Term
| Leukocytes are the main components of the immune system ( T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Platelets and damaged tissue release what clotting factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three diff types of blood cells? |
|
Definition
| Erythrocytes ( RBC), Leukocytes, lymphocytes ( WBC), and platelets ( involved in clot formation) |
|
|
Term
| What does Thromboplastin activate from the liver? |
|
Definition
| Prothrombin ( alpha cells) to thrombin |
|
|
Term
| Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin ( T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what traps the blood cells to form a clot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two cofactors needed for the the release of thromboplastin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| humoral and cell-mediated are the 2 components that make up the immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the production of antibodies ( very specific) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves cells that combat fungal and viral infection ( non-specific) |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies are also called.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The production of Igs during an immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of Igs produced by another individual. ex: acquired during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Igs used to temporarily to protect against hepatitis and other diseases. |
|
|
Term
| Nonspecific defenses against foreign materials |
|
Definition
-Skin
-ciliated mucous-coated epithelia
-Macrophages
-Inflammation
-Interferons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that are produced under viral attack. they help prevent the spread of virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preceded by the release of histamine from antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to lower the immune response to transplants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Women that are Rh- are at risk when they carry a Rh+ baby. the blood system of the child will sensitize her blood system causing her to make Rh+ antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What do endocrine glands synthesize and secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 components of the adrenal glands? |
|
Definition
| adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal cortex ( stimulated by ACTH) synthesize corticosteroids which include: |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and cortical sex hormones. |
|
|
Term
| Glucorticoids raise the blood and plasma levels and are antagonistic to the effect of insulin ( T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mineralcorticoids is the same thin as |
|
Definition
aldosterone
It regulates the plasma levels of sodium and potassium and also total extracellular water volume. |
|
|
Term
| Excess production of aldosterone causes |
|
Definition
| excess retention of water causing high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| What does adrenal medulla produce? |
|
Definition
| epinephrine ( adrenaline) and norepinephrine ( noreadrenaline). These are part of the cathecholamine class |
|
|
Term
| Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| FLAT and melanocyte stimulating hormone ( MSH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder characterized by the overproduction of GH in adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates milk production and secretion in females. |
|
|
Term
| The posterior pituitary/ neurohypophysis |
|
Definition
does not produce any hormones
It stores and releases oxytocin and ADH
But releases oxytocin and ADH ( vasopresin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uterine muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| What does the thyroid gland produce |
|
Definition
| thyroxin, thyroid hormones and calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormones are needed for.... |
|
Definition
| growth and neurological development in children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thyroid hormones are not secreted or undersecreted
called cretinism in infants |
|
|
Term
| enlargement of the thyroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases plasma Ca concentration by inhibiting the release of Ca from the bone. |
|
|
Term
| ( T/F) glucagon and insulin are made in the islet of langerhans in the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| underproduction of insulin would lead to.... |
|
Definition
| diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bile is involved in the digestion of fats and is made in the gallbladder. |
|
|
Term
| What does the pineal gland secrete? |
|
Definition
melatonin
believed to play a role in the regulation of circadian rythmns |
|
|
Term
| what are the two majors types of hormones based on their chemical structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional unit of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| resting membrane potential |
|
Definition
- 70 mV
inside of the neuron is more - than the outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blocks the postsynaptic acetycholine receptors
This leads to paralysis ( blocking nerve impulses to muscles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prevents the release of acetylcholine
results in paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits the function of the enzyme cholinesterase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A network of nerve fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three components that make up the brain |
|
Definition
| forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| telencephalon and diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| major part of the telecephalon |
|
Definition
cerebral cortex
- processes and integrates sensory inputs and motor responses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thalamus and hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mesencephalon
relay center for visual and auditory impulses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebellum, medulla, pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relay center to allow the cortex to communicate with the cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breathing, heart rate, and gastrointestinal activity |
|
|
Term
| midbrain, pons, and medulla make up the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Consists of nerves and ganglia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PNS is divided in two parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| innervates skeletal muscles and responsible for voluntary movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beneath the sclera is what layer? |
|
Definition
choroid layer
- helps supply the retina with blood |
|
|
Term
| innermost layer of the eye |
|
Definition
Retina
- contains photoreceptors which sense
light
- transduce light into action potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bends and focuses light rays |
|
|
Term
| light makes the pupil dilate ( T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It focuses the image onto the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of photoreceptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Axons of the ganglion cells in the eye bundle to form |
|
Definition
| optic nerves which send visual information to the brain. |
|
|
Term
| Point at which the optic nerves exit the eye is called.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| densily packed with cones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of the vitrous humor |
|
Definition
| maintains shape and optical properties of the eye |
|
|
Term
| Image is focused in front of the retina |
|
Definition
| Myopia ( nearsightedness) |
|
|
Term
| image is focused behind the retina |
|
Definition
| hyperopia ( farsightedness) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by an irregularly shaped cornea |
|
|
Term
| damage of the optic nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lens become opaque
light cant enter the eye
blindness results |
|
|
Term
( T/F)
ear transduces pressure waves impulses perceived by the brain as sound |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sound waves pass through.... |
|
Definition
| auricle --> auditory canal --> tympanic membrane ( vibrates). Ossicles ( malleus, incus, stapes) amplify the stimilus --> oval window --> fluid filled inner ear ( cochlea and vestibular apparatus) --> hair cells stimulated in the basilar membrane --> auditory nerves --> brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transduce pressure into action potentials. |
|
|
Term
| Unicellular organisms possess an organized nervous system ( T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [Arthropods] tracheae open to the surfaces in openings called spiracles ( t/f) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breathing
- air inhaled and exhaled |
|
|
Term
| Ventilation is regulated by neurons located in the.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the motion of locomotion for protozoans and primitive algae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movement by flagella is achieved by? |
|
Definition
power stroke
- thrusting movement generated by the sliding of microtubules |
|
|
Term
| Movement by flagella is achieved by? |
|
Definition
power stroke
- thrusting movement generated by the sliding of microtubules |
|
|
Term
| Movement by flagella is achieved by? |
|
Definition
power stroke
- thrusting movement generated by the sliding of microtubules |
|
|
Term
| Movement by flagella is achieved by? |
|
Definition
power stroke
- thrusting movement generated by the sliding of microtubules |
|
|
Term
| Movement by flagella is achieved by? |
|
Definition
power stroke
- thrusting movement generated by the sliding of microtubules |
|
|
Term
| flatworms are arranged in two layers: longitudinal and circular ( T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flatworms don't have hydrostatic skeletons (t/f) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Segmented worms ( annelids) possess what in the lower part of each of their segments? |
|
Definition
setae
- anchor temporarily under earth |
|
|
Term
| Exoskeleton are found principally in arthropods (t/f) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is necessary for organisms with exoskeleton to have in order to have a normal body growth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endochondral or intramembranous ossification |
|
|
Term
| muscles attaching to stationary bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscle attaching to movable bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hydra uses intra and extracellular digestion.
it also uses tentacles ( t/f) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| earthworms have two way digestive tract with both a mouth and an anus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intestine of worms contains a dorsal fold needed for increase in surface area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gizzard of annelids is analogous to stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| accessory organs involved in human digestion... |
|
Definition
| salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| salivary amylase that hydrolyzes starch to maltose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rhythmic waves of involuntary muscular contraction in the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas produce? |
|
Definition
amylase - carbohydrate digestion
trypsin - protein digestion
lipase - fat digestion |
|
|
Term
| It provides transient storage of feces before elimination through the anus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rhizoid exhibit what kind of digestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| venus flytrap ( autotroph) uses what kind digestion? |
|
Definition
extracellular
- traps insects and uses them as a source of nitrate. |
|
|
Term
| Aerobic respiration leads to the production of.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deamination of amino acids in the liver to the production of.. |
|
Definition
| nitrogenous wastes like urea and ammonia |
|
|
Term
| In earthworm what excrete water, mineral salts, and nitrogenous wastes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrogenous wastes are excreted in the form of solid uric acid in what organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What maintains osmolarity of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three regions of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| cortex, medulla and renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| What are the three processes that lead to urine formation |
|
Definition
| filtration, secretion, and reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Where does reabsorption occur? |
|
Definition
| proximal convoluted tubules |
|
|
Term
| tissue osomolarity increases from cortex to inner medulla when solutes exit and reenter at different segments of the nephron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the osmolarity of urine established? |
|
Definition
| in the collecting tubules by means of counter-current multiplier system |
|
|
Term
| ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed and more concentrated urine to be formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is a simple reflex controlled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complex reflex patterns don't involve neural integration at higher levels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reticular activating system |
|
Definition
| when startle response activates many neurons |
|
|
Term
| Fixed-action patterns are likely to be modified by learning. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
retrieval and maintenance response of female bird to an egg of their species
swimming action of fish
flying actions of locusts |
|
Definition
| example of fixed action pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Learned behavior involves adaptive responses to the environment (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves suppression of the normal startle responses to stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| response learned through pavlovian conditioning |
|
|
Term
| neutral stimulus is able to elicit a response before conditioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| operant/ instrumental conditioning |
|
Definition
| The use of reward or reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| Who introcuded the principles of operant conditioning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organism physiologically able to develop specific behavioral patterns. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intraspecific interactions |
|
Definition
| occur as a means of communication between members of a species |
|
|
Term
| social hierarchy within a group of species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This chemical substance influences the behavior of other members of the same species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of pheromones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sex attractant, alarm, and toxic defensive pheromones fall under which type of pheromones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| produces long term behavioral and physiological alterations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the individual unit of an ecological system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A group of organisms of the same species living together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| populations of different species interacting with each other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An ecosytem includes the community and its environment ( t/f) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
it includes all portions of the planet which support life
atmosphere
lithosphere ( rock and soil surface)
hydrosphere ( oceans) |
|
|
Term
| Temperature of a geographic location depends on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is the top layer through which water can penetrate
aquatic photosynthetic activity takes place there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bottom layer
animal and heterotrophic life exist |
|
|
Term
| What can significantly lower oxygen content in water and threaten aquatic life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the nature of plant and animal life in the soil? |
|
Definition
| substratum ( soil or rock) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acidity, texture, minerals and humus. |
|
|
Term
| The functional role of an organism in an ecosytem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| niche is the same thing as habitat ( t/f) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two species can occupy the same niche (t/f) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Species occupying similar niches compete for resource ( t/f) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when one species competitively drive another species out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 types of heterotrophs? |
|
Definition
| herbivores, carnivores, omnivores |
|
|
Term
| symbiotic bacteria are able to do what? |
|
Definition
| break down cellulose found in the digestive tract of herbivores |
|
|
Term
| What are the major types of interspecific interaction? |
|
Definition
| symbiosis, predation, saprophytism, and scavenging |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of symbiosis? |
|
Definition
| commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism |
|
|
Term
| One organism is benefited by the association and the other one is not affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| both organisms derive some benefit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of fungus and algae ( example of mutualism) |
|
|
Term
| fungi are heterotrophs thus cannot photosynthesize ( t/f) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasites clinging to the exterior surface of the host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (t/f) parasitism is advantageous and efficient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all viruses are parasites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria or fungi of decay |
|
|
Term
| ringworm benefit man ( t/f) |
|
Definition
false.
ringworms are parasitic |
|
|
Term
| protists and fungi that decompose or digest dead organic matter externally and absorb the nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| they consume dead organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who are producers in the food chain? |
|
Definition
| autotrophic plants and chemosynthetic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Primary producers are those that cosume green plants (t/f) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| saprophytes, fungi and bacteria are decomposers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| producer organism at the base contains the greatest amount of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stable part of a an ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single coniferous tree in taiga |
|
|
Term
| major types of aquatic biomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photic zone contains plankton, nekton, and diatom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crawling and sessile organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the five different kingdoms? |
|
Definition
| morena, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia |
|
|
Term
| single celled prokaryotes that reproduce asexually, bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eukaryotes which exhibit both plant-like and animal like characteristics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| non-photosynthetic, resemble plants, either saprophytic or parasitic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| multicellular, differentiated, and photosynthetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this organism can photosynthesize and move like an animal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| possess long digestive tube and anus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bilateral symmetry, 3 layers, no circulatory system |
|
Definition
| plathyhelminthes ( flatworms) |
|
|
Term
| they possess a coelum ( true body cavity) |
|
Definition
| annelida ( segemented worms) |
|
|
Term
| they are softbodied and possess mantles which secretes calcareous ( calcium carbonate) exoskeletons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| they have jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeleton and open circulatory systems |
|
Definition
arthropods
- insects
- arachnids
- crustecians |
|
|
Term
| they have the capacity to regenerate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All chordates are vertebrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| They possess 2 chambered heart, gills, and utilize external fertilization for reproduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lamprey and hagfish are agnathans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shark is what type of fish |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| larva stage of amphibians is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| it has three chambered heart,lungs, 2 legs, and eggs are laid in water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| utilize internal fertilization, poikilotherms ( cold blooded), have scales, and three chambered heart, lay leathery eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| they possess four chambered heart, homeothermic ( warm blooded), and eggs are surrounded by shells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| feed their offspring with milk produced in mammary glands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. |
|
|
Term
| the only mammal that lay eggs |
|
Definition
| platypus and spiny anteater ( monotremes) |
|
|
Term
| Process in which minerals replace the cells of an organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forms in hollow spaces of rocks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by minerals deposited in molds |
|
|
Term
| when two similar species can longer interbreed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to classify organisms based on their phylogenetic relationship |
|
Definition
Cladistics
- cladograms
subtree is a clade |
|
|
Term
| use/ disuse or inheritance of acquired characteristics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sum of all the alleles in a population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Five conditions to have a hardy weinberg population? |
|
Definition
- large population
- no mutation
- random mating
- no net migration of individuals intoor out of population
- all genes equally succesful at reproducing |
|
|
Term
| What are the agents of microevolutionary change? |
|
Definition
| natural selection, mutation, assortive mating, genetic drift, and gene flow. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small local population
beavers on a specific portion of a river |
|
|
Term
| What factors lead to speciation? |
|
Definition
| genetic variation, adaptation to new environments, migration and adaptation to new environment, natural selection and isolation |
|
|
Term
| A single species may diverge into a number of distinct species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetic isolation often arise from geographic isolation |
|
Definition
|
|
