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cytology 2 and 3 flash cards
from histology lecture 2 and 3
79
Histology
Professional
08/22/2011

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Term
4 components of cytoplasm
Definition
1. cytoplasmic matrix
2. organelles
3. inclusions
4. cytoskeleton
Term
8 components of cytoplasmic matrix
Definition
1. aqueous gel
2 ions
3. amino acids
4. nucleotides
5. proteins
6. glucose
7. ATP
8. other metabolites
Term
6 organelles in cytoplasm
Definition
1. annulate lamellae
2. endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
3. golgi complex
4. vesicles - coated, endosomes, lysosomes, secretory vesicles
5. mitochondria
6. peroxisomes (microbodies)
Term
Annulate Lamellae
Definition
(a) stacks of parallel lamellae contaning pores
(b) occur in rapidly dividing cells
(c) function - unknown
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
(a) largest membranous system in cell
(b) consists of tubules and vesicles
(b) has smooth and rough ER
Term
Smooth ER - morphology
Definition
interconnected tubules and vesicles
Term
Smooth ER - location/cell type
Definition
(a) cells that specialize in lipid metabolism (ex. hepatocytes)
(b) cells that specialize in steroid synthesis (leydig cells)
(c) most cells don't have abundant sER
Term
Smooth ER - 5 functions
Definition
1. synthesis of fatty acids, lipids, steroids, and triglycerides
2. detoxification of lipid soluble drugs
3. sequester Ca2+ from cytosol (sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells)
4. reformation of nuclear envelope during telophase
5. in mega karyocytes - defines platelet demarcation zones
Term
Rough ER - morphology
Definition
(a) continuous with outer nuclear membrane and sER
(b) contains ribosomes
Term
ergastoplasm
Definition
(a) cytoplasm that takes up basic stains
(b) due to high concentration of ribosomes that pick up stain
(c) in neurons, known as Nissl substance
Term
Nissl Substance
Definition
ergastoplasm of neurons; high concentration of ribosomes
Term
rough ER - location
Definition
promenant in secretory cells
Term
Rough ER - function
Definition
post translational modifications of newly synthesized proteins
Term
free ribosomes send proteins to what 4 places?
Definition
1. nucleus
2. mitochondria
3. chloroplasts
4. peroxisomes
Term
membrane bound ribosomes send to what 3 places
Definition
1. plasma membrane
2. secretory vacuoles
3. lysosomes
Term
signal peptide
Definition
sequence in mRNA that codes for 20-25 mostly hydrophobic amino acids
(b) binds to signal recognition particle
Term
4 steps of protein synthesis on rER
Definition
1. signal peptide and SRP interact
2. SRP-growing polypeptide chain-ribosome complex binds to a SRP receptor and is directed to protein translocator
3. translocator directs through rER membrane to eER lumen
4. cleave of signal pap tide and initial glycosylation occur in cisternae
Term
Golgi complex - Location
Definition
(a) in all cells, but prominent in secretory cells
(b) arranged perinuclear or polarized
Term
golgi complex - 3 functions
Definition
1. modification of protein and lipids - from rER
2. controls trafficking of small vesicles relying membranes between organelles and plasma membrane
3. protein packaging, concentration, and sorting to final destination
Term
golgi complex - morphology
(a) light microscope
(b) EM
Definition
(a) stains with osmium or silver.
(b) stacks of 4-10 parallel cistern which are curved. convex surface (cis face) and concave surface (trans/exit face)
Term
4 compartments in golgi
Definition
1. cis compartment and small transfer vesicle
2. intermediate/ medial compartment
3. trans compartment
4. trans golgi network (TGN)
Term
3 pathways of protein sorting in Trans Golgi Network (TGN)
Definition
1. constitutive pathway - proteins inserted into plasma membrane; found in all cells
2. proteins stored in secretory granules; found in specialized secretory cells
3. directed to lysosomes - proteins with mannose-6-phosphate marker
Term
4 types of vesicles
Definition
1. coated vesicles
2. endosomes
3. lysosomes
4. secretory vesicles
Term
3 types of coated vesicles
Definition
1. clathrin coated vesicles
2. coatomer-coated vesicles
3. caveolae
Term
clathrin coated vesicles - function
Definition
(a) signal directed transport of proteins from trans golgie to lysosome or secretory granules
(b) formed from coated pits in membrane during receptor mediated endocytosis
Term
clathrin coated vesicles - morphology
(a) clathrin
(b) adaptin
Definition
(a) clatherin - consists of 3 large and 3 small polypeptide chains that form a triskelion that associates to form a polyhedral cage-like network around vesicle
(b) adaptin - 2nd protein coat that binds to cltrhin. adaptins differ from one vesicle to another for selectivity
Term
coatamer-coated vesicles - morphology
Definition
different in protein make up and shape as compared to clathrin-coated vesicles. large protein complex
Term
coatomer-coated vesicles - function
(a) function
(b) COP I
(c) COP II
Definition
(a) vesicular transport between rER and Golgi
(b) from golig cistarnae and transport vesicles --> rER (retrograde)
(c) from rER and transport vesicles --> golgi (anterograde)
Term
coatamer-coated vesicles - morphology
Definition
different in protein make up and shape as compared to clathrin-coated vesicles. large protein complex
Term
coatomer-coated vesicles - function
(a) function
(b) COP I
(c) COP II
Definition
(a) vesicular transport between rER and Golgi
(b) from golig cistarnae and transport vesicles --> rER (retrograde)
(c) from rER and transport vesicles --> golgi (anterograde)
Term
Snares
Definition
responsible for targeting of vesicles to correct cellular compartment.

v snare is the vesicle snare, t snare is where the vesicle needs to target to. Vsnare matches up with Tsnare to make sure vesicle goes where it should
Term
Cavaeolae vesicles - morhplogy
Definition
(a) caveolin coated protein
(b) enriched in lipid rafts of cholesterol and sphingolipids
(c) vesicle budding is due to lipid composition
Term
Caveolae vesicles - function
Definition
(a) clathrin-indpendent endocytic pathway
(b) transport processes (ex. transcytosis)
(c) concentrates membrane receptors for cell signaling
Term
Endosomes
Definition
membrane-bound tubes and vesicles extending from the periphery of the cell to the Golgi/perinuclear region.
Term
early vs late endosomes
Definition
(a) early - located beneath plasma membrane; sort and recycle endocytosed proteins
(b) late - present near golgi
Term
endosome interior
Definition
(a) Acidic interior created by ATP-driven pump
(b) late endosomes more acidic than early
Term
2 types of endocytosis
Definition
1. pinocytosis - ingestion of fluids and solutes via small vesicles <150nm
2. phagocytosis - ingestion of large particles by specialized cells >250nm
Term
Receptor-Mediated endocytosis
Definition
(a) ingestion of specific molecules from EC environment
(b) coated pits contan clathrin
(c) coated pits invaginate to form clathrin coated vesicles
(d) vescicles lose clathrin coat and mature into an endosome
Term
3 Pathways of the Endosomal Compartment in Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Definition
recycling - (a) receptor and ligand are recycled (b) receptor recycling (Ex iron)
2. constitutive pathway - lysosomal degradation
3. transcytosis - transfer from one extracellular place to another (ex. antibodies from mother to new born, release of salivary immunobodies)
Term
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) - clinical correlation
Definition
LDL binds to clathrin coated pit. A missing or defective LDL receptor produces high blood cholesterol levels leading to coronary arterial disease.
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
(a) ingestion of large particles >250nm by specialized cell
(b) ingest substance by "zippering" membrane around it
Term
Lysosomes - morphology
Definition
(a) membrane-limited body continent acid hydolases
(b) heterogeneous in appearance
(c) membran is hughly glycosylated
(d) internal ph of 4.7 by ATP-driven pump
Term
Lysosomes - function
Definition
degradation of
(a) endocytosed material
(b) cellular materials
Term
proteasome vs autophagy
Definition
(a) proteasome - degrades short lived proteins in cell
(b) autophagy - degrading old proteins or organelles
Term
5 types of lysosomes
Definition
1. phagolysosomes/phagosomes
2. lysosomes
3. autophagolysomes - autosomes
4. multivescular bodies
5. residual bodies
Term
6 steps of lysosomal biogenesis
Definition
1. acid hydrolyses are synthesized on polysomes bound to rER
2. in rER cisternae, acid hydrolyses are glycosylated to asparagine residue of hydrolyses
3. in cis golgi - mannose-6-phosphate is added to oligosaccaride chain. (m6m is address label to lysosome)
4. trans golgi, M6m receptors bind the enyem in clathrin-caoted areas
5. clathrin-coated vesicle bud off trans golgi, lose clathrin, and fuse with late endosome or endolysosomes
6. lysosomal enzymes dissociate from receptor at low pH and the receptor retires to TGN via clathrin coated vesicles
Term
Lysosomal storage disease - name residuals that accumulate
(a) I-cell disease
(b) tay-sachs
(c) fabry
(d) gaucher
(e) niemann-pick
Definition
(a) missing or defective golgi enzyme
(b) hexosaminidase A
(c) alpha-galactosidease A
(d) B-glucocerebrosidase
(e) sphingomyelinase
Term
Secretory vesicles
Definition
(a) secretory granules/ dense core granules
(b) contents of vesicles become condense as vesicle matures
(c) release contents in response to an extracellular signal
Term
two types of secretory pathways leading to exocytosis
Definition
1. constitutive pathway - continuous delivery of contents
(2) regulated secretory pathway - specialized cells . endocrine and neurons. calcium dependent release
Term
Mitochondria - morphology
Definition
(a) shapes - spheres and rod; 0.4-0.8um x 4-9um
(b) can be seen by light microscopy
(c) out and inner membrane = two compartments
(d) ATP production
Term
4 components of mitochondria
Definition
1. outer membrane
2. inter membrane
3. inner membrane space
4. matrix space
Term
mitochondria outer membrane
Definition
(a) has porins - voltage-dependent anion channels
(b) receptors for proteins and polypeptides
Term
mitochondria inter membrane space
Definition
(a) space between two membranes - equiv to cytoplasm
(b) contains kinases and cytochrome c
Term
5 components of mitochondria inner membrane
Definition
1. cristae - thin folds that project into interior; correspond to cell activity
2. elementary particles - ATP synthases; lollipop-like structures
3. cardiolipin - phospholipoprotein; makes inner membrane permeable to ions
4. respiratory chain enzymes
5. transport proteins
Term
mitochondria matrix space
Definition
(a) electron dense
(b) enzymes of krebs cycle
(c) enzymes of beta-oxidation
(d) mitochondria DNA
Term
orthodox vs condensed configuration in mitochondria
Definition
(A) orthodox - prominent cristae, large matrix, low level of oxidative phosphorylation
(b) condensed - cristae not easily recognized, small matrix, large membrane space, high level of phosphorylation
Term
4 functions of mitochondria
Definition
1. production of ATP
2. self-replication
3. synthesis from mitochondrial DNA
4. initiates apoptosis - releases cytochrome c
Term
Mitochondria production of ATP in matrix space
Definition
1. conversion of pyruvate and fatty acids --> acetyl CoA
2. Acetyl CoA produces NADH and FADH2 in krebs cycle
Term
Mitochondria production of ATP on the inner membrane
Definition
1. electrons from NADH and FADH2 passed down ETC to pump H+ across membrane
2. drives protons through ATP synthase complex
Term
how does mitochondrial DNA resemble that of bacteria
Definition
close circle DNA
Term
mitochondria of brown fat
Definition
(a) smaller inner compartment
(b) higher matrix density
(c) larger inter membrane space
(D) produce HEAT instead of ATP
Term
Peroxisomes - morphology
Definition
(a) primates and birds don't' have nucleoid - electron dense region
(b) contains oxydative enzymes such as (1) irate oxidase (b) D-Amino Acid oxidase (c) catalase
Term
peroxisomes - 5 function
Definition
1. beta oxidation of fatty acids --> acetyl CoA
2. converts H2O2 --> H2O
3. energy created dissipated as heat; maintenance of body temperature
4. detoxification of bloodstream at liver and kidney
5. catalyze first reactions in formation of plasmalogens
Term
peroxisomes - origin
Definition
originate from pre-existing peroxisomes by growth and fission
Term
peroxisomes - diseases
Definition
(a) x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy - single peroxisomal enzyme deficiency
(b) zellwenger syndrome - number of enzymes
Term
what are inclusions
Definition
inactive accumulations of products produced or picked up by cells
Term
3 types of inclusions
Definition
1. glycogen
2. lipids
3. pigments
Term
glycogen - morphology
Definition
(a) can be visualized by light microscopy when stained with PAS
(b) EM - appear as 20-30nm dense granules called Beta-article which aggregate to form alpha particles aka rosettes
Term
glycogen
(a) beta particles
(b) alpha particles
(c) rosettes
Definition
(a) 20-30nm dense granules
(b) aggregation of beta particles
(c) another name for alpha particles
Term
glycogen - location
Definition
in all cells, abundant in liver and muscle cells
Term
glycogen - function
Definition
(a) used to store carbs
(b) synth and degradation by glycogen synthase and phosphorylase
Term
inclusions - lipids - morphology
Definition
(a) not surrounded by a membrane
(b) clear vacuoles normally - extracted during fixation. sometimes preserves as black or gray spherical globule
(c) EM - surrounded by mitochondria
Term
inclusion - lipid - location
Definition
adipocytes as a single large droplet
liver and steroid secreting cells too
Term
inclusions - lipids - functions
Definition
storage of triglycerides and cholesterol as energy reserve
Term
4 types of pigment inclusions
Definition
1. lipofuscin
2. hemoglobin
3. melanin
4. crystals
Term
inclusion - pigment - lipofuscin
(a) residues from what organelle
(b) 5 associated diseases
Definition
(a) undigested residues in lysosomes
(b) three diseases
(1) age related macular degeneration
(2) alzheimer's - protein tau
(3) parkinsons - alpha-synuclein in neurons
(4) cardiomyopathies and heart failure
(5) atherosclerosis - oxidized LD in macrophages
Term
inclusions - pigments - hemoglobin
Definition
(a) oxygen carrying pigment of RBC
(b) byproduct (hemosiderin) accumulates in macrophages
Term
inclusions - pigments - melanin
Definition
keratinocytes, pigments cells of retina, nerve cells of brain
Term
inclusions - pigments - crystals
Definition
least common
crystals of reinke found in leydig cells
crystals of charcot-bottcher found in sertoli cells
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