Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The heart cells (myocytes) can initiate their own action potential, automatic. Don't have to have an imput from the nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The heart cells depolarize at regular intervals. Stimulate an action potential with a rhythm, leads to a normal healthy heart. |
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Definition
| Responds to self generated or extrenal stimulation |
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Definition
| Transmit action potential to other cells. |
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Term
| What is the parietal pericardium? |
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Definition
| The outermost pericardium. |
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Term
| What is the visceral pericardium (Epicardium)? |
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Definition
| The outermost part of the heart, inner layer of the pericardium. |
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Term
| What is the Pericardial cavity? |
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Definition
| The space between the parietal & viseral |
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Term
| What is the pericardial fluid, how much? |
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Definition
| 10-30mL, when heart beats, fluid can decrease friction and allow for absorption of some shock. |
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Term
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Definition
| The muscle layer, attached to fibrous skeleton. |
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Term
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Definition
| Innermost lining of the heart, the lining of endocardium is continuous with blood vessels, arteries, veins. Innerlining of blood vessels and capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller, low pressure, walls are 2-5 mm thick |
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Term
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Definition
| Walls 13-15 mm thick. Pump blood through greater resistance (pulmonary, systemic circulation). inflow & outflow. |
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Term
| Describe the Fibrous skeleton of the heart. |
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Definition
| It is made up of fibrous connective tissue. It anchors the atria, ventricles & cardiac valves. |
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Term
| Describe the atrioventricular (AV) valves. |
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Definition
| Mitral & tricuspid. Prevents backflow during ventricular systole (contraction), "soft". |
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Term
| Descrive the Semilunar valves (SV). |
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Definition
| Pulmonary & Aortic, prevent backflow during diastole (relaxation), "snap" |
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Term
| What does the superior vena cava do? |
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Definition
| Has deoxygenated blood from the head. |
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Term
| What does the inferior vena cava contain? |
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Definition
| Deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities. |
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Term
| Where does pulmonary arteries carry blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the pulmonary veins carry blood? |
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Definition
| From the lungs to the heart. |
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Term
| Where does the aorta carry blood? |
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Definition
| From the left ventricle to the rest of the body. |
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Term
| What is happening during diastole? |
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Definition
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Term
What is happening during systole?
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Definition
| Ventricles are contracting. |
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Term
| What are the phases of the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
| Atrial systole, ventricular systole, ventricular ejection (semilunar valve opens), ventricular relaxation (closure of aortic valve), and ventricular filling (opening of the mitral valve) |
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Term
| Describe ventricular ejection |
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Definition
| Semilunar valves open, slow |
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Term
| Describe isovolumic ventricular relaxation. |
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Definition
| All valves are closed (tricuspid, mitral, aortic, pulmonary), pressure in ventricles drop, once pressure drops, mitral and tricuspid opens again. EDV: End diastolic volume, max amount of blood in ventricles at the end of ventricular relax. EDV-135mL |
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Term
| Describe passive ventricular filling. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the coronary arteries/veins do? |
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Definition
| Arteries: delivery oxygen & nutrients to myocytes. Veins: remove waste. |
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Term
| Descrive coronary capillaries. |
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Definition
| 3300/sq mm, 1 capillary per muscle fiber. |
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Term
| Describe the coronary veins |
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Definition
| Coronary sinus, great cardiac vein, posterior vein of the left ventricle. Drain waste products from heart, take blood back into heart from great cardiac vein, Coronary lymph vessels: drains lymph fluid into mediastinum, then goes back into SVC. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short, fat, branching cells. One large central nucleus per myocyte. Myfibrils for contraction. Many mitochondria. High capillary density. Large sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubule system. |
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Term
| What do intercalated discs do (in myocytes) |
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Definition
| Important in allowing conductivity of the heart, made up of desmosomes (attaches cells together), connected by gap junctions: allows action potential to spread rapidly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Striated, actin & myosin, intercalated discs on cell membrane. Gap junctions that allow for communication, easy ion moevment, acd easy action potential. |
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Term
| What are the structures that control heart action? |
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Definition
| Cardiac action potentials, functional syncytium, conduction system (SA node), AV node, bundle of his (AV bundle), right and left bundle branches, perkinje fibers. |
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Term
| What does cardiac innervation contain? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves. |
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Term
| What does adrenergic receptor function contain? |
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Definition
| Alpha/beta adrenergic receptors, norepinephrine or epinephrine. |
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Term
| List the pacemakers and how many times they work per minute. |
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Definition
SA node: 70-80 times/min
AV node: 40-60 times/min
Purkinje fibers: 15-40 times/min. |
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Term
| Describe autorythmic Contraction |
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Definition
| Smaller, fewer contractile fibers, generates own rhythm (conductile cells), action potential initiates here, spreads to contractile cells through gap junctions. |
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Term
| Describe the Cardiac Rhythm |
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Definition
| Generates rhythmic impulses & conducts impulses. Contains SA node, AV node, AV bundle, purkinje fibers, & ventricles. |
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Term
| Describe Conduction Velocity. |
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Definition
Atria & ventricles: .3-.5 m/sec
Purkinje fibers: 4m/sec
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Term
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Definition
| In the upper back wall of the RA, few contractile fibers, connect with atrial muscle fibers, self-excitation, generates action potential, pacemaker of the heart, 40-60 times/min. |
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Term
| What happens during phase 0 of the cardiac action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during Phase I of the cardiac action potential? |
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Definition
| Early depolarization, calcium slowly enters the cell. |
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Term
| What happens during phase 2 of the cardiac action potential? |
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Definition
| Plateau, slow calcium & sodium enter cell. |
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Term
| What happens during Phase 3 of the cardiac action potential? |
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Definition
| Potassium exits the cell. |
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Term
| Describe the refractory period & the relative refractory period. |
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Definition
Refractory: area already involved in action potential, normal impulse cannot "re-excite".
Relative Refractory: Requires stronger impulse to excite. |
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Term
Explain the Cardiac Action Potential
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Definition
Slow response, conductile, pacemaker action potential, unstable resting membrane potential, can generate action potentail without neural impulse.
Leaky: Sodium leaks in, activation of sodium-calcium (Slow calcium) channels, closure of slow calcium channels, opening of potassium channels. |
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Term
| EC Coupling has a lot of info... look in notes. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Initial stretching of myocytes before contraction.
Stretching depends on amount of blood in heart and represented by pressure in ventricles. End diastolic pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Force contraction must overcome, aortic pressure. |
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Term
| Describe venous return involved with Frank-Starling Mechanism. |
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Definition
| Tissues control blood flow, & all returns to heart. |
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Term
| What is the equation in relationship to Frank Sterling Mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the contractile force related to Laplace's law depend on? |
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Definition
Radius of the chamber, thickness of its wall.
Smaller chambers+thicker walls= Increased contraction force. |
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Term
| Describe what controls the heart rate. |
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Definition
Cardiovascular control center in the medulla: Cardioexcitatory & cardioinhibitor center
Neural Reflexes: Bainbridge & baroreceptor reflexes
Atrial receptors respond to how much they're stretched.
Hormones & biochemicals: Thyroid hormones increase rate of heart beating. |
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Term
| Describe what the sympathetic system has to do with heart rate control. |
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Definition
| Can increase cardiac output, 100% HR, FOC, Ejection fraction, if we remove sympathetic tone, can slow down the HR (30%) |
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Term
| What does the Parasympathetic system has to do with heart rate control? |
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Definition
| Can decrease cardiac output to around 0, stops then "escapes", 20-40 beats/min, some of those conductile mechanisms take over, Decrease FOC. |
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Term
| What effect does beta one plus epinephrine have on the heart? |
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Definition
| Increases heart rate & FOC. |
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Term
| What effect does beta two + norepinephrine have on the heart? |
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Definition
| Dilation of arterioles (coronary arteries) |
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Term
| What effect does alpha 1 + norepinephrine have on the heart? |
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Definition
| Vasoconstriction on blood vessels throughout the body and in the heart. |
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Term
| Explain the importance of Atrial receptors. |
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Definition
| Detects stretch, atrial natriuretic peptide released, decreases volume, hypothalamus stimulated, ADH released, HR increases with atrial stretch, 15% due to stretching sinus node, 40-60% due to Bainbridge reflex. |
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Term
| What does the P wave show? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the QRS wave show? |
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Definition
| Ventricular depolarization |
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Term
| What does the T wave show? |
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Definition
| Ventricular repolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| Time from onset of atrial activation to the onset of ventricular activation. Time necessary to travel from sinus node through the atrium, AV node, & his-purkinje system to activate ventricular myocardial cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventricular myocardium depolarized. |
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Term
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Definition
| "electrical systole" of the ventricles. Varies inversely with the heart rate. |
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Term
| What is the importance of the CV system? |
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Definition
| Maintains environment for survival & function of cells, delivers O2, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids. Remove CO2 & H+. Deals with ion concentrations & hormones. Removes waste, controls heart pumps and blood vessel control flow. |
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Term
| What are noninvasive assessments of CV function? |
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Definition
| Sensorium of the individual, mucous membrane color, manually palpated pulse, auscultation of heart sounds, cardiography, pulse tracking, magnetic resonance imagining, doppler studies, stress testing, chest x-ray exams. |
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Term
| What are invasive assessments of CV function? |
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Definition
| X-ray fils with barium, nuclear imaging with radiolabeled pharmaceuticals (hot or cold spot imaging), tomographic studies, AV bundle electrocardiography, cardiac catherization, coronary angiography. |
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