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d&T- Green design -Topic 3; Module 3
IB standard
60
Other
12th Grade
04/03/2010

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Term
Green design
Definition
Designing in a way that takes account of the environmental impact of the product throughout its life.
Term
renewable resources
Definition
resources that are naturally replenished in a short time
Term
non-renewable resources
Definition
a natural resource that cannot be re-used.
Term

non-renewable examples:

*human dependancy=very high

Definition

Natural Gas

  • Petroleum
  • Coal
  • Gasohol
  • Nuclear Energy
  • Fossil Fuels

 

Term
examples of renewable resources: 
Definition

-wood

-paper 

-leather

Term

Outline the reasons for green design.

Definition

1).  consumer pressure

The public have become aware of environmental issues through media focus on issues such as the destructive effect of chlorofluorocarbons on the ozone layer; acid rain in Northern European forests and the nuclear accident at Chernobyl. Increased public awareness has put pressure on corporations and governments through purchasing power and voting power.

Term

 

Outline the reasons for green design.

 

Definition

2).  Legislation

financial penalties on companies who do not demonstrate environmental responsibility are taken into consideration. Many people will not behave responsibly unless forced to do so, therefore, legislation forces the issue.
One problem in relation to the recycling of plastics is knowing what the plastic actually is. Labelling plastic products with the plastic type can help overcome this issue.

Term
objectives of green design: 
Definition

1).  increase effiency in the use of materials, energy etc.

2).  minimizing damage to our environment

3).  minimizing nuisances such as noise or smell

4).  ensuring packaging is eco friendly and recyclable 

 

Term

 

Discuss the impact of “take back” legislation on designers and manufacturers of cars

 

Definition
Take back legislation is the legislation that holds manufacturers responsible for the environmentally safe recycling or disposal of their end-of-life products. They are expected to provide a financial and/or physical plan to ensure that such products are collected and processed.
Term
take back legislation: impact on the designer: 
Definition
Cars, it would be advantageous to conceive a car model of which certain parts can be used over again, for example the glass, the seats, the board computer etc...He should also make sure to be aware of all costs involved because recycling and recollecting requires money. Therefore, the materials shouldn't be too expensive so that they cam be sold at a price in which recycling costs in a way should be included in order to minimalise the costs.
Term

take back legislation: 

impact on the manufacturer:

Definition
Cars, cost is an important issue. As ecologically friendly resources are becoming more popular, prices have lowered to become more affordable. Research into the actual manufacturing process should also take place. With a proper process, the cost and efficiency of the product's production. This way, more money can be spent to better the product's ecological impact on the environment.
Term
People's attitudes to green design: 
Definition

1).  eco-warriors: 

someone who actively demonstrates on environmental issues (green peace).  

 

Term

 

People's attitudes to green design: 

 

Definition

Eco-champions: 

someone who champions environmental issues within organizations (famous person often used)

Term
People's attitudes to green design: 
Definition

eco-fans: 

someone who enthusiastically ADOPTS environmentally friendly practices as a consumer

Term
Eco-phobes
Definition
someone who actively resents TALKING of environmental protection.  :( BOOHOO! 
Term
life cycle analysis:
Definition

The assessment of the effect a product has on the environment from the initial concept to disposal

Term
key stages of product life cycle:
Definition

  • Pre- production
  • Production
  • Distribution including packaging
  • Utilization
  • Disposal 

Term
pre-production:
Definition
 obtaining of natural resources; it can be very polluting (strip-mining) or can have a small effect on the environment (shaft mining)
Term
Production:
Definition
taking the raw materials from pre-production and making the product.  this can be harmful.  
Term
distribution and packaging:
Definition

 includes taking the product from the factory to the warehouse, from the warehouse to the store, and the package.

It could have a large impact (as is the case with an imported object from around the world in a Styrofoam box) or a very low impact (made and sold in the same place with a biodegradable box or no packaging)

Term
utilization:
Definition
Utilisation is about the product’s use and the effect that has on the environment. A diesel generator for example will pollute air and make noise pollution while a solar panel will make next to none.
Term
disposal:
Definition
Disposal depends on both the product and the method of disposal.  recycling is used, finding better methods of recycling and choosing options for what is the most efficient.  e.g. melting down plastic bottles and re-creating them or sanitizing them and re-selling?
Term
life cycle analysis includes environmental considerations: 
Definition

1).  water

2).  soil pollution and degradation

3).  air contamination

4).  noise

5).  energy consumption

6).  consumption of natural resources

7).  pollution and effects on ecosystems

Term
the categories of life cycle and environmental impact can be assessed into an ...
Definition

environmental impact assessment matrix

 

-asseses the impact to a particular product on the environment from all stages of its life cycle.  allows the designer to improve their product or process to make it more environmentally friendly

Term

 Identify the roles and responsibilities of the designer at each life cycle stage of a product.

Definition

1).  sets the product features and functions.  

2).  he has to make sure in the production stage/ distribution and packaging that the product is up to scale with his designs and that it is eco-friendly.

3).  he has to make sure that the product can be used and recycled environmentally friendly

Term

 Identify the roles and responsibilities of the manufacturer at each life cycle stage of a product.

Definition

1).  must make sure that the pre-production and production wastage is low

2).  in distribution stage, he must make sure to choose the right distribution channel and packaging in order to minimize costs and bad image from media for being un-environmentally friendly

3).  he doesnt have much say in the utilisation and disposal process.  

Term

 

 Identify the roles and responsibilities of the user at each life cycle stage of a product.

 

Definition


2).  they are responsible for utilizing the product for as long as possible and finding a good way to dispose of it.  

 

consumers create demand for green products, most have education about environmental attributes through product labeling and marketing, while other have let companies know they will only spend money on products that have been designed for the environment

Term

life cycle analysis is targeted at...

Definition
life cycle analysis is targeted at products with a high environmental impact and in the global marketplace.  it is then IMPOSSIBLE for companies to argue that their products are being made uncompetitive.  
Term
life cycle analysis is not used in many products: 
Definition

although, in the re-innovation of the design of a product or its manufacture, specific aspects may be changed after considering the deisgn objectives for green products.  thus the materials selected may be changed to make them more environmentally friendly.

 

e.g. wood from sustainable forests or the selection of a less toxic varnish.  a product may be distributed differently or its packaging may be redesigned

Term

Explain why life cycle analysis is not widely used in practice.

Definition

1).  expensive

2).  time consuming-finding other ways to make the life cycle more environmentally friendly

3).  requires a lot of data and research

Term
eco-labelling: 
Definition
is a VOLUNTARY method of environmental preformance certification and labelling that is practiced around the world.  it is rewarded by an impartial third-party.  
Term
explain how eco-labelling reflects life cycle analysis of certain product categories: 
Definition

 products will undergo a life cycle analysis or have life cycle considerations measured within their own product category.  i.e. cars with cars, clothing with clothing.  

sub categories are also possible.  


it is highly desirable for a company to have these labels as it raises their brand image and it shows they care for their environment.  consumers are attracted to it.

Term
eco-labelling use:
Definition

1).  Provides reliable information about how the product impacts the environment, considering all stages of the product's life cycle. e.g. Swan eco-label.

Aids in the improvement of the workers have a role in the production's social and economic conditions, e.g. Fair Trade Labelling.

Informs customers about how the energy is produced, and whether it meets certain requirements, like those of The FANC energy eco-labelling scheme.

Allows consumers to make informed choices.

Term

Compare the objectives of two different eco-labelling schemes.

Definition

European eco-labelling believes in sustainable development.  vision: greening all non-food products all over europe.

life cycle considerations are a major criteria-they believe strongly in "Cradle to grave" view of environmental impacts of a product group.  

goal: to provide guidance to consumers.  

 

GECA: believes in product information for sustainable development.  it indicates the environmental performance of a product during the complete life cycle.  it is awarded to products that meet VOLUNTARY environmental performance standards.    

Term

 

Explain how Eco-labelling and energy-labelling schemes can help consumers to compare potential purchases.


 

Definition

"Eco-labeling" is a method by which products are environmentally rated:

1).  product is tested and production line analysed by third party (to be less bias).  

2).  labelling producy allows consumers to choose the right products and inform.

3).  users can choose their products while taking into consideration environmental impact.  

Term

Explain how Eco-labelling and energy-labelling schemes can help consumers to compare potential purchases.

(2).  

Definition

"energy labelling" shows a products energy-efficiency and consumption: 

1). given by third party to show non-bias reports

2).  shows user how much energy is used/required by a product and how efficient it is.  

3).  when consumers see these labels they can make proper choices on what they feel is right to buy and this gives consumer help.  It also means more greener products could be sold and making companies more greener too! :) 

Term

Define design for manufacture (DfM): 

Definition

 

it is the process of designing products to improve the ease of manufacture.  

Term

why DFM is a dominating constraint on design brief? 

Definition

because there are so many other constraints to consider: 

1).  financial 

2).  specifications

3).  life cycle analysis

4).  economies of scale

 

Term

 

Design for materials

Definition

Designing in relation to materials during processing.

 

Considers the availability of materials locally which can affect choice of manufacturing process or design of the product.

Term

 

Design for process

Definition

Designing to enable the product to be manufactured using a specific manufacturing process, for example, injection moulding.

 

1).  Affecting the choice of material or design of the product.

Term

 

Design for assembly

Definition

Designing taking account of assembly at various levels

 


Term
advantages to DFM: 
Definition

1).  by making things easier to assemble, it makes the process faster and more cost-efficient.  -> higher profits, add value to product 

2).  if a product contains fewer parts, its less time to assemble, less costs and makes product looks aesthetically appealing

 

Term

Discuss three strategies that designers could employ for DfM.

Definition

1).  minimizing the number of components

2).  using standard components

3).  designing components that are multifunctional or for multi-use

4).  designing parts for ease of fabrication, minimizing handling and using standard sub-assemblies.  

Term

Describe how designers can modify the environmental impact of the production, use and disposal of their product through careful consideration at the design stage.

 The use of recycled materials is increasingly important as more product take-back and producer responsibility legislations are mandated, product labelling programs are adopted, and sustainability goals are being promoted.

Definition

1).  Materials selection impact distribution, consumer use, repair and refurbishment, and other end-of-life activities.

2). design for disassembly is one aspect of design for materials and will facilitate recycling of products on disposal. Easier to achieve if we design components made from one material.

3).  taking full account of the effects of the end disposal of the product ensuring that the packaging and instructions encourage efficient and environmentally friendly use minimizing nuisances such as noise or smell analyzing and minimizing potential safety hazards.

4). increasing efficiency in the use of materials, ensuring that the planned life of the product is most appropriate in environmental terms and that the product functions efficiently for its full life

Term

 

REUSE : 

Definition

to use a product again and again at the end of its intended life cycle.

e.g. glass bottles  

Term

 

repair: 

Definition

 

The reconstruction or renewal (replacing) of any part of an existing structure or device.

 

e.g. computer-> processor outdated or burnt hardrive.  

Term

 

recycling: 

Definition

 


Recycling refers to using the materials from obsolete products to create other products.

e.g. disposable cameras: melt plastic and recycle.  

 

Term

 

reconditioning: 

Definition

 

Rebuilding a product so that it is in an “as new” condition, and is generally used in the context of car engines and tyres.

 

e.g. it can be offered to the customer in appealing appearance. An example is fixing up a car or household to sell to a customer.

Term

 

Describe how reuse, repair, reconditioning and recycling contribute to the optimization of resource utilization.

 

Definition
promotes the use of less raw materials.  
Term
list three material groups that can easily and economically be recycled
Definition

1).  thermoplastics

2).  metals

3).  glass

Term
how can THERMOPLASTICS be recycled? 
Definition

repeatedly melted and cooled, such as polyethylene.  

 

1).  80% of plastics is thermoplastics

2).  easiest to recycle

3).  has weak secondary bonds between long polymer chains-can be reheated and reshaped. 

 

Term
How can METALS be recycled? 
Definition

reheated and reshaped


-> when recycled, it still has the same quality as when it was first used! :) 

Term
how can GLASS be recycled? 
Definition

crush glass (cullet) and melt. 

-> quality still same.

->recycling glass uses less energy than when made from lime, soda and sand.  


 

Term

Describe how many products comprise several different materials, and state that these materials have to be separated to enable recycling.

Definition

example: refrigerator: 

1).  plastics used -shelves, drawers are reused for another fridge or other products. 

2).  glass can be reused.

3).  metals in fridges are seperated from other materials and can be recycled or reused for something else

Term
what are the economic factors to consider when recycling? 
Definition

how much it costs to recycle V.S. how much you get back (when sold).  

 

1).  collection

2).  transportation

3).  separating

4).  processing

Term


design for disassembly.

Definition

 

Designing a product so that when it becomes obsolete it can easily and economically be taken apart, the components reused or repaired, and the materials recycled.

Term
factors to consider for disassembly: 
Definition

1). ease of disassembly

2).  recyclability of materials

3).  standardization of component assembly.

4).  materials compatibility.

Term

Explain that design for disassembly is one aspect of design for materials and will facilitate recycling of products on disposal

Definition
DfD in a building design process allows for the easy recovery of products, parts and materials when a building is disassembled or renovated. The process is intended to maximize economic value and minimize environmental impacts through reuse, repair, remanufacture and recycling.
Term

Discuss two strategies that designers could employ to design for dis-assembly.

Definition

  • Due to the molecular structure and properties of thermoplastics ... Thermoplastic adhesives (such as hot glue) when heated will allow the two parts to separate.
  • Snap fittings, bolts, screws etc are non permanent joints therefore the parts can be separated. Welding and glues from permanent joints.

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