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dairy Production final exam- neonatal
self explanatory
73
Other
Undergraduate 1
12/09/2009

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Term

 

What are the two most common neonatal disease complications?

Definition

Diarrhea

Umbilical infections

Term
What is BVD and does it result in diarrhea or umbilical infections?
Definition

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Diarrhea

Term
The R___virus also causes diarrhea
Definition
Rotavirus
Term
The C_____ virus also causes diarrhea.
Definition
Corona virus
Term
E. Coli, does it cause diarrhea?
Definition
yes
Term
What about crytosporidia, does it cause diarrhea?
Definition
yes!
Term
Does salmonella cause diarrhea?
Definition
yes!
Term
C______ P_______ also causes diarrhea
Definition
Clostridium Perfringens
Term
What are umbilical infections called?
Definition
Omphalitis
Term
Which of the neonatal diseases can I catch?
Definition
Crypto and salmonella
Term
What are the 3 primary risk factors for neonatal calves getting sick?
Definition
strength of immunity, stress levels, and pathogen exposure
Term
What greatly affects the immune system in neonatals?
Definition
Colostrum intake and vaccinations
Term
Why colostrum?
Definition
passive transfer of antibodies
Term
Besides housing issues, how else is an isolated calf at exposure risk to pathogens?
Definition
via feed
Term
Don't newborn calves have a complete immune system?
Definition
yes, but it is not fully developed
Term
Do some antibodies come to the calf from the mother via the umbilical cord while in the womb?
Definition
not in cows
Term
How immature is a newborn calve's immune system?
Definition
There are no antibodies
Term
What 5 things are important in colostrum?
Definition
antibodies, immune cells, casein, fat, vitamins
Term
How do colostrum antibodies get through the rumen wall?
Definition
they don't.  They are passively absorbed by the intestinal cells
Term
When does the closure occur that will block out antibodies in the colostrum from getting into the blood of the calf?
Definition
soon after the first thing ingested by the calf, even feces
Term
Do all cows have first colostrums of the same antibody concentration?  Which cows will have the best concentration?
Definition

no.

Those producing less than 20lbs

Term
Should I pool colostrum from all the cows so to get a decent average?
Definition
no
Term
Should I freeze store colostrum?
Definition
yes, if it is in a freezer that allows frost.  (doesn't have an auto-defrost)
Term
Does freezing colostrum affect the antibodies, immune cells, casein, fat or vitamins therein?
Definition
it does destroy the immune cells
Term
So when and how much colostrum should I fee the neonatal calf?
Definition
one gallon immediately after calving
Term
But won't colostrum give the neonate diarrhea?
Definition
yes, but it will be significantly less if given within an hour after birth
Term
for colostrum testing, what temperature does the colostrum need to be?
Definition
room temperature
Term
what is the floating colostrum tester thing called?
Definition
colostrometer
Term
what if there is blood or mastitis in the colostrum.  How will they affect colostrum testing?  Should I be feeding it to the calf?
Definition

They will produce false results.

No.

Term
The calving occured in a clean area.  What do I need to do to prevent omphalitis?
Definition
dip the navel with 7% tincture of iodine
Term
I can't find 7% tincture of iodine to dip the calf's navel with.  What else can I use?
Definition
Chlorhexadine solution
Term
Do I dip the calf's navel on more than one occasion?
Definition
yes, you repeat for 2-3 days
Term
How do I administer the newborn calf's vaccines?
Definition
Intranasal
Term
What is transition milk?
Definition
Early lactation milkings following the first milking of the first colostrum
Term
When do calves get transitional milk?
Definition
on days 2 and 3
Term
I'm going to have to feed milk replace or pasteurized milk to the calf.  How much do I feed the calf of either?
Definition
10% of the calf's bodyweight
Term
Besides colostrum and transitional milk, what else do I feed the calf the first week?
Definition
free choice calf starter grain/pellets within 4 days
Term

 

What does free choice mean?

Definition
The calf doesn't have to eat it if the calf doesn't want to.  The calf is also not restricted.
Term
I hear that controlling flies prevents calf illness.  True?
Definition
yes
Term
I hear keeping the calf's housing clean, dry, and ventilated helps prevent illness.  True?
Definition
yes
Term
what is the most common cause of death in neonatal calves?
Definition
diarrhea
Term
All I have to feed a calf is milk replacer, non-saleable milk, and pasteurized milk.  Which should I use?
Definition
the pasteurized
Term
What makes diarrhea in calves so deadly?
Definition
It causes dehydration and acidosis
Term
What does acidosis result in with neonates?
Definition
death
Term
when is diarrhea most threatening?
Definition
Between the calf's 3rd and 21day of life
Term
How much antibodies do calves need within their first few hours of life?
Definition
150-300 grams
Term
How long will colostral antibodies live in the gut?
Definition
at least 5 days
Term
Why would I care if antibodies can remain in the gut of a calf for 5 days if they can't be absorbed?
Definition
They will actually protect against diarrhea causing pathogens
Term
How are calves protected from gut pathogens that cause diarrhea when they are no longer consuming colostrum?
Definition
As the calf ages, it's body will release antibodies into its gut
Term
Other than dehydration and acidosis, should I have any other concerns upon seeing neonatal diarrhea?
Definition
yes, the possibility of it being caused by a pathogen and it being spread at 10billion organisms per ml of feces
Term
What is a FPT calf?
Definition
Failure of Passive Transfer
Term
Why are FPT calves called pathogen multipliers?
Definition
They did not get colostrum antibodies and are prone to illness and able to quickly spread illness via diarrhea.
Term
Can stress cause a neonatal calf diarrhea?
Definition
yes
Term
Can a calf's bedding cause it diarrhea?
Definition
wet bedding causes stress which causes diarrhea
Term
M_____ and g____ h_____ also causes calves stress.
Definition

malnutrition

group housing

Term
How much colostrum should be fed in the first 2hrs of life?
Definition
one gallon
Term
Which is the most important factor in prevention of all neonatal diseases?
Definition
That the first colostrum is consumed with the first two hours of life.
Term
Besides minimizing stress, why else should a calving area be clean and dry?
Definition
to control pathogen exposure to the calf
Term
What should be done to/with the cow before she calves, to reduce pathogen exposure?
Definition
she should be cleaned and put in the maternity pen no earlier than necessary
Term
When should one remove the calf from its mother?
Definition
as soon as the calf is dry
Term
Why must a calf be removed from its mother as soon as it is dry?
Definition
to minimize pathogen exposure to the calf
Term
how soon can I put a calf in group housing?
Definition
after the diarrhea phase
Term
What 4 steps do I take to treat calf diarrhea?
Definition

1. Hydrate

2. electrolytes (for pH)

3. High caloric intake

4. Free choice water

Term
What 2 things does successful treatment of diarrhea require?
Definition

early detection

early intervention

Term
Do I feed a calf milk during diarrhea bouts?
Definition
yes!!!!!
Term
Why do I feed a calf milk even if it is experiencing diarrhea?
Definition
calves have little fat stores and may die without the energy that it can get from the milk
Term
How do I provide a calf electrolytes for pH?
Definition
2 qts of isotonic electrolyte solution twice a day, if it is a mild case
Term
How do I address the calf's electrolyte needs if the calf is weak or the diarrhea is severe?
Definition
use an electrolyte solution with an alkalizing agent
Term
A calf experiencing severe diarrhea or is weak, gets _qts of ___ and _qts of ___ at mealtime.
Definition

2 qts of milk

2 qts of electrolytes

Term
rem, you can use an esophogeal feeder if the calf can't or won't eat
Definition
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