Term
| What is the importance of surface area to volume ratios? |
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Definition
-constraints due to body size
-O2 consumption
-Temperature control
-Change in shape offsets increases in diameter
-bones and muscle increase in strength as the cross sectional area increases |
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Term
| In regards to allometry, isometry is always the null hypothesis. What are the axis labels for the graph? |
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Definition
X-axis=size
Y-axis=trait under study |
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Term
| What are the isometry values when comparing 1. Length to surface area 2. Surface area to volume and 3. Length to volume? |
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Definition
1. 1/2 or x^0.5
2. 2/3 or x^0.67
3. 1/3 or x^0.33 |
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Term
| Cladistics of phylognetic systematics is defined by... |
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Definition
-taxonomy groups go together
-A method of classifying organisms into clades
-A reconstruction of evolutionary history and a way to study the relationships among organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| An observable attribute of an organism |
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Term
| A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among the members of a monophyletic group is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a monopyhletic group? |
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Definition
| The same thing as a clade |
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Term
| What is a paraphyletic group? |
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Definition
| A group that does not include a common ancestor or has left out one or more of the descendants |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Define autoapomorphy and provide an example. |
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Definition
| A unique self-derived character; used to diagnose a terminal taxon; an example is the neural crest |
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Term
| A shared character that is used to diagnose a group such as a notochord, a postanal tail, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, or an amniotic egg is a.... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a pleisomorphy? What is an example of one? |
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Definition
| It is an ancestral character that was pre-existing and present in outgroups, such as a vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
| Ancestral; it came before the group under study |
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Term
| A derived character is... |
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Definition
| A synapomorphy used to distinguis a group |
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Term
| What is a homologous character? |
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Definition
| Characters with shared phylogenetic history; they have the same developmental patterns; they are assumed to be very similar |
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Term
| A general character with no ancestral tracking that resembles a character of anther animal is... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is convergent evolution? [Think about wings] |
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Definition
| Evolving traits or functional purposes that evolve at different times |
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Term
| Similarities that have originated independently with different lineages, also known as errors in phylogeny" are... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that the simplest phylogeny is the correct one; you want the fewest steps possible on your tree |
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Term
| What are the 3 major clades in the Phylum chordata? |
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Definition
1. Tunicata(=Urochordata)-a tunicate or sea squirt
2. Cephalochordata- lanclet or amphioxus
3. Craniata-hagfish and all vertebrates |
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Term
| What are the BIG 5 synapomorphies? |
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Definition
1. Notochord
2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
3. Phayrngeal slits
4. Postanal tail-for swimming
5. Endostyle-later becomes the thyroid |
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Term
| What are the 3 characteristics of protostomes? |
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Definition
-spiral cleavage, early fate
-lateral cords form mesoderm
-blastophore fate= mouth first |
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Term
| What are the 3 characteristics of deuterostomes? |
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Definition
*radial cleavage, later fate
*outpockets form mesoderm
*blastophore fate= anus first |
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Term
| Tunicates have the BIG 5 as larvae, but as adults... |
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Definition
| They only have the endostyle and the pharyngeal arches |
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Term
| The craniate brain has 3 parts. Describe them. |
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Definition
1. Forebrain-olfaction
2. Midbrain-ears and eyes
3. Hindbrain- transitional and other sensory functions |
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Term
| Name all 12 synapomorphies of craniates. |
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Definition
1. Neural crest
2. Neurogenic placodes
3. Cranium/braincase
4.Complex sense organs
5. Tripartate brain
6. Cranial nerves
7. Complex endocrine system
8. Muscularized gut tube wall (Amphioxus has to use cilia)
9.Regionall differentiation of gut tube and organs
10.Muscularizd, multi-chambered heart
11.Hemoglobin for O2 transport in blood
12.Gills for respiration |
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Term
| Commonly called hagfish, this group has numerous skin glands that allow them to escape predators by secreting slime |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 synapomorphies of Vertebrata? |
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Definition
*Vertebrae
*2 semicircular ducts
*Radial fin muscles |
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Term
| What is the scientific name of lampreys? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is important about the group osteostracans? |
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Definition
They have cellular bone
*cellular bone is made by trapping cells in the matrix |
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Term
| The clade Gnathostomata is defined by which 6 synapomorphies? |
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Definition
1. Jaws
2. Paired appendages
3. Paired nostrils
4. 5 gill slits
5. 3 semicircular ducts
6. Joined gill arches (=visceral arches) |
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Term
| Describe the gill arches of Gnathostomata. |
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Definition
*1st arch=mandibular arch composed of cartilage or endochondral bone
*2nd arch= hyoid arch-helps support jaw for feeding
*3rd-7th arches=5 pharyngeal arches |
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Term
| Placoderms are extinct, but there were... |
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Definition
-serious predators
-fish-like organsism
-They had an optic pedicel which is a small cartilaginous prop that supports the back of the eye |
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Term
| Chondrichthyes (Sharks) have four main synapomorphies. What are they? |
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Definition
*placoid scales
*ceratotrichia which are fin rays made of cartilage
*Vertebral centra
*A sub-terminal mouth |
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Term
| Actinopterygians (teleost) are characterized by... |
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Definition
| The presence of ganoid scales |
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Term
| Sarcopterygians have what kind of scales? |
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Definition
| Cosmoid (overlapping scales) |
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Term
| The clade Rhupidista is defined by the presence of... |
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Definition
| Labyrinthodont teeth, which means the enamel folds inward |
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Term
| Tetrapoda is defined by these 3 things |
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Definition
1. Four limbs with digits
2. Presence of articulating zygapophyses on the vertebrae to attach muscles to the spinal column and maintain posture
3. Specialized sacral vertebrae that transfer body weight to the pelvic girdle and legs |
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Term
| Ichthyostega is the earliest known tetrapod and is now extinct, but... |
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Definition
-it lived on land/water interface (had a lateral line)
-it has short ventures onto land
-it had many digits
-it had lungs and internal nares (choana)* |
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Term
| Amphibian synapomorphies include... |
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Definition
*reduction in the number of digits to 4 or less
*Aquatic larvae metamorphosing into adults
*Short ribs
*Amphibian papilla (inner ear) for hearing |
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Term
| The clade amniota is defined by these 2 synapomorphies. |
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Definition
1. Internal fertilization
2. Development of an amniotic egg |
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Term
| The amniotic egg has 4 extra-embryonic sacs. Name and describe them. |
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Definition
1] Yolk sac-nutrition
2] Amnion- fluid bath for protection
3] Allantois-collects waste
4] Chorion- Allows gas exchange |
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Term
| Diapsids are defined by... |
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Definition
| Having TWO temporal fenestrae |
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Term
| Mammalian synapomorphies include these 5 things. |
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Definition
1)Presence of a malleus (articular), incus (quadrate), and stapes (collumella/hyomandibular) in the ear
2)Sound detecting cochela in the inner ear
3)Hair
4)Mammary glands
5)Jaw point between the dentary and the squamosal |
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Term
| There are 3 main groups of mammals. Name them, the animals, and name 1 synapomorphy. |
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Definition
*Monotremata-includes platypus and echidnas-they are the only ones to lay eggs
*Metatheria-marsupials like kangaroos and possums-the embryo develops in a pouch
*Eutheria-humans, cows, dogs-have a long embryonic and fetal development |
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Term
| This creature has a lot of modern amphibian traits and few fish-like characteristics. What is it? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The sum total of changes that occur from birth to maturation (death). |
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Term
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Definition
| The total of the stages of an organism's life history |
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Term
| The study of developmental stages that occur between fertilization and birth (the same thing as developmental biology) is... |
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Definition
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Term
| A series of stages during which a fertilized egg is converted into a self-dependent organism is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do all the anatomical structures of advanced life come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three modes that induce cells to change? |
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Definition
1. Cell-cell contact
2. Morphogen
3. Extracellular matrix |
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Term
| Areas with little yolk that divide faster and have smaller blastomeres are the... |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| The area with a lot of yolk that divides slowly and has larger blastomeres |
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Term
| Describe a microlecithal egg |
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Definition
*It has little yolk
*Holoblastic cleavage
*Must have an external food source (larvae or placenta) |
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Term
| This type of egg is defined by having holoblastic cleavage, but yolk is displaced to one pole. The blastocoel is also displaced (amphibians). It prodeuces unequal sized blastomeres |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Has a large amount of yolk
-Has meroblastic cleavage
-Has one small disc-like area that undergoes cleavage (this is the blastula of other organisms)
-sharks, fish, reptiles, birds |
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Term
| What is the definition of involution? |
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Definition
| All cells are moving or flowing to the inside to form the chordamesoderm |
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Term
| What are the steps of neurulation? |
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Definition
1a) Shaping
1b) Folding (notochord formation)
2) Elevation
3) Convergence
4) Closure of the neural crest then the neural tube |
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Term
| Name the 3 subdivisions of somites. |
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Definition
-Sclerotome
-Myotome
-Dermatome |
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Term
| The neural crest makes up the... |
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Definition
| Eyes, nerves, and pharyngeal arches/jaws |
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Term
| Sensory structures, nasal structures, the forebrain and cranial nerves, otic structures, and semicircular canals all come from... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Patterning and segmenting genes which control structural genes |
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Term
| What does paedomorphosis mean? |
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Definition
| Retaining juvenile traits into adulthood (the trait can easily be compared to the ancestor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of an entirely new trait than that of the ancestor; the shape is extended |
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Term
| Changes in developmental timing of a trait relative to the ancestral pattern is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| The human head is an example of this. The head grows at a rate that is slower than the rest of the body. What is this called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| An equal rate of growth; the slope on a graph would be exactly 1 |
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Term
| Whale bones (maxilla) in the skull develop rapidly with the body. What is developmental pattern called? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| One gene has multiple affects on the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| one gene being influenced in terms of expression by other genes |
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