• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Decomposition
• Combustion of Fossil Fuels
• Natural Weathering of Rocks

Reactants: Energy (Sunlight), Carbon Dioxide, Water.

Products: Glucose, Oxygen.

Reactants: Oxygen, Glucose.

Products: Water, Carbon Dioxide, Energy (ATP).

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids

• Burning fossil fuels and causing more CO₂ emissions.
• The earth's atmosphere traps the carbon dioxide because it is a greenhouse gas. The trapped gas leads to a global temperature rise.
• Deforestation.

• Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
• Proteins

• Lightning
• UV Rays
• Bacteria Living on Nodules on the Roots of Legumes
• Cyanophytes Living in Vernal Pools or Lakes
• Humans Burning Fossil Fuels
• Producing Artificial Fertilizers

• Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria living on nodules on the roots of legumes (Rhizobium bacteria), cyanophytes living in vernal pools or lakes. Turns atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates or ammonia.
• Ammonification: Decomposers (mostly bacteria). Dead animals and animal waste are turned into ammonia.
• Nitrification: Bacteria. Two seperate steps. Ammonia turns into nitrite and nitrite turns into nitrate.
• Denitrification: Anaerobic bacteria living in wetlands (low oxygen supply). Returns atmospheric nitrogen to the atmosphere.

• Increased biomass of thriving species, decreased biodiversity (alterations in species competitiveness, green and weedy world).
• Depletion of dissolved O₂ by increased plants (HAB: harmful algae blooms) leads to fish kills and dead zones.
• Increased levels of NO₂ (greenhouse gas).
• Acid rain.
• Global warming.

Identify the function of each leaf part:

Waxy Cuticle

Epidermis

Stomata

Guard Cells

Mesophyll

Air Spaces

Xylem (Vein)

Phloem (Vein)

• Waxy Cuticle: Protection, waterproofs the leaf and prevents desiccation (water loss).
• Epidermis: Protection, prevents desiccation (water loss), secretes waxy cuticle.
• Stomata: Allows gas exchange between the leaf and atmosphere, CO₂ enters, O₂ and H₂O leave.
• Guard Cells: Open and close the stomates, perform photosynthesis.
• Mesophyll: Main site for photosynthesis in leaf.
• Air Spaces: Make gas exchange a lot easier, letting CO₂ in, letting O₂ and H₂O out.
• Xylem (Vein): Transports water and minerals from roots and stems to the rest of the leaf.
• Phloem (Vein): Transports glucose.

• Both layers conduct photosynthesis.
• Palisades layer conducts more, cells are more closely packed together and there are more in number.

• Respiration (Exhalation)
• Excretion
• Perspiration

• Precipitation
• Transpiration
• Evaporation
• Condensation

• Sunlight (Full)
• Humidity (Low)
• Temperature (High)
• Wind Level (Low)

• Both "fix" nitrogen, or combine nitrogen with other molecules, performed by soil bacteria.
• Nitrogen fixation includes one step; can be electrical or biological.
• Nitrification includes two steps; produces fixed nitrogen that plants can use. (nitrates / NO₃-).

• Car Exhaust
• Power Plant Emissions

• Growing Legumes
• Producing / Using Artificial Fertilizers
• Burning Fossil Fuels

• Use Precision Agriculture
• Preserve Wetlands
• Conserve Energy
• Farm Organically
• Support Organic Farmers by Purchasing Organic Crops

• Nitrates (NO₃-)
• Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrification

• Ammonia (NH₃)
• Nitrites (NO₂-)
• Nitrates (NO₃-)
•  Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)

• Waxy Cuticle
• Upper Epidermis
• Palisades Layer
• Spongey Layer
• Lower Epidermis
• Waxy Cuticle