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DAT bio
n/a
232
Biology
Graduate
08/17/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Leukocytes are the main components of the immune system ( T/F)
Definition
True
Term
Platelets and damaged tissue release what clotting factor?
Definition
Thromboplastin
Term
What are the three diff types of blood cells?
Definition
Erythrocytes ( RBC), Leukocytes, lymphocytes ( WBC), and platelets ( involved in clot formation)
Term
What does Thromboplastin activate from the liver?
Definition
Prothrombin ( alpha cells) to thrombin
Term
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin ( T/F)
Definition
True
Term
what traps the blood cells to form a clot?
Definition
fibrin
Term
What are the two cofactors needed for the the release of thromboplastin?
Definition
Calcium and vitamin k
Term
humoral and cell-mediated are the 2 components that make up the immune system
Definition
True
Term
Humoral immunity
Definition
involves the production of antibodies ( very specific)
Term
Cell mediated immunity
Definition
involves cells that combat fungal and viral infection ( non-specific)
Term
Antibodies are also called....
Definition
immunoglobulins
Term
Active immunity
Definition
The production of Igs during an immune response
Term
Passive immunity
Definition
the transfer of Igs produced by another individual. ex: acquired during pregnancy
Term
Gamma globulins
Definition
Igs used to temporarily to protect against hepatitis and other diseases.
Term
Nonspecific defenses against foreign materials
Definition
-Skin
-ciliated mucous-coated epithelia
-Macrophages
-Inflammation
-Interferons
Term
What are interferons?
Definition
proteins that are produced under viral attack. they help prevent the spread of virus
Term
allergic reaction
Definition
preceded by the release of histamine from antibodies
Term
Immuno-suppressing drugs
Definition
used to lower the immune response to transplants
Term
Universal recipient
Definition
Blood type AB
Term
Universal donor
Definition
Blood type O
Term
Rh factor
Definition
Women that are Rh- are at risk when they carry a Rh+ baby. the blood system of the child will sensitize her blood system causing her to make Rh+ antibodies
Term
What do endocrine glands synthesize and secrete?
Definition
hormones
Term
What are the 2 components of the adrenal glands?
Definition
adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
Term
Adrenal cortex ( stimulated by ACTH) synthesize corticosteroids which include:
Definition
glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and cortical sex hormones.
Term
Glucorticoids raise the blood and plasma levels and are antagonistic to the effect of insulin ( T/F)
Definition
True
Term
mineralcorticoids is the same thin as
Definition
aldosterone

It regulates the plasma levels of sodium and potassium and also total extracellular water volume.
Term
Excess production of aldosterone causes
Definition
excess retention of water causing high blood pressure
Term
What does adrenal medulla produce?
Definition
epinephrine ( adrenaline) and norepinephrine ( noreadrenaline). These are part of the cathecholamine class
Term
Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
Definition
FLAT PiG
Term
Tropic hormones
Definition
FLAT and melanocyte stimulating hormone ( MSH)
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
a disorder characterized by the overproduction of GH in adults
Term
Prolactin
Definition
stimulates milk production and secretion in females.
Term
The posterior pituitary/ neurohypophysis
Definition
does not produce any hormones

It stores and releases oxytocin and ADH

But releases oxytocin and ADH ( vasopresin)
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
uterine muscle contraction
Term
What does the thyroid gland produce
Definition
thyroxin, thyroid hormones and calcitonin
Term
Thyroid hormones are needed for....
Definition
growth and neurological development in children
Term
hypothyroidism
Definition
thyroid hormones are not secreted or undersecreted

called cretinism in infants
Term
enlargement of the thyroid
Definition
goiter
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
decreases plasma Ca concentration by inhibiting the release of Ca from the bone.
Term
( T/F) glucagon and insulin are made in the islet of langerhans in the pancreas
Definition
True
Term
underproduction of insulin would lead to....
Definition
diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemia
Term
function of bile
Definition
bile is involved in the digestion of fats and is made in the gallbladder.
Term
What does the pineal gland secrete?
Definition
melatonin

believed to play a role in the regulation of circadian rythmns
Term
what are the two majors types of hormones based on their chemical structure
Definition
peptide and steroid
Term
NEURONS
Definition
Functional unit of the nervous system
Term
resting membrane potential
Definition
- 70 mV

inside of the neuron is more - than the outside
Term
Curare
Definition
blocks the postsynaptic acetycholine receptors

This leads to paralysis ( blocking nerve impulses to muscles)
Term
Botulism toxin
Definition
prevents the release of acetylcholine

results in paralysis
Term
Anti-cholinesterase
Definition
inhibits the function of the enzyme cholinesterase
Term
afferent neurons
Definition
sensory neurons
Term
Efferent neurons
Definition
motor neurons
Term
A network of nerve fibers
Definition
plexus
Term
what are the three components that make up the brain
Definition
forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
Term
forebrain
Definition
telencephalon and diencephalon
Term
major part of the telecephalon
Definition
cerebral cortex
- processes and integrates sensory inputs and motor responses.
Term
diencephalon
Definition
thalamus and hypothalamus
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Mesencephalon

relay center for visual and auditory impulses.
Term
Hindbrain consits of
Definition
cerebellum, medulla, pons
Term
Cerebellum function
Definition
motor control
Term
relay center to allow the cortex to communicate with the cerebellum
Definition
Pons
Term
medulla
Definition
breathing, heart rate, and gastrointestinal activity
Term
midbrain, pons, and medulla make up the...
Definition
brainstem
Term
Consists of nerves and ganglia
Definition
PNS
Term
PNS is divided in two parts
Definition
somatic and autonomic
Term
innervates skeletal muscles and responsible for voluntary movement
Definition
Somatic nervous system
Term
Autonomic
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system
Definition
norepinephrine
Term
primary neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
acytelcholamine
Term
beneath the sclera is what layer?
Definition
choroid layer
- helps supply the retina with blood
Term
innermost layer of the eye
Definition
Retina
- contains photoreceptors which sense
light
- transduce light into action potential
Term
cornea
Definition
bends and focuses light rays
Term
light makes the pupil dilate ( T/F)
Definition
False
it makes constrict
Term
It focuses the image onto the retina
Definition
lens
Term
2 types of photoreceptors
Definition
cones and rods
Term
Axons of the ganglion cells in the eye bundle to form
Definition
optic nerves which send visual information to the brain.
Term
Point at which the optic nerves exit the eye is called....
Definition
blind spot
Term
densily packed with cones
Definition
fovea
Term
function of the vitrous humor
Definition
maintains shape and optical properties of the eye
Term
Image is focused in front of the retina
Definition
Myopia ( nearsightedness)
Term
image is focused behind the retina
Definition
hyperopia ( farsightedness)
Term
what is astigmatism
Definition
caused by an irregularly shaped cornea
Term
damage of the optic nerve
Definition
glaucoma
Term
cataracts
Definition
lens become opaque
light cant enter the eye
blindness results
Term
( T/F)
ear transduces pressure waves impulses perceived by the brain as sound
Definition
True
Term
Sound waves pass through....
Definition
auricle --> auditory canal --> tympanic membrane ( vibrates). Ossicles ( malleus, incus, stapes) amplify the stimilus --> oval window --> fluid filled inner ear ( cochlea and vestibular apparatus) --> hair cells stimulated in the basilar membrane --> auditory nerves --> brain
Term
Vestibular apparatus
Definition
maintain equilibrium
Term
Hair cells
Definition
transduce pressure into action potentials.
Term
Unicellular organisms possess an organized nervous system ( T/F)
Definition
False

Example: protozoa
Term
They possess nerve nets
Definition
cnidarians
Term
Possess primitive CNS
Definition
Annelids
earthworm
Term
[Arthropods] tracheae open to the surfaces in openings called spiracles ( t/f)
Definition
true
Term
Ventilation of the lungs
Definition
breathing
- air inhaled and exhaled
Term
Ventilation is regulated by neurons located in the....
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
what is the motion of locomotion for protozoans and primitive algae?
Definition
cilia and flagella
Term
Movement by flagella is achieved by?
Definition
power stroke
- thrusting movement generated by the sliding of microtubules
Term
Movement by flagella is achieved by?
Definition
power stroke
- thrusting movement generated by the sliding of microtubules
Term
Movement by flagella is achieved by?
Definition
power stroke
- thrusting movement generated by the sliding of microtubules
Term
Movement by flagella is achieved by?
Definition
power stroke
- thrusting movement generated by the sliding of microtubules
Term
Movement by flagella is achieved by?
Definition
power stroke
- thrusting movement generated by the sliding of microtubules
Term
flatworms are arranged in two layers: longitudinal and circular ( T/F)
Definition
True
Term
Flatworms don't have hydrostatic skeletons (t/f)
Definition
true
Term
Segmented worms ( annelids) possess what in the lower part of each of their segments?
Definition
setae
- anchor temporarily under earth
Term
Exoskeleton are found principally in arthropods (t/f)
Definition
true
Term
what is necessary for organisms with exoskeleton to have in order to have a normal body growth?
Definition
molting
Term
How does bone form?
Definition
endochondral or intramembranous ossification
Term
muscles attaching to stationary bone
Definition
origin
Term
muscle attaching to movable bone
Definition
insertion
Term
straightening of a joint
Definition
extension
Term
bending of a joint
Definition
flexion
Term
hydra uses intra and extracellular digestion.
it also uses tentacles ( t/f)
Definition
true
Term
earthworms have two way digestive tract with both a mouth and an anus.
Definition
false
Term
intestine of worms contains a dorsal fold needed for increase in surface area
Definition
typholosole
Term
gizzard of annelids is analogous to stomach
Definition
true
Term
accessory organs involved in human digestion...
Definition
salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder.
Term
ptyalin
Definition
salivary amylase that hydrolyzes starch to maltose
Term
peristalsis
Definition
rhythmic waves of involuntary muscular contraction in the esophagus
Term
what does the pancreas produce?
Definition
amylase - carbohydrate digestion
trypsin - protein digestion
lipase - fat digestion
Term
It provides transient storage of feces before elimination through the anus.
Definition
rectum
Term
rhizoid exhibit what kind of digestion?
Definition
extracellular
Term
venus flytrap ( autotroph) uses what kind digestion?
Definition
extracellular
- traps insects and uses them as a source of nitrate.
Term
Aerobic respiration leads to the production of....
Definition
carbon dioxide and water
Term
Deamination of amino acids in the liver to the production of..
Definition
nitrogenous wastes like urea and ammonia
Term
In earthworm what excrete water, mineral salts, and nitrogenous wastes?
Definition
two pairs of nephridia
Term
Nitrogenous wastes are excreted in the form of solid uric acid in what organisms?
Definition
Arthropods
Term
What maintains osmolarity of blood?
Definition
kidneys
Term
Nephron
Definition
single unit of a kidney
Term
What are the three regions of the kidney?
Definition
cortex, medulla and renal pelvis
Term
What are the three processes that lead to urine formation
Definition
filtration, secretion, and reabsorption
Term
Where does reabsorption occur?
Definition
proximal convoluted tubules
Term
tissue osomolarity increases from cortex to inner medulla when solutes exit and reenter at different segments of the nephron
Definition
True
Term
where is the osmolarity of urine established?
Definition
in the collecting tubules by means of counter-current multiplier system
Term
ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed and more concentrated urine to be formed
Definition
true
Term
where is a simple reflex controlled?
Definition
in the spinal chord
Term
Complex reflex patterns don't involve neural integration at higher levels
Definition
False

they do
Term
reticular activating system
Definition
when startle response activates many neurons
Term
Fixed-action patterns are likely to be modified by learning.
Definition
false
Term
retrieval and maintenance response of female bird to an egg of their species

swimming action of fish

flying actions of locusts
Definition
example of fixed action pattern
Term
Daily cycles of behavior
Definition
circadian rythmns
Term
Learned behavior involves adaptive responses to the environment (T/F)
Definition
true
Term
Habituation
Definition
involves suppression of the normal startle responses to stimuli
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
pavlovian conditioning
Term
conditioned reflex
Definition
response learned through pavlovian conditioning
Term
neutral stimulus is able to elicit a response before conditioning
Definition
pseudoconditioning
Term
operant/ instrumental conditioning
Definition
The use of reward or reinforcement
Term
Who introcuded the principles of operant conditioning?
Definition
B F skinner
Term
organism physiologically able to develop specific behavioral patterns.
Definition
Critical period
Term
Intraspecific interactions
Definition
occur as a means of communication between members of a species
Term
social hierarchy within a group of species
Definition
pecking order
Term
This chemical substance influences the behavior of other members of the same species
Definition
pheromones
Term
What are the two types of pheromones?
Definition
releaser and primer
Term
sex attractant, alarm, and toxic defensive pheromones fall under which type of pheromones?
Definition
releaser
Term
produces long term behavioral and physiological alterations
Definition
primer pheromones
Term
What is the individual unit of an ecological system?
Definition
an organism
Term
A group of organisms of the same species living together
Definition
population
Term
populations of different species interacting with each other
Definition
community
Term
An ecosytem includes the community and its environment ( t/f)
Definition
true
Term
What is the biosphere?
Definition
it includes all portions of the planet which support life
atmosphere
lithosphere ( rock and soil surface)
hydrosphere ( oceans)
Term
Temperature of a geographic location depends on what?
Definition
latitude and altitude
Term
The photic zone in water
Definition
is the top layer through which water can penetrate
aquatic photosynthetic activity takes place there
Term
The aphotic zone is
Definition
bottom layer
animal and heterotrophic life exist
Term
What can significantly lower oxygen content in water and threaten aquatic life?
Definition
Pollution
Term
What determines the nature of plant and animal life in the soil?
Definition
substratum ( soil or rock)
Term
What affects soil?
Definition
acidity, texture, minerals and humus.
Term
The functional role of an organism in an ecosytem
Definition
niche
Term
niche is the same thing as habitat ( t/f)
Definition
FALSE
Term
Two species can occupy the same niche (t/f)
Definition
False
only 1 per niche
Term
Species occupying similar niches compete for resource ( t/f)
Definition
true
Term
What happens when one species competitively drive another species out
Definition
extinction
Term
what are the 3 types of heterotrophs?
Definition
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
Term
symbiotic bacteria are able to do what?
Definition
break down cellulose found in the digestive tract of herbivores
Term
What are the major types of interspecific interaction?
Definition
symbiosis, predation, saprophytism, and scavenging
Term
What are the 3 types of symbiosis?
Definition
commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism
Term
One organism is benefited by the association and the other one is not affected
Definition
commensalism
Term
both organisms derive some benefit
Definition
mutualism
Term
lichen
Definition
combination of fungus and algae ( example of mutualism)
Term
fungi are heterotrophs thus cannot photosynthesize ( t/f)
Definition
true
Term
parasites clinging to the exterior surface of the host
Definition
ectoparasites
Term
(t/f) parasitism is advantageous and efficient
Definition
true
Term
all viruses are parasites
Definition
true
Term
saprophytic
Definition
bacteria or fungi of decay
Term
ringworm benefit man ( t/f)
Definition
false.
ringworms are parasitic
Term
protists and fungi that decompose or digest dead organic matter externally and absorb the nutrients
Definition
saprophytes
Term
they consume dead organisms
Definition
scavengers
Term
poikilotherms
Definition
ccold blooded animals
Term
who are producers in the food chain?
Definition
autotrophic plants and chemosynthetic bacteria
Term
Primary producers are those that cosume green plants (t/f)
Definition
true
Term
saprophytes, fungi and bacteria are decomposers
Definition
true
Term
pyramids of energy
Definition
producer organism at the base contains the greatest amount of energy
Term
climax community
Definition
stable part of a an ecosystem
Term
spruce
Definition
single coniferous tree in taiga
Term
major types of aquatic biomes?
Definition
marine and freshwater
Term
photic zone contains plankton, nekton, and diatom
Definition
true
Term
benthos
Definition
crawling and sessile organisms
Term
cell turgor
Definition
cell pressure
Term
what are the five different kingdoms?
Definition
morena, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
Term
single celled prokaryotes that reproduce asexually, bacteria
Definition
monera
Term
eukaryotes which exhibit both plant-like and animal like characteristics
Definition
protistas
Term
non-photosynthetic, resemble plants, either saprophytic or parasitic
Definition
fungi
Term
multicellular, differentiated, and photosynthetic
Definition
plantae
Term
this organism can photosynthesize and move like an animal
Definition
euglena
Term
protist resembling fungi
Definition
slime mold
Term
radially symmetrical
Definition
echinoderms
Term
possess long digestive tube and anus
Definition
nematoda ( round worms)
Term
bilateral symmetry, 3 layers, no circulatory system
Definition
plathyhelminthes ( flatworms)
Term
they possess a coelum ( true body cavity)
Definition
annelida ( segemented worms)
Term
they are softbodied and possess mantles which secretes calcareous ( calcium carbonate) exoskeletons
Definition
mollusks
Term
they have jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeleton and open circulatory systems
Definition
arthropods
- insects
- arachnids
- crustecians
Term
they have the capacity to regenerate
Definition
echinoderms
Term
All chordates are vertebrates
Definition
False
Term
They possess 2 chambered heart, gills, and utilize external fertilization for reproduction
Definition
Fish
Term
lamprey and hagfish are agnathans
Definition
True
Term
Shark is what type of fish
Definition
cartilaginous fish
Term
larva stage of amphibians is
Definition
tadpole
Term
it has three chambered heart,lungs, 2 legs, and eggs are laid in water
Definition
ampphibians
Term
utilize internal fertilization, poikilotherms ( cold blooded), have scales, and three chambered heart, lay leathery eggs
Definition
Reptiles
Term
they possess four chambered heart, homeothermic ( warm blooded), and eggs are surrounded by shells
Definition
Birds
Term
feed their offspring with milk produced in mammary glands
Definition
Mammals
Term
three types of mammals
Definition
monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals.
Term
the only mammal that lay eggs
Definition
platypus and spiny anteater ( monotremes)
Term
Process in which minerals replace the cells of an organism
Definition
petrification
Term
forms in hollow spaces of rocks
Definition
molds
Term
cast
Definition
formed by minerals deposited in molds
Term
when two similar species can longer interbreed
Definition
reproductive isolation
Term
used to classify organisms based on their phylogenetic relationship
Definition
Cladistics

- cladograms
subtree is a clade
Term
use/ disuse or inheritance of acquired characteristics
Definition
lamarck----he was wrong
Term
sum of all the alleles in a population
Definition
gene pool
Term
Five conditions to have a hardy weinberg population?
Definition
- large population
- no mutation
- random mating
- no net migration of individuals intoor out of population
- all genes equally succesful at reproducing
Term
What are the agents of microevolutionary change?
Definition
natural selection, mutation, assortive mating, genetic drift, and gene flow.
Term
What is a deme?
Definition
small local population

beavers on a specific portion of a river
Term
What factors lead to speciation?
Definition
genetic variation, adaptation to new environments, migration and adaptation to new environment, natural selection and isolation
Term
A single species may diverge into a number of distinct species
Definition
Adaptive radiation
Term
Genetic isolation often arise from geographic isolation
Definition
True
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