Term
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Definition
- The values, beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, and behaviours shared by a group, who often speak the same language (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2012)
- ‘Culture’ can be a complex notion; it is related to ethnicity, nationality, gender, age and generation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, disability, religion and spiritual orientation (Hays, 2001)
- Culture is learned (Westen, Burton & Kowalski, 2006) – not born with, we teach our children how to act a particular way. |
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Term
| What are the two broad aspects of culture? |
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Definition
| Observable and Unobservable |
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Term
| Observable – Surface Culture |
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Definition
- Behaviours, languages, dance, food, clothing
- Easy things to see and comprehend |
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Term
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Definition
- Values, beliefs, worldviews, attitudes.
- E.g. Food eating preferences such as vegetarian vs meat based diet. May be different ideologies that influence these decisions. Consumption of animal meat may differ from animal to animal. Put different values on different animals.
- More controversial beliefs e.g. views of abortion (shaped by the cultural and belief systems they are subscribed to). |
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Term
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Definition
- Nationality: Political concept; the country or state that governs an individual’s environment and social opportunities; citizenship
- Race: traditionally, classification of people based on genetic make up, phenotype. Created by scientists to create the concept that some are superior to others due to similar genetic features.
- Ethnicity: classification based on shared geographical, racial, linguistic, national or cultural heritages
However, nationality, race and ethnicity are all related to culture in complex ways |
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Term
| Culture Changes over time |
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Definition
- Culture is dynamic, fluid and something that is constant changing over time
e.g. Phones: In 1990 started off as a big block phone, then society decided ‘the smaller the better’ during the start 2000, now smartphone era prefers bigger screens |
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Term
| Why is culture important to psychology? |
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Definition
- We want to know more about our own culture(s) as well as other cultures. Especially how a person’s cultural identity/identities influence their thoughts, feelings, attitudes and behaviours.
- Gender, age, sexuality, religion, spirituality, SES, ethnicity, nationality play into how a person experiences the world, and how someone else does too. |
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Term
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Definition
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- With particular identities often come particular biases or prejudices
- Highlights the ways that the cultures we are developed in influence the way that we view and understand others
- There are particular ways of our identity which carry certain privileges and disadvantages in society |
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Term
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Definition
- All highly influential psychologists are old white men
- The knowledge and the theories that they produced and are reproduced are not effective in understanding the diversity around the world
- Knowledge is shaped by the people that produce it and where they produce it |
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Term
| What does WEIRD Psychology mean? |
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Definition
Psychological knowledge has been produced in
Western
Educated
Industrialised
Rich
Democratic societies |
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Term
| WEIRD Psychology explanation |
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Definition
- Strong reliance on North American influence and reliance on undergraduate samples
- WEIRD subjects are frequent outliers compared with the rest of the world
- Understand the context in which psychological research is conducted
- Their lived experiences do not represent all people around the world |
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Term
| Cultural Safety in psychology |
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Definition
| Understanding our own culture and ensuring our actions don’t demean, diminish or disempower the cultural identity of others. |
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Term
| Cultural Competence in psychology |
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Definition
| - Awareness, knowledge and skill to perform psychological tasks that recognise diverse worldviews of oneself and clients of different ethnic/cultural backgrounds. |
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Term
| Cultural Competencies – Awareness |
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Definition
- Being aware of your own and your clients’/participants: cultural heritage, gender, class, ethnic identity, sexual orientation, institutional or organisational affiliation, practice orientation, disability, age cohort.
- Being aware of how your identification, experiences with the above shape your own and your clients’/participants values, assumptions, judgements and biases related to the above groups
- E.g. if you identify yourself as heterosexual, are in the position to understand the frustrations or wellbeing as someone who identifies themselves as homosexual |
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Term
| Cultural Competencies – Knowledge |
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Definition
Being aware of:
- How knowledge is produced and imbedded in psychology
- How psychology theories and methods are historically and culturally embedded
- How history, oppression and how these are manifested in today’s society. . E.g. Effect of mental health inequalities and manifestation of past inequalities for Pacific people
- Socio-political influences that impinge on groups
- Culture-specific assessments, tools and their backgrounds (may be culturally bias)
- How people understand the family structures, iwi, hapu, and how inter-group relations differ across groups
- Te Tiriti o Waitangi and its application to psychology practice and knowledge. |
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Term
| Cultural Competencies – Skill |
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Definition
Having the skill to:
- Evaluate hypotheses and/or develop accurate research, including awareness of when issues involve cultural dimensions e.g. If doing a survey, make sure it is not culturally bias
- Assessing your own cultural competence and identifying when your own circumstances negatively influence professional activities – adapt accordingly.
- Design and implement non-biased, effective treatment plans, interventions or research methods. |
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Term
| What is Cultural Psychology |
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Definition
- Concerned with focussing on a specific cultural group and examining the particular psychological aspects of that group.
- Concerned with the ways in which people are influenced or affected by the culture they live in. The views of the cultural group are privileged. |
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