Term
| ethnic and racial categories recognized by U.S. Census |
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Definition
| White American; American Indian and Alaska Native; Asian; African American; Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander; and people of two or more races |
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Term
“Hispanic or Latino” vs. “Not Hispanic or Latino”
(purpose per U.S. Census Bureau) |
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Definition
| identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a racially diverse ethnicity that comprises the largest minority group in the nation. |
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Term
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Definition
| differences BETWEEN racial and ethnic groups |
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Term
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Definition
| difference found WITHIN racial and ethnic groups |
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Term
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Definition
| parents with young children; divorce common; personal desires put over family; parents try to be friends with their children; avoid physical punishment |
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Term
White American
Communication |
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Definition
| language—American Standard English; communication can be long-winded and impersonal |
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Term
White American
Spirituality |
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Definition
| religion is a private affair, but mainly Protestant and Bible based |
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Term
White American
Spirituality |
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Definition
| religion is a private affair, but mainly Protestant and Bible based |
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Term
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Definition
| capitalism (i.e., the future is what you make it); poverty is a moral failing and wealth is held in high esteem; physical beauty is valued with white skin, blond hair, and thin body being the ideal; sports are an important part of life (baseball, American football, basketball); democracy and freedom; individual rights |
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Term
American Indian/Alaska Native
Family |
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Definition
| complex family organizations that include relatives without blood ties; strong kinship bonds (multigenerational, extended families); group valued over individual; husband and wife show a tendency to communicate more with their gender group than with each other; harmony within the group is very important; common sharing of material goods; group decision making |
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Term
American Indian/Alaska Native
Communication |
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Definition
| indirectness; being still and quiet; comfortable with silence; value listening and nonverbal communication; may avoid making direct eye contact as a show of respect when talking to a higher status person |
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Term
American Indian/Alaska Native
Spirituality |
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Definition
| fundamental part of life; interconnectedness of all living things; sacredness of all creation; use of traditional and Western healing practices; medicine man, shaman, or spiritual leaders are traditional healers |
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Term
American Indian/Alaska Native
Values |
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Definition
| holistic; interconnectedness of mind, body, spirit, and heart; time is viewed as a circular flow that is always with us; follow nature’s rhythms rather than linear time |
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Term
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Definition
| patriarchal system in which a wife has lower status and is subservient to her father, husband, and oldest son; obligation to parents and respect for elders; hierarchical family structure with strictly prescribed roles and rules of behavior and conduct |
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Term
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Definition
| often indirect in order to avoid direct confrontation and maintain highly valued harmonious relationships; less emotional expressiveness (reserved) and demonstration of affection |
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Term
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Definition
| cultures influenced by Confucian and Buddhist philosophies |
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Term
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Definition
| shaming and obligation to others are mechanisms for reinforcing cultural norms; adhering to rules of conduct reflects not only on the individual, but also on the family and extended kinship network, including past and future generations; usually seek help from the family or cultural community |
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Term
| Asian clients and psychotropic drugs |
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Definition
| Asian clients may respond to psychotropic drugs differently than clients from other ethnic groups. They typically require lower doses of medications and may experience more severe side effects from the same doses given to other clients. It is sometimes recommended to start Asian clients on less than the normally prescribed dosage. They are also sometimes resistant and view treatment of symptoms via homeopathic methods as more acceptable. |
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Term
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Definition
| multigenerational family systems; strong kinship bonds, including extended families and relatives without blood ties; informal adoption of children by extended family members; flexible family roles; women are often viewed as being “all sacrificing” and the “strength of the family” |
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Term
African American
Communication |
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Definition
| animated; individuals try to get their opinions heard; often includes physical touch; direct; show respect at all times; history of racism; and sense of powerlessness impacts interactions |
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Term
African American
Spirituality |
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Definition
| turn to community and/or religious leaders if assistance is needed; church is seen as a central part of community life |
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Term
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Definition
| strong kinship bonds; strong work orientation; strong religious orientation; use informal support network—church or community; distrust of government; and social services—feel “big brother” doesn’t care; don’t like to admit they need help—strong sense of pride |
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Term
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Family |
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Definition
| Western concept of “immediate family” is completely alien to indigenous Hawaiians; family is not restricted to those related by blood; “we are all related”; ties that bind cannot be broken, even by death; cherish their ancestors, with generation upon generation of lineage committed to memory and beautiful chants composed to herald their ancestors’ abilities |
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Term
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Communication |
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Definition
| many Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander subgroups, representing different languages and customs; ability to speak English has a tremendous impact on access to health information, public services; Hawaii is the only state in the United States that has designated a native language, Hawaiian, as one of its two official state languages |
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Term
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Spirituality |
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Definition
| polytheistic, believing in many deities; belief that spirits are found in nonhuman beings and objects such as animals, waves, and the sky |
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Term
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Values |
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Definition
| importance of culture and welfare of all living in a community; focus on ensuring the health of the community as a whole; everyone has a responsibility to use his or her talents to the benefit of the whole; sharing is central |
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Term
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Definition
| extended family system incorporates godparents and informally adopted children; deep sense of commitment and obligation to family; family unity, welfare, and honor are important; emphasis on group rather than individual; male has greater power and authority |
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Term
Hispanic/Latino
Communication |
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Definition
| often speak Spanish (but do not assume that they wish to receive services in native language); display varied emotional expressiveness depending on language being spoken; when speaking Spanish, client may be very expansive/expressive, friendly, playful, but in switching to English, speech may be more businesslike and guarded |
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Term
Hispanic/Latino
Spirituality |
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Definition
| most are Roman Catholic; emphasis on spiritual values; strong church and community orientation/interdependence |
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Term
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Definition
| wish to improve their life circumstances; belief in the innate worth of all individuals and that people are born into their lot in life; respect for dignity of self and others; respect for elders; respect for authority; very proud of heritage—never forget where they came from |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an individual’s pattern of physical and emotional arousal toward other persons. People do not choose their sexual orientation—it is simply part of who they are. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to sexual contacts or actions. It is important to realize that people’s sexual orientation may not fit perfectly with their sexual behavior (what they do sexually). There are many factors that shape or determine sexual behavior and sexual orientation is only one of those factors. Sexual behavior can be influenced by peer pressure, family expectations, cultural expectations, religious beliefs, and so on. |
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Term
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Definition
| also may be very different from an individual’s sexual orientation. Sexual identity is about the way people present their sexual preferences. People may have private sexual identities, which may be different from their public identities. Even private sexual identities can differ from sexual orientation or attractions. Many people who experience same-sex attraction and/or have sexual contact with others of the same sex do not see themselves as homosexual or bisexual. |
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Term
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Definition
| term for people whose gender identity, expression, or behavior is different from those typically associated with their assigned sex at birth. “Trans” is sometimes used as shorthand for “transgender.” |
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Term
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Definition
time when individuals begin living as the gender with which they identify rather than the gender they were assigned at birth, which often includes changing one’s first name and dressing and grooming differently. Transitioning may or may not also include medical and legal aspects, including taking hormones, having surgery, or changing identity documents (e.g., driver’s license, Social Security record) to reflect one’s gender identity. Medical and legal steps are costly and, therefore, unaffordable.
people transition to align their physical appearance and characteristics with their gender identities. Many people begin the process after years of dysphoria and distress, and transitioning may help them feel as if they are finally able to be their true selves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The goal of many trans people after transitioning, their gender to be perceived correctly by others |
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