1. The heart

2. The Digestive Tract

3. The Kidneys

4. The Skin

The pituitary gland secretes at least how many hormones?

in how many parts?

9

The anterior and posterior pituitary gland

1. Somatotrophic cells

2. Mammotrophic cells

3. Thyrotrophic cells

4. Corticotrophic cells

5. Gonadotrophic cells

1. Growth hormone-(growth of entire body)

2. Prolactin-(manufacture of milk by the breasts)

3. Thyroid Stimuating hormone-(control metabolic rate)

4. Adrendocrticotripic hormone-(helps people deal with stress)

5. Melanocyte stimulating hormone-(darkens skin pigmentation)

6. Follicle Stimulating hormone-(act on gonads)

7. Lutenizing hormone-(induce ovulation)

1. Antidiuretic Hormome (ADH)-keeps you from peeing

2. Oxytocin-helps uterus contract during labor

Anterior Pituitary Contain-Somatotrophic cells

These cells secrete what which does what?

GH-Growth Hormone

which stimulates the growth of the entire body

The Anterior Pituitary Contains Mammotrophic cells

these cells secrete what hormone?

this hormone stimultes the manufacture of what?

Prolactin (PRL)

which stimulates the manufacture of milk by the breasts.

The Anterior Pituitary contains Thyrotropic cells

These cells secrete which hormone?

This hormone ultimatley controlls what?

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

This ultimatley controls the metabolic rate

The Anterior Pituitary Contains Corticotrophic Cells

which secrete two hormones

what do they do?

1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

-helps people deal with stress

2. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

-darkens skin pigmentation

The Anterior Pituitary Contains Gonadotrophic cells

which secrete two hormones

what are they? What do they do?

what are they called together?

1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone-FSH

-act on the gonads

-stimulate the maturation of sex cells

-induce the secretion of sex hormones

2. Lutenizing hormone (LH)

-secreted in large amounts in the middle of the menstrual cycle to induce ovulation.

3. Gonadotropins

-signals primarily testosterone in the testes

-FSH stimulates the maturation of sperm cells

-stimulates the secretion of androgens, estrogens and progesterone

-stimulate the maturation of the egg containing ovarian follicles

1. Thyroid Gland

2. Adrenal Cortex

3. Gonads

The Posterior Pituitary consists of nervous tissue.

what type of axons? what do they make up?

unmyelinated axons and neurogial cells

they make up the hypohyseal tract (transport for hormones made by the bypothalamus and released and stored by the posterior pituitary)

1. Oxytocin (kicks baby out)

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Targets the collecting ducts and distal tubules in the kidney.

it responds by reabsorbing more water from the urine and returing it to the bloodstream

as much fluid as possible when the body is

-dehydrated

or there is

-severe bleeding

cuddle

groom

bond with a mate

the cute cuddling hormones**

The thyroid gland produces how many hormones?

1. Thyroid hormone--thyroxine--T4 and T3-Tri-Iodothyronine

2. Calcitonin-secreted when blood levels of Ca are high

Calcitonin

-lowers blood levels of CA by slowing down calcium releasing activing of osteoclasts in bone and increasing calcium sectretion by the kidney.

1. Chief Cells

2. Oxypil Cells

they produce a hormone called the parathyroid horomone

-increases the blood concentration of CA whenever it falls too much.

osteoclasts

PTH increase the blood concentration of CA whenever it falls too much.

1. uncontrolled spasams

2. severe pain

3. death

1. adrenal medulla

2.  adrenal cortex

1. danger

2. stress

3. terror

The adrenal medualla is apart of what part of the nervous system?

secretes which two hormones?

autonomic nervous system

epinephrine and norepinephrine

they go into the bloodstream and enhance the fight or flight response

the produce the widespread excitation effects which we feel a surge of adrenaline

epinephrine equals what!!!??

norepinephrine equals what?????

adrenaline

nerotransmitter

epinephrine

noepinephrine

1. zona glomerulosa

2. zona fasciculata

3. zona peticularis

1. mineracocorticoids--aldosterone

2. glucocorticoids--cortisol

a decline in either blood volume

or

a decline in blood pressure (severe hemorrhage)

sodium

when there is more sodium in the blood, more water follows.

it helps the body deal with stressful situations such as:

fasting

anxiety

trauma

crowding

infection

1. rheumatoid arthritis

2. joint injuries

3. severe allergies

4. tendinitis

5. other inflammaory disorders

The path of glucocorticoid secretion works as follows.

1.

2.

3.

1. The brain senses there is a stressful situation

2. the hypothalamus tells the anterior pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

3. ACTCH travels to the adrenal cortex and tells it to secrete glucocorticoids

fight

is mobilized the body during extreme situations

-fear

-exercise

-rage

rest and digest

enables the body to relax, unwind, and conserve energy

controls routine maintenance functions

most active when the body is at rest

Zona reticularis also secretes large quantities of a hormone called dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

what is it converted to?

DHEA is converted to testosterone and estrogen in the peripheral tisues

counteracting stress

bosting immunity

imporving mood

1. signals liver cells to remove clucose from their glycogen stores

2. raises blood sugar levels when they fall too low

the beta cells secrete insulin

1. signals most cells of the body to take up glucose from the blood

2.  promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen n the liver which lowers excessive blood sugar levels.

1. thymosin

2. thymopoietin

in newborns

it continues to increase in size during childhood when it is most active

begins to atrophy during late adolescence and is slowly replaced with fibrous and fatty tissue.

the testes and ovaries

main source of the steroid sex hormones

1. maintain the reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristics of males

2. help promote the formation of sperm

what hormone in men maintains the reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristcs of males?

it also helps promote the formation of sperm?

what hormone stimulates kidney salt secretion?

decreases excess blood volume, high blood sodium concentration?

what disorder it is called when if after the bones have stopped growing excessive amounts of GH are secreted it will result in enlargement of bony areas that are still able to repond to GH?

The hands, feet and face?

what disorder is it when hyposecretion of GH in children cause them to have small structures and

can reach normal stature if given GH injections?

dwarfism

pituitary dwarfs

hyposecretion of GH

what disease is caused by insufficient secretion of ADH (vasopressin)

that is caused by a blow to the head that damages the posterior pituitary

tumor

or kidney damage?

so insulin in diabets type one must be administered many times throughout the day to control blood glucose levels

high levels of lipids in their blodd predisposes them to:

excessive sugan iin thier body fluids disrupts what?

atherosclerosis

disrupts capillary function

1. regular exercise

2. management of diet and blood sugar level

these things delay onset of complications

which diabetes is more common?

what are some lifestyle factors modifications for diabetes type two?

type two

lose weight

avoid high carbs

sugar rich foods

regular exercise

these modifications control type two diabetes and decrease the likleyhood of its development

diseases of the adrenal cortex:

what disease is caused by ACTH secreting pituitary tumor (most common) of tumor of the adrenal cortex?

what disease is characterized by high levels of blood glucose loss of protein from the muscles

lethargy

swollen face

redistribution of fat to the poserior neck (buffalo hump)

depression of the immune and inflammatory responses

what disease is characterized by

blood levels of glucose drop

sodium levels drop

severe dehydration

low blood sugar

fatigue

loss of appetite

abdominal pain

blowining of skin and gums