Term
| What is the function of IL-1 and TNF together? |
|
Definition
1. Play an important role in inflammation
2. Activate (or enhance activation of) macrophages to secrete cytokines (IL-1, 6, 12, TNF) &
chemokines (IL-8 & MCP-1)
3. Activate endothelial cells leading to de novo expression of: ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin,
and enhanced expression of ICAM-2. As well, they induce endothelial cells to secrete
chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1.
4. Systemically, IL-1 and TNF act on hypothalamus to induce fever and play a key role in lowering
of blood pressure leading to shock. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of TNF alone? |
|
Definition
1. TNF enhances NADPH oxidase activity
2. TNF: role in the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of IL-3? |
|
Definition
| 1. Hematopoiesis – important for both myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cell development. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of IL-4? |
|
Definition
1. Required to isotype switch to IgE
2. Down regulation of Th1 cytokine production
3. Down regulation of iNOS (not as effective as TGFβ)
4. Shifts Th0 response to Th2 phenotype. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of IL-5? |
|
Definition
1. Hematopoiesis- differentiation of eosinophils
2. Chemotactic for eosinophils; recruiting eosinophils to tissues
3. Activation of eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| What is the fucntion of IL-6? |
|
Definition
1. Stimulus for secretion of C-reactive protein from hepatocytes (inflammation-)
2. In the presence of TGF , IL-6 plays a role in the differentiation of Thp cells to Th17 cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of IL-7? |
|
Definition
| 1. Hematopoiesis – Role for B and T cell differentiation. Bone marrow and thymus. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of IL-10? |
|
Definition
1. Down regulates IL-12 secretion by dendritic cells and macrophages (leads to down regulation of
Th1 cytokines.
2. Down regulates iNOS but is not as effective as TGFβ
3. Inhibitory molecule |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion of IL-12? |
|
Definition
| 1. Activates NK cells to secrete IFNγ (enhanced if either IL-15 or IL-18 is present) |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion of IL-13? |
|
Definition
1. In lung mediator of allergic asthma)
2. Plays a role in helminth infections (nematodes- round worms) |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion of IL-15? |
|
Definition
| 1. Plays a role (along with IL-12) in inducing NK cells to secrete IFN. |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion of IL-17? |
|
Definition
1. Functionally, IL-17 induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from a
wide range of cells (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, G-CSF and metalloproteinases from macrophages
and other cell types.
2. Autoimmune disorders if Th17 cells specific for self antigen
3. IL-17 is chemotactic for neutrophils
4. Plays a key role in fungal infections and in extracellular bacterial infections |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion of IL-18? |
|
Definition
| 1. Plays a role (along with IL-12) in inducing NK cells to secrete IFN. |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion of IL-21? |
|
Definition
| 1. Growth factor (amplification) of Th17 cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion of IL-22? |
|
Definition
1. Proinflammatory – Has been shown to be elevated in several inflammatory conditions (e.g.,
rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion IL-23? |
|
Definition
1. Role in differentiation of Thp cells to Th17 cells in the presence of TGF & IL-6 or IL-1
2. Proinflammatory cytokine that is composed of two subunits (p19 and p40). The p40 subunit is
common to both IL-12 and IL-23
3. Elevated in multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion IL-33? |
|
Definition
1. Activates mast cells
2. IL-33 is upregulated in intestinal parasite infection
3. Th2 cells have receptors for Il-33 – function ???
4. IL-33 suggested to be a member of the alarmin family, molecules that are released upon tissue
necrosis. IL-33 is released when endothelial cells or epithelial cells undergo damage/necrosis. As
such IL-33 can trigger multiple immunological processes as a result of trauma or infection (e.g.,
activate mast cells). Some immune cells can secrete alarmins without undergoing necrosis.
5. Dysregulated IL-33 contributes to asthma, arthritis and inflammatory bowel disorder. |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion of IFN? |
|
Definition
1. Activates iNOS
2. Enhances activation of NADPH oxidase
3. Down regulates production of Th2 cytokines
4. Critical for Th0 differentiation to Th1 phenotype
5. Along with IL-2, promotes pCTL to CTL differentiation
6. Enhances expression of Class I MHC on nucleated cells
7. Enhances expression of Class II MHC on antigen presenting cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion of IFNα and IFNβ? |
|
Definition
2. Triggers production of enzymes* that interfere with replication of some viruses
(*2’5’oligoadenylate synthetase)
3. Inhibition of T cell proliferation
4. Increase expression of Class I MHC on nucleated cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the funtion of TGFβ? |
|
Definition
2. Down regulation of iNOS
3. Critical for differentiation of Th0 cells to a/i Tregs
4. In the presence of IL-6 or IL1 and IL-23 differentiation Thp cells to Th17 |
|
|
Term
What is the Colony Stimulating Factors?
GM-CSF- |
|
Definition
- Role in hematopoiesis; role in differentiation of myeloid progenitor to GM-progenitor
Role in mobilization and activation of dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
What is the Colony Stimulating Factors?
G-CSF- |
|
Definition
| Role in hematopoiesis; role in differentiation of GM progenitor to granulocyte/neutrophil |
|
|
Term
What is the colony stimulating factorts?
M-CSF- |
|
Definition
| Role in hematopoiesis; role in differentiation of GM progenitor to monocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Macrophages,Endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epithelial cells,Fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monoctye Chemotactic Protein (MCP-1) (CCL2): Chemotactic for monocytes
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) (CXCL8) : Chemotactic for neutrophils
Eotaxin (CCL11): Chemotactic for eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| 1. Play an important role in inflammation? |
|
Definition
| IL-1 and TNF (synergistic) |
|
|
Term
| Mac secrete what cytokines? |
|
Definition
IL-1
IL-6
IL-12
IL-15
IL-18
TNF
CSFs
GM-CSF |
|
|
Term
| Den secrete what cytokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NK secretes what cytokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast secretes what cytokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cells secrete what cytokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thp secretes what cytokine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Th0 secretes what cytokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Th1 secretes what cytokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Th2 secretes what cytokines? |
|
Definition
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-10
IL-13
TGF Beta |
|
|
Term
| TH17 secretes what cytokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BMS secretes what cytokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VIC secretes what cytokines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oth secretes what cytokine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does chemokine MCP-1 (CCL2) do ? |
|
Definition
| Chemotactic for monocytes |
|
|
Term
| What does chemokine IL-8 (CXCL8) do? |
|
Definition
| Chemotactic for neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What does chemokine CCL11 do ? |
|
Definition
| Chemotactic for eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| What chemokines are secreted by macrophages and endothelial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chemokine is secreted by epithelial cells and fibroblasts? |
|
Definition
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