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| soul force as opposed to armed strength, essentially an ethical weapon, only men inclined to the ethical way of life can use it wisely |
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| penance or self-sacrifice |
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| Who is King Ashoka and why is he important? |
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Definition
| Emperor had wars and bloodshed ending in the Kalinga War (260 BC), after this he turned to Buddhism and adopted the Dharma: basic virtuous teachings for ALL men of any social stature |
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| What are Gandhi’s logical arguments for non-violence? |
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| What are the characteristics of a practitioner of satyagraha? |
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Definition
| bears no ill-will; refuses to submit to his or her enemy/oppressor b/c he or she has the strength himself to suffer; should have a courageous spirit and a forgiving and compassionate nature. |
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| According to legend, what are the origins of the Tibetan people? |
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Definition
Monkey: An incarnation of Avalokitesvara (Chenrezig)
Ogress: Female creature of wild emotion and lust
Monkey heard the cries of Ogress, filled him with
compassion
Their union produced six offspring
Born without tails and walked upright |
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| What was the indigenous religion prior to Buddhism’s predominance in Tibet? |
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Definition
| Traditional sources tend to overlay historical events with Buddhist significance; intervention of Buddhist deities in important events |
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| When did Buddhism first appear in Tibet? |
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Definition
| During the rein of the 28 kings of the Yarlung dynasty; Totori Nyentsen (born 173 CE); Buddhist text and relics fell from sky, tibetan currency is dated in terms of years from that events, held to be 233 CE |
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| Who were the “Three Religious Kings”? |
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Definition
| Songsten Gampo (618-650); Trisong Detsen (740-798); Relbachen (815-836) |
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| Where were the 2 wives of Songtsen Gampo from? |
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Definition
| One from Nepal (Bhrkuti, "Belsa") and the oter from China (Wen-ch'-eng, "Gyasa") |
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| Who founded Samye monastery, the first monastery in Tibet? |
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| What is the current situation in Tibet under Chinese rule? |
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| What is the capital of Tibet? |
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| What are the staple food and drink in Tibet? |
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Definition
| flour called "tsampa"; tea? |
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| What was the population of Tibet prior to the Chinese invasion? |
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| How many Tibetans have died under Chinese occupation? |
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| How many monasteries have been destroyed? |
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| Who was Atisha? Why is he important? |
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Definition
| Arrived in Guge in 1040 and created a resurgence of interest in Buddhism. founded kadampa order |
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| Describe the historical relationship between Tibet and Mongolia. |
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Definition
| Mongolians emerge in 12th century where Chieftan Godan met Tibetan Sakya Pandita and established "Patron-Priest" relationship. monasteries had standing armies; when Timur died in 1307, Mongols lost interest in Buddhism |
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| Who founded the Gelukpa school? |
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Definition
| Je Tsong Khapa Lobsang dakpa (1357-1419); gelukpa- system of virtue |
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| What does the title Dalai Lama mean? |
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Definition
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| Who is credited with bestowing the title on Sonam Gyatso? |
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| Why is the Fifth Dalai Lama known as “the Great”? |
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Definition
| Volume of literary writings that surpasses all other Dalai Lamas combined; also united three provinces of Tibet |
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| What is unusual about the Sixth Dalai Lama? |
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Definition
| proved temperamentally unsuited for position, and at age 20 renounced his monastic vows; known for romantic poetry |
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| How has the influence of Buddhism affected the process of history in Tibet? |
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| What are some of the actions that the 13th Dalai Lama is noted for? |
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Definition
| creating first standing army of Tibet; attempt to Westernize schools, defeated by monastic leadership; warning that if no modernization they would be run over |
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| regent in the interim; widely respected tulku with little political leadership; proved to be corrupt and heavy-handed in his rule |
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| What is the Tulku System? |
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| How was the 14th Dalai Lama “discovered”? |
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Definition
| Reting Rinpoche saw vision at Lake Hlamo Latso; saw letters A, Ka, Ma; brown and white dog; turquoise roof |
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| How old was the 14th Dalai Lama when he took temporal and religious control of Tibet? |
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Definition
| November 17, 1950 at the age of 16 |
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Term
| Describe China’s actions towards Tibet during the 1950s. |
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Definition
| In 1950, Beijing announced they would "liberate" Tibet. Peaceful solutions tried but soon 20,000 troops arrived in Lhasa; Chinese began confiscating livestock, property, arms, possessions; torturing and killing of monks and nuns |
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| Where did Tibetans escaping from Tibet take refuge? |
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Definition
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| Describe Chinese policies and actions toward Tibet since 1960. |
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Definition
| Destruction of monasteries, killing and torturing of any dissenters; settlements in South India built; dissolved Tibetan government; declared Martial law; country divided into three areas; built labor camps to hold the prisoners; '66-'76 the Red Guard troops came in and tried to eradicate culture through humiliation and torture |
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| What is the Dalai Lama’s view toward reconciliation with China? |
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Definition
| peaceful solution must occur; chinese are still our brothers |
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| What are the major points of the Dalai Lama’s 5-Point Peace Plan? |
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Definition
1) transformation of Tibet into zone of peace
2) end of Chinese population transfer policy
3) respect of Tibetan human rights and democratic freedoms
4) return of respect of natural enviornment
5) negotiations of future status of Tibet |
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| What are the Dalai Lama’s views regarding human suffering and the solution to the world’s problems, as expressed in his Nobel Peace Prize and Congressional Gold Medal acceptance speeches? |
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Definition
| Suffering is caused by ignorance; must have happiness from inner peace and contentment through love and compassion; must eliminate ignorance, selfishness, and greed; problems can be solved through understanding each other; must cultivate universal responsibility for one another and the planet |
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| According to the Dalai Lama, what is the fundamental aspiration of all sentient beings? |
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Definition
| Innate desire to be happy and overcome suffering |
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| What is the paradox related to happiness in modern society? What are its sources? |
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Definition
| people in modern materialistic societies are less happy and experience greater emotional and psychological suffering than those in poorer regions; comes from anxiety and lack of contentment of modern society; greater dependence on machines and therefore less on other humans, creates isolation and loneliness; envy and stress from competitiveness |
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| What are the physical and emotional symptoms of stress? |
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Definition
Physical: muscular tension, colds/illness, high blood pressure, indigestion, ulcers, difficulty sleeping, exhaustion
Emotional: depression, fear/anxiety, overwhelmed, forgetfulness, receptive thought, difficulty concentrating |
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| What are the second degree sources of stress? |
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Definition
| Enviornment (pollution, traffic, noise, weather) Physiology (illness, injuries, inadequate sleep or nutrition) Thought patterns (negativity, perfectionism) Social Stressors (financial issues, work, social events, losing loved one) |
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| What are the Dalai Lama’s views regarding science vs. religion? |
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Definition
| Danger of inappropriate and blind elevation of scientific principles to an absolute status without a conscious reflection as to what is right or wrong; good or bad. Science, business, and technology surround us yet they do not address issues of how to lead a moral life and how to be happy (these motivate positive ethical conduct) |
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| What is the difference between religion and spirituality, according to the Dalai Lama? |
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Definition
Religion is concerned with faith in claims of salvation with some form of metaphysical or supernatural reality
Spirituality is concerned with those qualities of the human spirit (love, compassion, patience, tolerance, forgiveness, contentment, responsibility, harmony) which bring happiness to both self and others |
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| How do the ethical problems of modern life differ from natural sufferings? |
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Definition
| One is of natural causes and the other from human origin;can be solved through inner discipline and ethical restraint |
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