylemoa |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
fatty acid that is autocrine or paracrine
-involved in inflammation, fever, and pain |
|
|
Term
| First trimester of pregnancy |
|
Definition
| main period of organ growth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the embryo is called a fetus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| eyes, heart, liver, pancreas, and limb buds have begun development |
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|
Term
| First trimester of pregnancy |
|
Definition
| main period of organ growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| the embryo is called a fetus |
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Term
|
Definition
| eyes, heart, liver, pancreas, and limb buds have begun development |
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|
Term
| Neutrophils make up of white blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| no common ancestor but similar structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| common ancestor and derived from similar structure |
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Term
|
Definition
behavior that is promoted from certain stress
-hard wired and instinctive behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| learned behavior from stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| certain genes are expressed |
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|
Term
| Lymphocytes make up of white blood cells |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a lymphatic capillary that absorbs fats in the villi in the small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in number of cells/ proliferation of cells |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| defective development of tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cancer in epithelia tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| very large arrays of repeating non-coding DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In animal eggs, yolk is most concentrated in.. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In animal eggs, yolk is least concentrated in.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In animal cell, when some ectodermal cells elongate.. |
|
Definition
| the neural plate is formed |
|
|
Term
| The neural plate gives rise to.. |
|
Definition
| the neural tube that will become the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| In animal cell, the grey crescent will.. |
|
Definition
| establish the body axis and is an area of the egg opposite the sperm penetration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
series of mitotic cell divisions that follow fertilization
-cells undergo S and M phases of mitosis, but many times skip G1 and G2 phases
-embryo does not increase in overall size |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| segmented blocks of tissue that form on either side of the notochord |
|
|
Term
| Somites go on to produce.. |
|
Definition
| the vertebrae of the backbone, but also muscle of the axial skeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
| spruce, pine, and fir trees |
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Term
|
Definition
| fruits, flowering plants, maple, oaks, and grass |
|
|
Term
| Angiosperms are divided into.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Monocots generally have.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a gene specific location along the length of chromosome |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| surface appendages that allow bacteria to adhere to one another or even a mucous membrane |
|
|
Term
| Pili also hold bacteria together.. |
|
Definition
| to allow DNA transfer during conjugation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the structural rearrangement of isomers |
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Term
|
Definition
| works against pathogens that have entered body cells by use of T-cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| acts against pathogens such as free viruses and bacteria and is based on circulation of antibodies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the effects of one gene are modified by one or several other genes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is one of two of more forms of specific forms of a gene of locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one gene influences multiple phenotypic traits |
|
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Term
|
Definition
bone forming cell
-deposit collagen and release calcium phosphate to strengthen bone
-hydroxyapetite is produced |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mineral that makes up 50% of bone by weight |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-down 21
-Edward 18
-patau 13
-Kleinfelter sex |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer phosphoryl groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of a phosphate ester bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catalyzes the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N bonds by elimination: a double bond is formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is involved in an oxidation-reduction reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains binding sites for O2, CO2, CO, and H+ |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin is a tetramer.. |
|
Definition
| two alpha and two beta chains, quarternary structure |
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin binds CO much tighter than O2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-protein portion (prosthetic group) of Hemoglobin is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Yellow bone marrow functions as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red marrow that functions is the formation of red blood cells, certain white blood cells, and platelets (thrombocytes) |
|
|
Term
| Yellow bone marrow can turn into red bone marrow under... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red marrow cells called megakaryocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white blood cells that fight multicellular parasites in vertebrates |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant hormone that increases stem elongation and flowering in some plants |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| plant growth substance that promote cell division or cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibitor of plant growth hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant hormone that increases stem elongation and flowering in some plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promote cell growth, cell division |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formation of glucose from non carbohydrate precursors |
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|
Term
| NO CENTRIOLES IN PLANT CELLS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Techoic acids only found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three small bones (incus,malleus, stapes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semicircular canals responsible for balance and snail-like structure called cochlea, where sound waves are converted into neural messages |
|
|
Term
| Posterior Pituitary Hormones |
|
Definition
| ADH (vasopressin) and Oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| Anterior Pituitary Hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jointed legs, exoskeleton, open circulatory system, bilateral symmetry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| head, thorax, and abdomen |
|
|
Term
| Arthropod respiratory system |
|
Definition
| spiracles, and tracheal tubes (open) |
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Term
|
Definition
| true coeloms (body cavity), closed circulatory system, and includes earthworms |
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|
Term
| Excretory and nerve cell bodies of annelids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair, nails, teeth, skin, lens of eye, nervous system eyes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that buds off digestive system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bones,muscles, gonads, kidneys, and circulatory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach cells secrete Pepsinogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach cells that secrete HCL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach cells that secrete Gastrin, stimulates HCl release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stomach cells that secrete mucous that lubricates and protects the stomach from HCl |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jellyfish, sea anemones, hydra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single opening, radial symmetry , tentacles, stinging cells are called nematocysts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bone and connective tissue, most abundant protein in vertebrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| triple helix and present along with hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amino acid proline is not hydroxylated to hydroxyproline, less stability in the collagen molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteoblasts do not carry out... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the body needs calcium bone is broken down by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTH (Para Thyroid Hormone) will stimulate... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tones the bone and decreases osteoclastic activity |
|
|
Term
| Osteoclasts cannot carry out.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spongy bone compared to compact bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single nucleus, striations, gap junctions between cells called intercalated disks, involuntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multinucleated, voluntary, and striated, normally does not undergo mitosis, contains thick filaments myosin and thin filaments actin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single nucleated, involuntary, non striated, actin and myosin are present, no sarcomeres like in skeletal muscle |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| modification of the zona pellucida; enzymes released by cortical granules digest sperm receptors |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| acrosomal reaction, electrical response to change the membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epinephrine, norepinephrine, and some dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tracheid and vessel members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducts water and dissolved minerals absorbed from the soil and mechanically support the plant |
|
|
Term
| Xylem can be though as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| xylem growth rings used to record the age of the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another vascular tissue consisting of sieve tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH and Oxytocin are made in the..and stored in the.. |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| Colorblindness and hemophilia are classic.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grasshoppers do not have..... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of different species emerge from a single ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of species |
|
|
Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Law shows us how... |
|
Definition
| phenotype and genotype stability can be achieved in a population |
|
|
Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Law examines a population.. |
|
Definition
| gene pool not individual genotypes |
|
|
Term
| Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Law |
|
Definition
-Large Population
-random mating
-no isolation
-no net migration
-no natural selection
-no mutation
(there should no change in gene pool of population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradual, non-random proces by which traits become either more or less common in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomal segment is turned 180 |
|
|
Term
| Chromosomal translocation |
|
Definition
| two non-homologous chromosomes interchange genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm production (spermatogenesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spermatozoa are matured in this coiled tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transports the sperm to Urethra then out of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prostate, seminal vesicle, cowper's (bulbourethral) glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Testosterone that allows germ cells to mature into sperm cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physiological changes acquired over lifespan to be transmitted to progeny is not true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| did not discuss the idea of molecular genetics and mutations, never succeeded to explain biological variation because he lacked an understanding of genetics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Estradiol and Progesterone |
|
|
Term
| Corpus Leutum degrades into.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chordate invertebrates, do not loose their notochord |
|
|
Term
| Vertebrates and notochord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of the embryo inside the body of the mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chole "bile", cysto "sac", kinin "move" peptide hormone made by cells in the duodenum that stimulates bile release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first part of the small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duodenum cells produce this hormone to secrete pancreatic juice, especially bicarbonate portion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made in stomach and stimulates HCl production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone made in the duodenum to slow stomach's muscular movement, by slowing the stomachs emptying, more time to for fatty meals that contain fat to digest |
|
|
Term
| Two veins that carry oxygenated blood |
|
Definition
| pulmonary vein and umbilical vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood can bypass the liver, half blood flow directly to fetal inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bypass pulmonary circulation, right atrium to left atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducts some blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta, thus bypassing the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skull, vertebra, and ribs |
|
|
Term
| Appendicular skeleton includes |
|
Definition
| bones of arms, legs, pelvis and pectoral girdle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end of long bones, regions of cartilaginous cells where growth occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structural units called Haversian systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in compact bone and blood vessels and nerves pass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Albumin is synthesized... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Destruction of worn out red blood cells in.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Converts nitrogenous waster to urea.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "other fatherland" geographic speciation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intense thirst and dilute urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diabetes, high blood sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loop of henle to Distal convoluted tubule to collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| Proximal convoluted tubule is where most.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distal convoluted tubule is where.. |
|
Definition
| secretion occurs, K H by active transport and NH3 by diffusion) H secretion regulated blood pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high amount of phenlyalanine, mental retardation |
|
|
Term
| Increase membrane unsaturated fatty acids.. |
|
Definition
fluidity increases because kink in fatty acid prevents tight packing
-lowers melting point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cells forming the outer layer of the blastocyst
-contains double layer of cells and will be precursor to placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| balance and muscle coordination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| visual purple, rhodopsin, a light sensitive pigment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Villus of small intestine contain.. |
|
Definition
| capillary network and lacteal that absorb nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients are carried in.. |
|
Definition
| the bloodstream to the liver |
|
|
Term
| Route from villi to liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excess glucose is removed and stored in |
|
Definition
| the liver as glycogen, the liver will remove excess glucose and amino acids from the blood to prevent tissue damage, blood will leave the liver and make its way to the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one copy of allele is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No TCA cycle, but they have glycolysis and their own electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in an embryo in which one tissue causes another to differentiate |
|
|
Term
| Sum of Purines = Sum of Pyrimidines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintenance of body temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of asexual reproduction where growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| well endowed with blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Chorion in External Development |
|
Definition
| lines the inside of the shell; moist membrane that permits gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| Allantois in External Development |
|
Definition
| sac-like structure involved in respiration and excretion; contains numerous blood vessels to to transport O2, CO2, water, salt, and nitrogenous wastes |
|
|
Term
| Amnion in External Development |
|
Definition
| membrane encloses amniotic fluid; fluid to prevent shock |
|
|
Term
| Yolk Sac in External Development |
|
Definition
| encloses yolk ;blood vessels from yolk sac transfer food |
|
|
Term
| Amnion in Internal Development |
|
Definition
| membrane that contain watery fluid called amniotic fluid; acts as shock absorber against uterine contractions during labor |
|
|
Term
| Chorion in Internal Development |
|
Definition
| membrane that completely surrounds the amnion |
|
|
Term
| Allantois In Internal Development |
|
Definition
| blood vessels of the allontoic wall enlarge and become the blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Yolk Sac in Internal Development |
|
Definition
| site of early development of blood vessels, becomes associated with the umbilical vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chorionic gonadotropin hormone |
|
|
Term
| Chorionic gonadotropin hormone will.. |
|
Definition
| maintain the corpus leteum |
|
|
Term
| In development, the Corpus Luteum will secrete.. |
|
Definition
| progesterone that will maintain the uterine lining |
|
|
Term
| Outer layer of the epidermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deepest Layer of the epidermis |
|
Definition
| Stratum Germinativum or Stratum basale |
|
|
Term
| Stratum germinativum contains.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue, erector muscles, hair follicles, sensory receptors, sweat and sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin, smooth membrane covering the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic respiratory units where actual gas exchange occurs by passive diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cavity or hollow space in a bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tissue that covers all the digestive organs and lines the body cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fleshy outer portion of the external ear |
|
|
Term
| Steroid Hormones are synthesized from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The probability of crossover between two genes on a homologous chromosome is increased if... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| X-Linked disorder affects... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autosomal recessive disorders typically... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of species |
|
|
Term
| 4-Chambered heart occurs in.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3-Chambered heart occurs in.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2-Chambered heart occurs in.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal number of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| 2:1 genotypic ratio for a trait |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tunicates, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, jawless fish |
|
|
Term
| Does RNA polymerase proofread.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seed leaf which will store food for the germinating seedling |
|
|
Term
| Humoral Immunity Response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2 is carried in the blood as.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2 first turns into...and then... |
|
Definition
| carbonic acid..bicarbonate ion |
|
|
Term
| Circulatory system of an amphibian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most abundant metabolic waste product |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ribosomes are assembled in.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t-RNA, m-RNA, r-RNA are produced in.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most ATP is produced by.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chamber where pollen develops.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female part of plant consisting of stigma, style, and ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sticky and catches pollen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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| mineralized ground substance and collagen fibers |
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| First proof of a new species |
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| Circulatory system of cephalopods |
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| Circulatory system of mollusks |
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| sea urchins and sea stars |
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| chordate but also an invertebrate |
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| Non-vascular bryophytes include |
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| mosses, liverworts, and hornworts |
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| diverse group of parasites including plasmodium |
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| Once trapped in the small spaces of bone, osteoblasts mature into... |
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| osteocytes(living bone cells) |
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| extracellular fibers and ground substance of connective tissue |
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| Collagen is made by the... |
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| Blood clotting involves a series of chain reactions in which... |
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Definition
| fibrinogen is converted into fibrin |
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| Mesh formed to trap red blood cells to become a solid barrier to blood loss |
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| Converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin |
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| Human oocytes can be fertilized most successfully by the use of.. |
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| A chemical defense system designed to destroy microorganism, it complements the immune system, and is comprised of a complex series of serum proteins |
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| Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cels |
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| the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region |
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| the change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling |
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| Genetic Drift is most important... |
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Definition
| in small populations, amount of genetic information is very limited |
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| the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. |
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| a population bottleneck occurs when the effective population size, Ne, sharply decreases to a small percentage of the original |
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| is a traditional name used to refer to all embryophytes (land plants) that do not have true vascular tissue and are therefore called 'non-vascular plants' |
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| liverworts, mosses, hornworts |
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| whereby nervous tissue, over many generations, becomes concentrated toward one end of an organism |
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| Mollusks, arthropods, and annelids are protostomes |
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| Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes |
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| mouth forms first; anus forms elsewhere |
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| first indentation is the anus; second indentation is the mouth |
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| tends to pull fluid into capillary due to blood proteins and |
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| group of heme containing proteins found in the electron transport chain |
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| cenozoic>Mesozoic>Plaeozoic>Precambrian |
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Definition
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| Embryonic stages of development of an organism pass through similar stages in other vertebrates |
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| Byproduct of Purple or Green photosynthetic bacteria is.. |
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Definition
| not O2, it is usually reducing H2S, H2, and D |
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| 1:2:1 phenotypic ration is... |
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| Incomplete dominance occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is an intermediate of the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes |
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Definition
| Complete dominance occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygote is completely indistinguishable from that of the dominant homozygote |
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| Actively contracting muscle has a high rate of... |
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Definition
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Definition
| prevents food from entering the trachea |
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| group of small proteins made by most body cells following a viral attack |
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| occurs to areas without soil and has not previously supported a community |
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Definition
| occurs on disturbed areas |
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| If two organisms occupy the same niche, they will... |
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Definition
| compete for food, and mate at the same time of year |
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Term
| Pulse-Chase experiment involves |
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Definition
| using radioactive label on a protein to detect what is happening to the molecules in cells |
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Term
| Reptiles do not lose gills at any stage of development |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacteria use multiple electron transport chains, sometimes at the same time |
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Definition
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Definition
| optically inactive amino acid |
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| Corpus Leuteum will produce |
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Definition
| progesterone and estrogen that will help blood vessel growth |
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| Mitosis makes up about...percent of the cell cycle |
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Definition
-low reproductive rates
-roughly constant in size
Humans |
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Definition
-high reproductive rates
-fast maturation
-very little post natal care |
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| In fungi the haploid stage dominates |
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Definition
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Definition
| waxy band in plants that aid in water control |
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| autosomal recessive disease in which a lysosomal defect occurs and causes lipid buildup in brain cells, fatal in the first 5 years of human life (mental retardation, blindness, and eventually death) |
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Definition
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| penultimate[1] step in the maturation of mammalian spermatozoa and is required to render them competent to fertilize an oocyte |
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| Capacitation is required by a spermatozoa in the female oviduct and uterus that allows for egg penetration |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have a huge abundance of.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Birds, insects, and reptiles excrete |
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Definition
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Term
| Aquatic animals such as bony fish excrete... |
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Definition
| ammonia because it is easily eliminated in water |
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Definition
| the excretory organ of insects |
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Definition
| is a motor protein which converts the chemical energy contained in ATP into the mechanical energy of movement |
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Term
| Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes contain a cytoskeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| Consider a sample of DNA that undergoes four rounds of replication. What percentage of the double stranded DNA produced contains part of the original-stranded DNA? |
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Definition
1-2-4-8-16
Of those two are original
2/16= 12.5% |
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Definition
Myoglobin has a higher affinity (hyperbolic curve)
Hemoglobin has a lower affinity (sigmoidal curve)
-myoglobin shows no change in O2 binding over a pH range
-in Hemoglobin, increased acidity (or an increase in CO2) enhances O2 release (promote O2 to leave) |
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| Blood Supply of Epidermis |
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Definition
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| Stratum Corneum varies in.. |
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Definition
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Definition
| layer containing granules which easily stain |
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| Stratum Germinativum contains cells that... |
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Definition
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Definition
| fatty tissue that serves as a cushion and an insulator |
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Term
| During determinative cleavage, if the cells divide then they will.. |
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Definition
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Term
| During indeterminative cleavage, if the cells divide then they will... |
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Definition
| develop into a viable organism |
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Term
| Determinative cleavage is a characteristic of.. |
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Definition
| protostomes such as mollusks, annelids, and arthropods |
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Term
| The lipid bilayer is not symmetric |
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Definition
| the inner and outer faces are not the same |
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Term
| In the lipid bilayer, proteins and lipids are capable of moving laterally in the membrane but not.. |
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Definition
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Definition
| the crossing over frequencies |
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Definition
| proposed that characteristics acquired by one generation can be inherited by the next, it is now clear that this theory is false. |
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Term
| The atmosphere of early earth was composed of |
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Definition
| CO2, H2O vapor, CO, H2, N2, and small quantities of NH3, H2S, and even CH4 |
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| Keratins are a family of.. |
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Definition
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| Male and females are equally likely to be affected by.. |
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Definition
| autosomal recessive disorders |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| New born first few breathes |
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Definition
-extremely labored
-alveoli contain surfactants which reduce surface tension from the fluid in the lungs |
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Term
| Cartilage tissue is derived from.. |
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Definition
| mesenchyme, which is an embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to most of the connective tissue cells |
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Term
| Blood transports lactic acid to the... |
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Definition
| liver, the cori cycle allows the conversion of lactate back into glucose, which can be carried back to muscles via the blood |
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Term
| The Glyoxylate cycle occurs in.. |
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Definition
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Term
| B-oxidation of fatty acids occurs in.. |
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Definition
| the matrix of the mitochondria |
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Term
| Fatty acid synthesis occurs in.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatty acids are metabolized into.. |
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Definition
| acetyl CoA units, which can then enter the citric acid cycle to generate ATP |
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Term
| ANIMALS CANNOT CONVERT FATTY ACIDS INTO GLUCOSE |
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Definition
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Definition
| the site on DNA at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription |
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Definition
vast treeless region that contains moss, lichen grass, and low lying shrubs
-very cold
-little rainfall and permafrost |
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| Thick nerve fibers produce.. |
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Definition
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Definition
| an animal learns to associate a voluntary activity with the consequences that follow (think reward and reinforcement) |
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Term
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Definition
| if an animal is exposed to a specific stimulus in its early development, it can form an association with that object |
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Definition
| a repeated stimulus creates a decreased response |
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Definition
| we see a physical response to a stimulus from the environment |
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Definition
| plant like protist that can be seen swimming in a pond |
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Definition
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Definition
| strongest bone in the face |
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Definition
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Definition
| lower and upper jaw attachment |
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Definition
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Definition
| black bread mold, obligate parasite |
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Definition
| involved in infections of mucous membranes |
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Definition
| involved in fermenting sugars into alcohol |
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Definition
-live in fresh water
-plant-like since chloroplasts are present and carry out photosynthesis
-lack a cell wall and are highly motile
-they have a flagellum for locomotion |
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Definition
ciliated protozoa
-paramecium relies on contractile vacuoles to rid the cell of excess water |
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Definition
is a flatworm that contains both male and female reproductive structures
-excretory system is composed of a network of tubular excretory canals that open the outside of the body, and contain flame cells that are involved in fluid excretion |
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Definition
| a multicelled organism that contains tentacles with specialized stinging cells called nematocysts |
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Definition
| second messenger that will activate Ca++ release from the ER |
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Term
| Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP will |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Features that allowed amphibians to conquer land |
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Definition
| -lungs, legs, redesigned heart, and an ability to develop a means to prevent drying of the skin |
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Term
| Gene that has potential to induce cancerous transformation |
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Definition
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Definition
| -precedes mating in most animals |
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Term
| Self-sacrificial behavior |
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Definition
| -members help other individuals survive and reproduce-at personal cost |
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Term
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Definition
| -allows dominant hierarchies to be maintained and will inhibit other animals from attacking |
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Definition
| -may or may not result in physical combat |
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Term
| Phase contrast microscopy |
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Definition
view live cells
-no staining is required |
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Term
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Definition
| live cells or flagella that are too thin to be seen by phase contrast microscopy |
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Term
| Electron Scanning microscopy |
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Definition
| may be employed to view microbial surfaces; cells are not alive |
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Term
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Definition
| reveal many organelles, but the chemical and physical methods employed kill the cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The magnesium-containing porphyrin ring of a chlorophyll is similar in structure to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Notocord develops from the.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nerve cord, belonging to the nervous system, develops from the.. |
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Definition
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Term
| The digestive tract has at least its epithelial layer develop from the.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Myxomycota, Acrasiomycota, Oomycota |
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Definition
are not fungi
-Myxomycota is plasmodial slime mold (protista)
-Acrasiomycota is cellular slime molds
-Oomycota is water molds |
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Term
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Definition
| appears mostly in the digestive tract ( small intestines) and hydrolyzes nucleotides (RNA and DNA) to their respective sugars, phosphates, and bases |
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Term
| Factors associated with blood clotting.. |
|
Definition
-Vitamin K
-Calcium, broken vessels are initial factors
-They jointly covert prothombin to the activated thrombin, which fibrinogen is triggered to fibrin to ultimately trap blood cells in the wounds |
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Term
| Detoxification is generally carried out by.. |
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Definition
| enzymes in the smooth ER. The liver cells are especially loaded with SER when the body takes in drugs or is poisoned |
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Term
| A repressor is inactive until... |
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Definition
| is binds with a co-repressor |
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Term
| Transcription resumes in the absence of.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitelline membrane is an outer layer positioned closest to.. |
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Definition
| the plasma membrane of a fertilized zygote. It is usually fully detached from the zygote upon the first mitotic division |
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Term
| Density-independent factors |
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Definition
| such as weather and climate, exert their influences on population size regardless of the population’s density |
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Term
| the effects of density-dependent factors |
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Definition
| intensify as the population increases in size |
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Term
| What is the final waste product of deamination in the liver prior to its removal from the excretory system? |
|
Definition
Urea
-both ammonia and cyanide are are toxic to the human body |
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Term
| Uric acid pertains to excretory systems needing.. |
|
Definition
| heavy water consumption such as in birds and reptiles |
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Term
| Coenocytic hypha mechanistically results from |
|
Definition
ongoing division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division
(multi-nucleated) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| basically act as perforated cross walls, turning the otherwise hypha into multicellular form |
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Term
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Definition
| modified ends penetrating the host tissue for nutrients absorption in fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| are clusters of interwoven hyphae significantly enhancing the haustoria process |
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Term
| Tropic hormones are targeted at |
|
Definition
| other endocrine glands where secondary hormones correspondingly secreted to regulate designated functions in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| basic components of cellulose also for protein fiber in hair and sperm |
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Term
|
Definition
| make up the microfilaments of actin and myosin and titan |
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Term
| Centriole and Flagellum relationship |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fertilization membrane via cortical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| swift acrosomal process of membrane depolarization of the egg cell |
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Term
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Definition
| photoautotrophic protist that reproduces asexual fragmentation, devoid of flagellated gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| a palatable species resembling the appearance of an unpalatable one |
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Term
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Definition
| two unpalatable species resembling eachother |
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Term
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Definition
| self-destruct after destroying foreign invaders with average life of only a few days |
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Term
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Definition
| long-living and develop from younger monocytes basically ingest foreign particles through phagocytosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pierce and rupture the bodys own cells |
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Term
| Circulating Basophils along with mast cells produce |
|
Definition
| and release histamine at damaged tissue area |
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Term
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Definition
| another type of leukocyte, designed primarily to fight against larger parasites via the discharge of destructive enzymes of the cell walls of the invaders, associated with limited phagocytotic behavior |
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Term
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Definition
gametophyte dominate and devoid of vascular tubes
-liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
-Heptatophyta and Anthocerophyta |
|
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Term
| Substrate Level phosphrylation occurs in |
|
Definition
| Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| fermentation of aerobic respiration |
|
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Term
| Each cytosolic NADH shuttling its electrons to ubiquinone of the electron transport chain will end up producing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each Pyruvate molecule is converted to |
|
Definition
| Acetyl Co-A before entering the Krebs cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| sister chromatids separate and move to opposite directions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes move to separate ends |
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Term
| Protein Fibers that support the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
| microfilaments and intermediate filaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| polysaccharides forming the exoskeleton of an arthropod, as well as the fungal cell wall |
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Term
|
Definition
| building blocks for cellulose |
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Term
|
Definition
| monera, there are blue-green algae that carry out plant like photosynthesis. THey also exhibit symbiotic relationship with fungi, collectively known as lichens |
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Term
| Darwinian theory on natural selection |
|
Definition
| successfully adapted individuals tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support |
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Term
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Definition
| absorbed by the villi then digested fats (glycerol and fatty acids) recombine to fats again, which are further packaged with cholesterols and proteins to form chylomicrons. As small globules, chylomicrons can now be transported through/along the lacteals to the lymphatic systems and to the blood stream systems |
|
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Term
| Cellular Slime Molds lack.. |
|
Definition
| flagellated stage of life (Acrasiomycota) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| photosynthetic algae supply nutrients to their fungal partners in return structure algae to foot successfully on harsh habitats |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| photosynthetic plants supply carbon sources to fungi which in return enhance plants root absorption of minerals and water from the soil |
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Term
| Human Breathing centers are located |
|
Definition
| in the medulla oblongata and pons |
|
|
Term
| Plant cell will...in hypotonic solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant cell will...in hypertonic solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant cell will...in hypotonic solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animal cell will..in hypotonic solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What from fats may enter the Krebs cycle upon its conversion to acetyl Co-A |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Certain amino acids can be synthesized through intermediates of glycolysis or Krebs cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sugars in excess can be converted into fats through intermediated in glycolysis or Krebs cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amino acids in excess may be deaminated to serve as intermediates for glycolysis or Krebs cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The generative cell undergoes one time of mitosis to produce two sperm cells that separately fertilize an egg cell and two polar nuclei through the aids of a pollen tube |
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Term
|
Definition
| trial and error learning associating a behavioral response with a consequence |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| attempting to link an unrelated stimulus with a normal one in eliciting a specific response from an animal |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of readymade antibodies, from one individual to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogenic growth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| located at the reaction center for plant photosystems, is the only known pigment that can directly take part in the light reactions |
|
|
Term
| Chlorophyll b and Carotenoids |
|
Definition
| peripheral pigments assisting chlorophyll a to absorb right amount of energy to bring one of its ground state electrons to the excited state, prior to loosing such electron to the primary electron acceptor next to it |
|
|
Term
| Number of ATP to produce one glucose in the calvin cycle |
|
Definition
18
-every three molecules of CO2 entering the calvin cycle requires 9 ATPS to ultimately form one G3P, a three carbon molecule |
|
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Term
| Early embryonic structures of chordata |
|
Definition
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord
-pharyngeal slits
-a notochord
-endoskeleton is associated to the skeletal structure of notochord |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| dry scrubland, hot and dry summe, mild and rainy winter |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| shallow, well-lit water, and close to shore |
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Term
|
Definition
| moderation in climate changes, marked variation observed only and or usually along vertical stratification |
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Term
|
Definition
| river mouth, intermediate salinity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| shallow, murky water, and phytoplankton rich |
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Term
| Male sex hormones are produced by |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| process associated with autotrophs, where carbon dioxide is turned into organic molecules mostly through photosynthesis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Do not fix carbon
-fermentation
-antibiotics production
-decomposition
-symbiosis (lichens) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-hair
-mammary glands
-diaphragm
-single bone lower jaw |
|
|
Term
| What structure develops into fruit in plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure of plants turns into seeds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
Definition
| the inward budding of plasma membrane vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being internalized |
|
|
Term
| A dihybrid cross results in a 3:1 ratio, between two heterozygotes, WHY? |
|
Definition
Normal dihybrid results in 9:3:3:1
-but here both gene loci are on the same chromosome so they dont assort independently and give a monohybrid cross result |
|
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Term
|
Definition
to produce villi for implantation
-upon penetrating the uterine lining, the trophoblast thickens and extends fingerlike projection into the endometrial tissue before the placenta can begin dividing from there |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -as the polypeptide chain grows from a bound ribosome, it is threaded through the rough ER membrane into the cisternal space where the protein folds into its native conformation. An oligosaccaride is further attached to it to form a glycoprotein. |
|
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Term
| The formation of the fertilization membrane |
|
Definition
| associated with the cortical reaction that orchestrates the slow block to polyspermy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| following the penetration of the jelly coat through the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes by the acrosome, the plasma membrane of the sperm and egg fuse where the sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm of the egg. Fusing of the gametes membranes also triggers depolarization of the egg membrane that brings about the fast block to polyspermy |
|
|
Term
| The orderliness of life is maintained through |
|
Definition
| uncoordinated movements of molecules in the surroundings |
|
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Term
| Who has cell walls outside their plasma membrane to maintain its structure when put in a hypotonic solution? |
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Definition
| plants, bacteria, algae or fungi |
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secretes HCG to sustain the corpus luteum
-the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone to maintain the endometrium |
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Definition
| will first digest the yolk before having the nutrients supplied to the growing embryo through blood vessels developed within the membrane |
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| Allantois function in bird |
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Definition
| disposal sac for uric acid |
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Term
| Together the allantois and chorion form |
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Definition
| a respiratory organ that oxygenates the embryo |
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Term
| The filtrate pH of the nephronic tubules is controlled by |
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Definition
| -reabsorption of bicarbonate ions and secretion of H ions |
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Definition
| produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen and proteoglycans |
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| Release of Renin is triggered by |
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Definition
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| mRNA nucleotide sequence for 100 amino acid protein |
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Definition
303 amino acids
-3 extra for stop codon |
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Term
| If you initiate and action potential in the middle of an axon, what happens? |
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Definition
| transmission of an action potential in both directions |
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Term
| At birth, the ovary contains.. |
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Definition
| all the cells it will ever have to develop into eggs. Oogenesis has long resting periods. |
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Term
| Between birth and puberty, a woman, all primary oocytes... |
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Definition
| enlarge while the follicles around them grow in proportionate size. The primary oocytes replicate their DNA and enter prophase 1 of meiosis. The meiotic stage does not change till each oocyte is periodically reactivated/stimulated by FSH to grow into a secondary oocyte where the first meiotic division is completed. |
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| When the body does not take in any water, the urine excreted will at its highest concentration be |
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Definition
isotonic to the interstitial fluid of the inner medulla
-the body will attempt to correct this by keeping the solute concentration and reducing the water output. Urea consistently leaks out of the lower collecting ducts, thereby enhancing the high interstitial osmolarity of the inner medulla. This results in water moving out from the filtrate that is on its way to the renal pelvis. As such, the urine excreted will at most have its osmolarity equal to the interstitial fluid of the inner medulla |
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Definition
| ATP hydrolysis powers cellular metabolic processes in the human body |
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| Genes conferring resistance to antibiotics can be transferred to other bacteria by.. |
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Definition
| conjugation and transformation |
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Term
| A male zygote has XXY, how is this possible? |
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Definition
| non-disjunction of meiosis II is spermatogenesis |
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Term
| Final step in initiation is translation |
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Definition
Large Ribosomal subunit joins
-First, small ribosomal binds to 5' end of mRNA
-about the same time, initiator tRNA, has its UAC anticodon base base with initiator AUG. The initiator complex is joined by the large ribosomal subunit such the the initiator tRNA sits in the P site of the ribosome with a vacant A site ready for the next tRNA |
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Term
| Gastrulation of Frog embryo |
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Definition
-First, formation of dorsal lip on one side of the blastopore
-Then, cells rolling in over the blastopore
-Then. the lip of the blastopore encircling a plug of yolk cells |
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Term
| Gastrulation of Sea Urchin Embryo |
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Definition
-Formation of vegetable and animal pole
-Formation of the digestive tube from the endoderm of the archenteron |
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Term
| Embryonic pattern formation |
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Definition
| development of the spatial arrangement of limbs along the body |
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Term
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Definition
| development of neural plate in the presence of rudimentary notochord |
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Definition
| development of a group of cells to a neural plate regardless of where they are positioned |
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Term
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Definition
| development of a group of cells into specialized structure and function |
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Term
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Definition
| invaginations and evaginations of tissues layers throughout development |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccarides and disaccarides |
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Term
| Longer loops of Henle would... |
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Definition
| enable more water to be reabsorbed through osmosis as the descending limbs (permeable to water only) penetrate the adrenal medulla. In that case, the longer loops of henle, the larger/thicker the medulla will be. |
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Definition
| pseudocoelmates, typically adopt jaws and a crown of cilia in their feeding mechanisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms a flat disc with an upper layers of cells, the epiblast, and a lower layer, the hypoblast about the time the blastocyst implants itself into the uterus. The embryo proper will develop entirely from epiblast cells, whereas the hypoblast cells give rise to the yolk sac |
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Term
| Platelets and enzymes are...proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| Collagen, actin, myosin and keratin are...proteins |
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Definition
| fibrous and play structural support |
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Term
| What secretes digestive enzymes |
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Definition
| salivary glands, stomach, small intestine, and pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
-production of albumins
-deamination of amino acids
-breakdown of hemoglobin
-detoxification of drugs
-stores glucose and other vitamins
-synthesizes angiotensinogen |
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Term
| Final pathway for all carbon derivatives of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins undergoing aerobic respiration.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three primary buffer systems in the human body |
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Definition
| bicarbonates, phosphates, and the proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer Hydrogen from toxins to oxygen to make hydrogen peroxide |
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Definition
| the primary use of symbolic activity such as display (or exaggerated posture) that makes one look fierce along with some threatening vocalization |
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Term
| ADH is synthesized in the.. |
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Definition
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Definition
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| When human eyes are viewing a distane object.. |
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Definition
| the ciliary muscles relax and the lens is pulled into a flatter shape by the suspensory ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
| When B cells and T cells are activated by a pathogen, memory B-cells and T- cells develop. Throughout the lifetime of an animal these memory cells will “remember” each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. This type of immunity is both active and adaptive because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges. Active immunity often involves both the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity as well as input from the innate immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of readymade antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism in recognizing its own constituent parts as self, which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an autoimmune disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| ovivipary, is a mode of reproduction in animals in which embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch. Ovoviviparous animals are similar to viviparous species in that there is internal fertilization and the young are born live, but differ in that there is no placental connection and the unborn young are nourished by egg yolk; the mother's body does provide gas exchange (respiration), but that is largely necessary for oviparous animals as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| In animals, it means development of the embryo inside the body of the mother, eventually leading to live birth, as opposed to laying eggs. In plants, it means reproduction via embryos, such as buds, that develop from the outset without interruption, as opposed to germinating externally from a seed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oviparous animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother. This is the reproductive method of most fish, amphibians, reptiles, all birds, the monotremes, and most insects, some molluscs and arachnids. |
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Term
| What accounts for the majority of the ecosystems nitrogen |
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Definition
| decomposition of organic nitrogen to ammonium |
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