Term
| What are ways to do chromosome imaging and to take samples of chromosomes during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) and Amniocentisis |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of chromosome abnormalities? |
|
Definition
| Deletion, duplication, translocation, and reciprocal translocation |
|
|
Term
| What is the term when there is a piece missing from a chromosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for a segment of chromosome being repeated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. |
|
|
Term
| What is reciprocal translocation? |
|
Definition
| When two differnt chromosomes (non-homologous) trade pieces. |
|
|
Term
| What are some autosomal dominant disorder? |
|
Definition
| Achondroplasia (skeletal problems), marfan syndrome (connective tissue problems), huntington disease (huntington protien mutation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| missing piece of chrom 5, reduced larynx and mental retardation. |
|
|
Term
| what is williams syndrome? |
|
Definition
| missing piece of chrom 7, underproduction of elastin, poor academic and ood musical skills. |
|
|
Term
| inv dup 15 syndrome does what? |
|
Definition
| segment of chromosome repeated and results in poor muscle tone, curved spine and seizures |
|
|
Term
| what causes distinct facial features, itching and is a result of chrome 2 and 20 swapping end pieces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some autosomal recessive disorders? |
|
Definition
| tay-sachs disease (defective enzyme in brain/ jews), cystic fibrosis (water balance problems, thick mucus/ caucasian), and sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin clumping, poor circulation/ african american) |
|
|
Term
| How did Darwin develop his theories? |
|
Definition
| in 1800's theories where to simple, in 1831 aboard HMS he read charles lyell's book ' Principles of Geology' |
|
|
Term
| What are charles lyell's key points? |
|
Definition
earth is very old
slow steady change
rivers expose rock strata layers |
|
|
Term
| What did Darwin discover in terms of biogeography? |
|
Definition
patagonia hare is similar but different to rabbit, galapagos finches had great diversity on mainland, tortoises had longer necks on dry land
environment had affect on physical characteristics |
|
|
Term
| What is Darwins theory of natural selection? |
|
Definition
1 More individuals are produced each generation that can survive.
2 Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable.
3 Those individuals with heritable traits better suited to the environment will survive.
4 When reproductive isolation occurs new species will form. |
|
|
Term
| what is natural selection? |
|
Definition
| Where heritable traits make it more likely for an organism to survive long enough to reproduce and become more common over successive generations of a population |
|
|
Term
| what is evidence for evolution? |
|
Definition
1.fossils (over 10,000 yrs old, tissue preserved in amber, and show successive changes in species)
2. biogeographical evidence (patagonia hare and rabbits, tortoises and longer neck on dry land)
3.Anatomical evidence such as homologous structures (different functions and similar structure..ex human arm bone and chimpanzee arm bone)
4.analogous structures ( same functions but different structures...ex bird wings[bones] and insect wings[exoskeleton])
5.embryology (similar structures among different species...ex fish, birds, humans all have gills slits and anaal tail early in embryo)
6.biochemical evidence (we all use ATP for energy, same 20 amino acids, cytochrome-c absence in humans and primates) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic changes that happen in a population, shifts in allele frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all alleles of all individuals of a population. |
|
|
Term
| what is the hardy weinberg equilibrium? |
|
Definition
| 5 conditions in order to keep allele frequency the same. |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 ways to keep allele frequency the same? (weinberg equilibrium) |
|
Definition
1. no mutations
2. no gene flow (movement of alleles in and out of poulation)
3. no random mating
4. no genetic drift (random changes in allele frequency due to random events, can result in loss of allele)
5.no natural selection |
|
|
Term
| causes of micro evolution? |
|
Definition
1.mutations
2.gene flow- loss or gain of alleles due to individuals entering a population
3.genetic drift-random changes in allele frequency due to random events
4.natural selection
( directional selection- moves most common from toward one extreme to another extreme ex...horse evolved to smaller species)
5.(stablizing selection- narrows the range of variation..ex human birth weight)
6(disruptive selection-A natural or artificial process that favors or induces survival and perpetuation of one kind of organism over others that die or fail to produce offspring.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.evolution on a large scale, appearance of new species
2.morphological species-physical characteristics
3.biological- members of a species share a common gene pool & cannot mate with members of another species |
|
|
Term
| modes of reproduction isolation? |
|
Definition
PREZYGOTIC ISOLATION- (prior to fertilized egg) such as..
habitat isolation- occupy diff. habitats in same geographical areas
temporal isolation- may mate at different times of the year
behavior isolation- mating dances, mating calls
gamete isolation- sperm wont fertilize egg
POSTZYGOTIC ISOLATION- ( fertilization successful)
miscarriage or the hybrid cant reproduce |
|
|
Term
| What are models of speciation? |
|
Definition
allopatric- geographical isolation..(iguana/ different kinds are in different parts of the world)
sympatric- Speciation with geographic isolation (apple maggot fly and hawthorne fruit
adaptive radiation- many species come from an single original species (often when new unexploited habitat becomes available) |
|
|
Term
| key points during precambrian era (4.5 billion years ago-544 MYA)? |
|
Definition
-1st cell prokaryotes
-650 multicellular organisms
-50 MYA 1st animals(invertebrate) |
|
|
Term
| key points during paleozoic era (544-250 MYA) |
|
Definition
-hardparts, shells & exoskeletons
-bones[jawless fish]
-1st land animals [ arthropods]
-plants at 400 MYA
-insects
-amphibians after reptiles |
|
|
Term
| key points in mesozoic era 250-65 MYA |
|
Definition
-gymnosperms (cone bearing plants)become diverse (vascualr tissue, stromata, and at 144 MYA flowering plants appear [angiosperms])
-reptiles dominate (t-rex rules)
-towards end birds and mammals (small and not diverse, but eat dinosaurs)
-pangea separates |
|
|
Term
| key points in cenzoic period (65 MYA) |
|
Definition
-angiosperms diversify and become dominant over gymnosperms
-diversit of birds. mammals, and insects all increase (insect most successful)
- 250,000 yrs ago first humans (homosapiens) |
|
|
Term
| key mass extinctions on earth? |
|
Definition
1.largest ever during paleozoic called Permian extinction (loss of 50% of taxonomic groups and 95% of marine groups/ caused by formation of Pangea and it caused less coastal land and more arid inland)
2.Mesozoic lost 35% of animal families, including dinosaurs, may be caused by volcano or meteor, caused mass cooling of earth and most could not survive
3.about 10,000 yrs ago most large animals in N and S America disappear, mammals over 100 lbs (mega-fauna) survive, theories surround humans coming at this time too
4.70% of scientists belive that due to human interaction extinction is happening at a massive rate today 100-1000 times regular background extinction rate being brought by humans |
|
|
Term
| what are key points in human populations? |
|
Definition
6.6 billion ppl on planet
half in asia, 1 billion in china and india
under 100 million until 4000 uears ago, the hike was in the industrial revolution
9-12 billion cap on human population innext century |
|
|
Term
| difference between more developed and less developed countries |
|
Definition
MORE DEVELOPED
1.europe and america have modest pop growth and high standard of living
2.1850-1950 saw high pop growth due to modern medicine
3.after 1950 reduction in children
4.USA water consumption 30 times higher than in India per person
5.USA oil usage 250 times higher than INdia
6.90% wastes from more developed countries
LESS DEVELPED COUNTRIES
1.high pop. and poverty commonly seen, less impact from modern medicine
2.5 or more kids per mother because of lack of BC or choice
3.much growth in asia |
|
|
Term
| more about population growth |
|
Definition
| biotic potential and environment both affect pop. growth |
|
|
Term
| influences of biotic potential |
|
Definition
-age when can reproduce
-how often reproduction occurs in pop
-number of offspring
-chance of offspring survival |
|
|
Term
| biotic potential and exponential growth |
|
Definition
new population established and resources are abundant (j shaped curve, lag and then exponential growth phase)
usually use up resources until its crashes |
|
|
Term
| biotic potential and logistic growth |
|
Definition
| s-shaped curve (lag phase, exponential growth and then equilibrium phase) use resource but they come back |
|
|
Term
| what are interactions regulating population? |
|
Definition
competition- competing for same resource
resource partitioning- different resources need upon different ages
predation- one organism kills and consumes another |
|
|
Term
| what are life history patterns? |
|
Definition
opportunistic species- exponential growth ( short lived, exponential growth, small in size, lots of offspring, low paternal care)
equlibrium species- logistic growth
( populations near carrying capacity, small # ofsspring, high maternal care, long-lived) |
|
|
Term
| how are you vulnerable to to extinction? |
|
Definition
equilibrium species are vulnerable
1. size of geographic range
2. degree of habitat tolerance
3. size of population |
|
|
Term
| what is primary succession? |
|
Definition
| change that occurs on new land mass (soil-plants-animals) |
|
|
Term
| what is secondary succession? |
|
Definition
| change after established community is removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area or environment where organism lives |
|
|
Term
| what is a ecological niche |
|
Definition
an organisms role in a community, it habitat and set of resources in needs
(ex..flowering plants are food for herbovores and pollinators) |
|
|
Term
| interactions between species and competition |
|
Definition
competitive exclusion (Gause) no two species can ocupy sam niche, in test paramecium one lived, one died.
when tested again, both survived.
relived by 'resource partitioning', or sharing |
|
|
Term
| more types of interaction between species |
|
Definition
MUTUALISM
interaction-both abundance increases,interaction when both species will benefit
ex..plants and pollinators
symbosis- necessary for both species (if u lose one species u lose the other.)
ex.. lichens, fungi and algae)
predation- one kills and consumes another
parasitism- one species consumes part of another without killing it |
|
|
Term
| What is a keystone species? |
|
Definition
one species impacts an organization more than would be predicted by its abundance
(ex..sea otters and kelp, and too many sea urchins with out sea otters) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all species in particular location, the interactions, and the interaction between species and non livng environment.
ex.. sunlight, moisture, soil, cycling of minerals, wastes |
|
|
Term
| What are parts of an ecosystem? |
|
Definition
1. producers- photosynthesizers
2. primary consumers- deer eating the producers, fish eating algae (herbivores)
3. secondary consumers- eat primary consumers (carnivores)
4. decomposers- break down former living material and make nutrients available again
**nutrients recycled but energy is lost at every level** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the variety of organisms, habitats, and ecosystems on earth as well as the variety of processes occuring with those ecosystems |
|
|
Term
| what is direct use value? |
|
Definition
value assigned to species, and extracted from nature (products)
-medicinal value (rosy periwinkle and leukemia)
-agricultural values (bats and plants or lady bugs and aphids)
-consumptive values (humans consuming fish or other meat) |
|
|
Term
| what is indirect use value? |
|
Definition
benefit provided by biodiversity when its left intact.
-$3-30 trillion of services from environment
-protection of soil and water resources (forests act like a sponge from large amounts of rain)
-waste treatment ( bacteria and fungi recycle nutrients, and detoxify metals, pesticides and break down human wastes)
-climate control (locally and globally, trees and CO2) |
|
|
