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Culture, Norms, Deviance
& Values, Diversity, Groups
30
Sociology
12th Grade
01/10/2006

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Term
Society
Definition
the study of human interaction
Term
Culture
Definition
The way of life of a certain group of people
Term
Sub-culture
Definition
small cultures within larger ones

1. The smaller the subculture the less unique treats that define it

2. Subcultures tend to follow the traits of the larger culture (just add onto)
Term
Counter-cultures
Definition
a form of subculture that opposes the traits of the larger culture
ex. Hippies

1. ALL are temporary b/c:
A. Main stream cultural traits based on what WORKS (no drugs)

B. BUT, main stream culture absorbs some of the interesting traits (tie-dye)
Term
Cultural Universals
Definition
Things all cultures have rules/expectations about

(COMPARE TWO CUTLURES)

food: forks US v. chopsticks china
Term
Norms
Definition
Behavior society expects from its members

Consits of folkways & mores
Term
Folkways
Definition
Minor norms, usually not even laws

1. Enforced by society pressure, dissapear if not
2. Internalization - we do so often don't question - it's AUTOMATIC
3.Positive/Negative Reinforcemet: society rewards those who follow, punishes those who break
Term
More
Definition
serious norms, usually laws

ex: Don't kill, steal, lie

1. Create an emotional response if broken
2. Society must respond aggresively to those who break it
3. If large #'s in a society break, society will fall apart
Term
Values
Definition
What is good/important/right/moral to an individual (freedom, friendship, family)

1. Sources?
- Parents
- Friends
- Personal experience
- society/media
- religion
- ppl share values in groups, groups treasure the values,
- change is slow b/c it tends to be generational
- people assume others share our values (democracy,Iraq)
Term
Cultural Diversity
Definition
USA is, North Korea is not

Good about it?
- get best traits of various cultures

Bad?
- loss of original culture traits
- possible intolerance
- ethnocentrism (my group's best, natural to humans)
Term
Cultural Relivitism
Definition
- Examinging cultures through their own standards/traits, NOT YOURS

- This produces a bias-free approach to the study of culture
Term
Deviance
Definition
a REPETATIVE violation of society's NORMS, (not singular), INTENTIONAL

most ppl aren't deviant (internalized correct behavior, society punishes deviants)
Term
Postitive Functions of Deviants
Definition
1. Show ppl the rule, and what happens if they break it!
2. Gets ppl jobs (police, etc.)
3. Show problem w/ the norm - apartide
4. Source of entertainment/excietment
5. Unifys society (US against them mentality).
This is so strong it can be MADE UP and still work (Hitler, Durkheim)
Term
Theory of Deviant Cause
Definition
1. Cultural transmission: learn deviance from other deviants
- most visible in early adolescence

2. Structural Strain:
- Deviance response to values of a society

STEP #1: Society creates goals for it's members (rich)

STEP #2: Not everyone has the same means/abilities to reach goal
Term
Status
Definition
a defined position in society (hat). Similar to subcultures, humans have multiple statuses

two types: assigned, achieved
Term
Assigned Status
Definition
no choice, no effort (race, gender, height)

* creates problems of ACCEPTANCE
Term
Achieved Status
Definition
you make a choice/effort to get it

(ex:good student, driver, friend)
Term
Master Status
Definition
Status most important to the person at the time

-Changes throughout life
- It's usually achieved, but could be either one
Term
Roles
Definition
Behavior assciated with a particular status
Term
Roles situations
Definition
Role-reversal
Reciprocal Roles
Role Conflict
Role-strain
Term
Role-reversal
Definition
- two people switch long-standing roles (children - aging parents)
Term
Reciprocal Roles
Definition
You need another person to preform their roles so you can do yours

- Student - teacher
- Doctor - patient
- Friend - friend
Term
Role-conflict
Definition
performing one role interferes w/ another role

good worker v. good student
good daughter v. good friend
good friend v. good gf
Term
Role-strain
Definition
being unable to perform the role of a specific status (your FIRST... day of school,job, etc.)
Term
Groups
Definition
- 2 or more people
- In close physical proximity
- w/ common goals/expectation
- * label/title *
- interact
Term
Aggregate
Definition
Exactly like a group except NO interaction (elevator, in line)

* Humans like these b/c they like being anonymous, not having to interact (no expectations)
Term
To study groups you use:
Definition
#1: Time: all groups are temporary, longest we can handle? tends to be family

#2: Size: up to 12-15 before it breaks into subgroups

#3: Organization: all groups have norms (sit in same spot @ lunch table)

-informal: only few loose rules (friends)
-formal: very structured (class)
Term
Types of Groups
Definition
Primary- usually small in number (have only a few of these groups), and small in size (amt of ppl in group). Most likely have 1-2 of these, 1-2 in each group.

-Knows you better than anyone
- long time to establish, lasts a long time
- by being OPEN to them you're VULNERABLE!!! dangerous

2. Secondary
-lots of them, can be big
- they only know a small side to your personality
- easy to get, don't last long
Term
Social Network
Definition
Line, w/ primary& secondary groups, most ppl have lots of secondary ones
Term
Maximize secondary groups b/c:
Definition
1. Contacts
2. Lots of activities
3. Source of future primary groups
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