Term
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Definition
Iron deficiency
Thalassemias
Anemia of Chronic Dz |
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Term
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Definition
Megaloblasti
Non-megaloblasic
Normocytic |
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Term
| Types of Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anemias |
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Definition
Vit B12 defic
Folate Defic |
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Term
| Types of NonMegaloblastic Anemias |
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Definition
Myelodysplasia/chemo
Liver Dz
Incr. Reticulocytes
Myxedema |
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Term
| Types of Normocytic Megaloblastic Anemias |
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Definition
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Term
| Most commonly the cause of Iron defic anemia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| three main classes of anemia |
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Definition
Blood loss (hemorrhage)
Destruction (hemolysis)
Deficient production (ineffective hematopoesis) |
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Term
| Anemias categorized by pathophys with Decr. Production |
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Definition
Hgb synthesis
DNA synthesis
Stem cell
Bone marrow infiltrate
pure red cell aplasia |
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Term
| Causes of Hgb synthesis anemia |
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Definition
Iron defic
thalassemias
anemia of chronic dz |
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Term
| Causes of DNA synthesis anemia |
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Definition
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Term
| Anemias caused by increased destruction |
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Definition
Blood loss
Hemolysis (intrinsic and extrensic)
infection
hypersplenism |
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Term
| Causes of intrinsic hemolysis |
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Definition
Membrane def (spherocytosis, elliptocytosis)
Hbg def (sickle cell, unstable hgb)
glycolysis (pyruvate kinase def)
oxidation (G6PD defic) |
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Term
| causes of extrinsic hemolysis |
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Definition
Immune (warm/cold antibody)
Microangiopathic (TTP, hemolytic-uremic sx, mech valve, ect) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| essentials of iron def anemia |
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Definition
serum ferritin < 12
CAUSED BY BLEEDING UNTIL PROVEN OTHERWISE!
responds to Fe tx
MOST COMMON TYPE OF ANEMIA WORLDWIDE |
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Term
| most common type of anemia worldwide |
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Definition
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Term
| Groups w/ incr risk of developing Iron def anemia |
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Definition
Menstruating women
pregnant/lactating women
chronic blood loss (ASA use)
poor diet |
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Term
| Pica is assoc w/ what anemia |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| demonstrating Fe defic or evaluating response w/ Fe trial |
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Term
| which Microctic anemia shows Incr TIBC, which Decr? |
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Definition
Incr: Iron defic
Decr: Anemia of Chronic |
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Term
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Definition
oral Fe --> should be 1/2 way to normal in 3 wks, baseline after 2 mos, and cont tx 3-6 mos
or parental Fe |
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Term
| common causes of anemia of chronic dz |
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Definition
chronic infxn, inflamm, CA, and liver dz
renal dz more severe! |
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Term
| reason for anemia of chronic dz |
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Definition
| RBC surviva decr and BM fails to compensate |
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Term
| anemia of chronic dz confirmed by |
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Definition
low iron, low TIBC
nml-incr serum ferritin |
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Term
| tx for anemia of chronic dz |
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Definition
No tx necessary in most cases
EPO in renal dz cases |
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Term
| microcytosis out of proportion to the anema |
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Definition
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Term
| hereditary disorder characterized by reduction in synthesis of globin chains |
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Definition
| thalassemias (alpha and beta) |
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Term
| alpha thalassemia seen in what pops |
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Definition
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Term
| beta thalassemia found primarily in what pops |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
homozygous B0
normal at birth--> 6 mos show severe anemia requiring transfusion
previously death at 20yoa |
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Term
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Definition
homozygous B+
chronic hemolytic anemia--> NO transfusions
live to adult life w/ |
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Term
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Definition
heterozygous
insignificant microcytic anemia |
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Term
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Definition
alpha-dx of exclusion
genetic testing available |
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Term
| Compared to Iron def anemia, pts w/ thalasemia have ____ MCV, ______RBC and ______ peripheral blood smear |
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Definition
LOWER MCV
Nml RBC
AbNml Periph bld smear |
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Term
| Macrocytic/Megaloblastic anemias essentials of dx |
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Definition
hypersegmented neutrophils on peripheral blood smear
Low B12/folate levels |
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Term
hallmark of B12 anemia
other s/sx |
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Definition
megaloblastic anemia
glossitis
GI probs
peripheral neurop and decr vibration |
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Term
| if neuro sx and Nml MCV and no anemia what should still be tested? |
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Definition
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Term
| usually 1st sx of B12 defic? |
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Definition
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Term
| characteristic finding of peripheral blood smear in B12/folate def anemia |
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Definition
macro-ovalcytes and hypersegmented neutrophils
***strikingly abnml |
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Term
| what might be an initial complication the first few days of B12 tx? |
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Definition
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Term
| how do you differentiate bw B12 def anemia and folate anemia |
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Definition
folate has Nml B12 levels
NO NEURO sx! |
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Term
| what foods contain folate? |
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Definition
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Term
| most common cause of folate def? |
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Definition
inadequate diet
**alcoholics and anorexics
some drugs affect! |
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Term
| microcytic HYPERchromic anemia |
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Definition
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Term
| essentials of dx for spherocytosis |
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Definition
+ FH
splenomegaly
spherocytes and retics on smear
microcytic HYPERchromic anemia |
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Term
| spherocytosis is a d/o of RBC ______, which leads to what type of anemia |
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Definition
| membranes-->chronic hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| pts w/ spherocytosis PE may show |
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Definition
jaundice
palpable spleen
cholecystitis (pigmented gallstones) |
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Term
| what are always present on a blood smear in a pt w/ spherocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| d/t hemolysis in pts w/ spherocytosis an incr in _____ bilirubin test will be present |
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Definition
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Term
| tx of choice for spherocytosis |
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Definition
spleenectomy
also folate supp. |
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Term
| essentials of dx for sickle cell anemia |
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Definition
irreversible sickled cells on smea
+ FM and personal hemolytic anemia hx
painful episodes
Hgb S on electrophoresis |
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Term
| when do you see sx of sickle cell? |
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Definition
| during 1st year of life when Hgb F --> Hgb S |
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Term
| poorly healing ulcers over the lower tibia can indicate what type of anemia |
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Definition
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Term
| howell -jolly bodies are seen in what type of anemia |
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Definition
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Term
| tx for sickle cell anemia |
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Definition
no specific tx
tx infxn, give vaccines
transfusions |
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Term
| what should be given to sickle cell pts to decr pain crises |
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Definition
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Term
| essentials of dx for autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
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Definition
+ IgG autoantibody
spherocytes and retics on smear
+ Coombs--> against Rh |
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Term
| 50% of all cases of autoimmune anemia are _____ |
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Definition
idiopathic
also CLE, CLL, and lymphoma |
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Term
| what test is used for basis of autoimmune anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| is autoimmune anemia rapid onset or insiduous? |
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Definition
| RAPID--> life threatening! |
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Term
| what do you use to tx autoimmune anemia? |
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Definition
prednisone
if it doesn't work--> splenectomy |
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Term
| agranulocytosis is almost always the result of what |
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Definition
drug rxn!
(complete absence of neutrophils) |
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Term
| immune neutropenia assoc w/ seropositive nodular RA and splenomegaly is _______ sx? |
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Definition
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Term
| stomatitis and other common infxns (septicemia, cellulitis, pneumo) are seen in what blood d/o? |
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Definition
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Term
| + fever in a neutropenic patient is what type of origin |
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Definition
Infxn!
usually inflamm response absent! |
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Term
| what abx are used to tx neutropenic pts |
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Definition
quinolones
or cephs
also think antifungals! |
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Term
| essentials of dx for polycythemia vera |
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Definition
incr RBC mass
splenomegaly
Incr WBC count
Incr platelets
****causes overprod of all 3 hematopoietic lines! |
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Term
Primary polycythemia is a d/o of what?
is it dependent or independent of EPO? |
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Definition
BM
INDEPENDENT!--> serum EPO is LOW! |
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Term
| middle aged men who are overwt w/ HTN show what type of polycythemia |
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Definition
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Term
| pruritis esp after warm shower/bath d/t histamine release is seen in what blood d/o? |
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Definition
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Term
| epistaxis is a sign of what blood d/o |
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Definition
| polycythemia--> d/t abn platelet fxn |
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Term
| most common complication of polycythemia |
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Definition
thrombosis--> BAD!
major cause of M&M
also incr risk of PUD |
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Term
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Definition
| phlebotomy wkly until HCT is nml |
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Term
| Philadelphia chromosome present in what kind of leukemia? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| early "chronic" phase (benign)-->stable for years-->blast crisis (like acute leukemia)-->malignant dz! |
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Term
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Definition
elevated WBC--> not anemic
also splenomegaly, sternal tenderness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chemo cure what type of leukemia |
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Definition
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Term
| 80% of childhood leukemias are what type? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute leukemia seen in adults |
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Definition
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Term
| in acute leukemia, pts are sick for how long usually? |
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Definition
days/wks--> death w/o appropriate abx
bleeding d/t thrombocytopenia |
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Term
| hallmark of acute leukemia |
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Definition
| pancytopenia w/ circulating blasts |
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Term
| what type of acute leukemia has no evidence of myeloid lineage? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of acute leukemia shows Auer rod (eosinophilic needle-like inclusion) in cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| pts w/ this type of leukemia are asymptomatic at presentation |
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Definition
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Term
| Coexpression of CD19 and CD5 is seen in what type of leukemia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| whick type of lymphoma is more common? |
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Definition
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Term
painess enlargements of lymph nodes
drenching night sweats, fatigue and pruritis is found in what type of lymphoma |
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Definition
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Term
| reed-steinberg cells are found in what type of lymphoma |
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Definition
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Term
| hodgkinds lymphoma is found in what age groups? |
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Definition
young and old (bimodal)
20's and > 50's |
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Term
| pain w/ alcohol ingestion seen in what type of lymphoma |
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Definition
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Term
| bone pain in the lower back seen in |
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Definition
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Term
| monoclonal paraprotein by serum and urine protein electrophoresis or immunoelectophoresis is used to dx |
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Definition
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Term
| autoimmune d/o which IgG autoAb binds to PLT--> destroyed in spleen |
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Definition
| idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura |
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Term
| thromboctopenia common in what age group?? precipitated by?? lasts how long? |
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Definition
kids
viral infxn
self-limiting
**adult form more chronic! |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| positive test for autoantibodies to platelet factor 4 found in what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| hallmark is microangiopathic blood picture, Incr LDH, neuro abnml, and neg coombs test |
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Definition
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
EMERGENCY! |
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