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Cytology Exam Study Guide
Cell biology: Mitosis, Meiosis etc.
64
Science
9th Grade
02/10/2010

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Cards

Term
Cell Theory
Definition

    All living things are made up of cells

   Cells hold the structure and function of all living things

  All cells come from pre-existing cells

Term
Anton Leeunwonhoek 
Definition

  First came up with general idea of cells

Term
Robert Hooke
Definition

Coined term “cells” and found plant cells.

Term
Schleiden 
Definition
Discovered plant cells
Term
Virchow
Definition

 Came up with cell theory

Term

 Anabolic, metabolic, catabolic

Definition

Anabolic - put together

Catabolic – break down

 Metabolic - both

Term

Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell

Definition

 Animal cell has centriole

   Animal cell has lysosomes

  Animal cell has small vacuoles

 Plant cell has big vacuoles

   Plant cell has cell wall

  Plant cell has chloroplast

Term

 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Definition

    Prokaryote cells genetic material is not in the nucleus.

    Prokaryote cells are generally smaller.

    Prokaryote cells are less complicated.

   Eukaryote cells contain a nucleus in which genetic material is held

 Eukaryote cells are generally bigger.

Eukaryote cells are generally more complicated.

Term

Mitochondria

Definition

    Mitochondria are organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use.

    Found in Plant and Animal cells

Term
Chloroplasts
Definition

  Chloroplasts are organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.

 Found in only Plant cells.

Term
Ribosomes
Definition

 They produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from the nucleus.

  Found in Plant and Animal cells.

Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition

   The endoplasmic reticulum

is the site where lipid

components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are

exported from the cell.

Found in Plant and Animal cells.

Term
Golgi Apparatus 
Definition

The function of the golgi apparatus is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or section outside the cell.

 Found in Plant and Animal cells.

Term
Lysosomes
Definition

 One function of lysosomes is the digestion, or breakdown, of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. They also break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.

  Found in only Animal cells.

 

Term
Vacuoles 
Definition

Vacuoles store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

 Found in Plant and Animal cells.

Term
Cytoplasm
Definition

 The cytoplasm is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain it’s shape. It is also involved in movement.

Term

Rosalind Franklin

Definition

Took x-rays that discovered DNA.

Term

Maurice Wilkins

Definition

Stole her pictures and sent them to Watson and Crick.

Term

 Watson and Crick

Definition

 Got Nobel Prize for discovering DNA and the composition of DNA.

  Received Nobel Prize in 1962 for Physiology and Biology.

Term

 Chargaff

Definition

Realized that the Nitrogen Base’s pair up and the order they do so in.

Term

3 Things That Make Up DNA

Definition

1.     Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)

2.     Phosphate Ground

3.     Nitrogen Base

a.     Adenine

b.     Guanine

c.      Cytosine

d.     Thymine

 

Term
Shape of DNA
Definition

 

  Double-helix structure

Term
Base Pairing
Definition

 

1.     Adenine – Thymine

2.     Guanine – Cytosine

Term
Why DNA replication is necessary for life?
Definition

 First of all, everyone and everything is made up of DNA, so without DNA, there would be no life. Also, to create life, you pass on DNA.

Term
  Surface area to volume ratio
Definition

  Since volume increases faster than surface area, the ratio of volume to surface area decreases. The decrease creates problems for the cell because if a cell gets too large, it would be harder to get sufficient amounts of oxygen and nutrients in, and waste out.

Term
Controlled Cell Growth
Definition

1.     There is controlled cell growth because if a cell gets too large, it’s more difficult to get good amounts of oxygen and nutrients in, and waste products out.

2.     One example of controlled cell growth is cell division and another is the decrease in cell’s ratio of surface area to volume.

 

Term
Uncontrolled Cell Growth
Definition

1.     When skin cells are reproducing, and they hit another cell, they automatically stop growing. If they skin cells do not stop reproducing after bumping into another cell, then that can create mutations.

2.     An example of uncontrolled cell growth is cancer.

 

Term
Phases of Interphase
Definition

1.     G1:

a.     Period of activity in which cells do their most growing

2.     S phase:

a.     Chromosomes are replicated and the syntheses of DNA molecules take place.

3.     G2:

a.     Many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.

Term
Phases of Mitosis:
Definition
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase
Term
Interphase
Definition
The cell grows and replicates its DNA and centrioles.
Term
Prophase
Definition

The chromatin condenses into chromosomes. The centrioles separate and a spindle begins to form. The nuclear envelope breaks down.

Term
Metaphase
Definition

 The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.

Term
Anaphase
Definition

  The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart.

Term
Telophase 
Definition

The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and loose their distinct shapes. Two nuclear envelopes will form.

Term

   Cytokenesis

Definition

     The cytoplasm pinches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.

Term
Tay-Sachs Disease
Definition

1.     Tay-Sachs is a genetic problem handed down from both parents. If one letter is off, than the gene is wrong, giving the child Tay-Sachs.

2.     Tay-Sachs is when fat builds up in their brain and eventually starts to suffocate the brain and their progression goes backwards.

Term
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition

1.     Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic problem where three letters in DNA are missing, creating faulty genes and so protein is the wrong shape.

2.     People with Cystic Fiborsis only life until 30 at most. Mucus gets stuck in their lungs and it becomes harder and harder to breath.

Term
Gamete
Definition
Reproductive Cell
Term
Zygote
Definition
Fertilized Egg
Term
Haploid
Definition
is a cell with one set of chromosomes (N) 
Term
Diploid 
Definition

 is a cell with both sets of homologous chromosomes (2N)

Term
Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis 
Definition
Term
Crossing Over
Definition

Crossing Over is when tetrads exchange portions of their chromatids. It occurs in Prophase.

Term
Steps of Mitosis
Definition

D.    Steps of Meiosis

1.     Meiosis I:

                                                                a.     Normal Cell

                                                               b.     Interphase

                                                                c.     Prophase

                                                               d.     Metaphase

                                                                e.     Anaphase

                                                                 f.     Telophase

                                                                g.     Cytokenesis (Cell divides, forms two daughter cells)

Term
Steps of Meiosis 2
Definition

 

                                                                a.     Two daughter cells divide

                                                               b.     Forming two more cells (goes through all stages except Interphase)

Term
E. Coli
Definition


    You contract E. Coli by food and water

Term
     Saacharomyces 
Definition

     Saacharomyces is also known as yeast

Term
Cilia
Definition

    Cilia are microtubule-based hair-like organelles that extend from the surface of almost all cell types of the human body. 

Term
Trichocyst
Definition

     Filaments that can be fired at a predator.

Term
Budding and binary fission have to do with what?
Definition

Budding and binary fission have to do with cell division.

Term
 Angiosperm
Definition

 

1.     Angiosperm are flowering seed plants

2.     Male part: stamens

3.     Female part: pistil

Term
Gregory Mendel
Definition

a.     Born in 1822 in Czech Republic

b.     Worked as a teacher and preformed research on the hereditary of pea plants

Term
Homozygous
Definition

   Homozygous: term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a specific trait.

Term
Heterozygous
Definition

    Heterozygous: term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait.

Term
Dominant
Definition

    Dominant: relating to or denoting heritable characteristics that are controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring even when inherited form only one parent.

Term
Recessive
Definition

     Recessive: relating to or denoting heritable characteristics that are controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents, i.e. when not masked by a dominant characteristic inherited from one parent.

Term
Phenotype
Definition

 Phenotype: Physical characteristics of an organism

Term
Genotype 
Definition

Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism.

Term
Dominant Traits
Definition

1.     Brown eyes

2.     Curly hair

3.     Freckles

4.     Nearsighted eyes

5.     Long eyelashes

6.     Detached earlobes

7.     Dimples

8.     Widow’s peak hairline

Term
Recessive Traits
Definition

1.     Blue eyes

2.     Straight hair

3.     No freckles

4.     Normal eyes

5.     Short eyelashes

6.     Attached earlobes

7.     No dimples

8.     Straight hairline

Term
Karyotyping
Definition

   A karyotype is a test to identify and evaluate the sixe, shape, and number of chromosomes in a sample of body cells. Extra, missing, or abnormal positions of chromosome pieces can cause problems with a person’s growth, development, and body functions.

Term
Monohybrid Cross
Definition

1.     The separation of the parental genotype form (Bb) and (Bb) on either side of the Punnet Square represents meiosis. Each single letter represents a possible haploid condition in either an egg or a sperm, whereas the double letters represent a diploid condition.

2.     Conventions

a.     Male alleles on top of Punnet square – female alleles on the left

b.     Dominant allele (upper case) written before recessive allele (lower case)

Term
Sex-Linked Cross
Definition

Half of all sperm (haploid) carry the X chromosome and half carry the Y chromosome, while 100% of all eggs (haploid) carry only the X chromosome. Genes are only carried on the X chromosome. As a result, females must receive two recessive alleles to exhibit any particular characteristic associated with one of these genes, while males need only receive one allele. Only females can be true heterozygous.

 

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