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Cultural Anthropology-The Human Challenge
Key Facts and Notes-Chapter 5
32
Anthropology
Undergraduate 3
02/28/2013

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Term
Language
Definition
A systematic communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules.
Term
Signal
Definition
An instinctive sound or gesture that has a natural or self-evident meaning.
Term
Linguistics
Definition
The modern scientific study of all aspects of language.
Term
Phonetics
Definition
The systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language.
Term
Phonology
Definition
The study of language sounds.
Term
Phonemes
Definition
The smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language.
Term
Morphology
Definition
The study of patterns or rules of word formation in a language (including such things as rules concerning verb tense, pluralization, and compound words).
Term
Morphemes
Definition
The smallest units of sound that carry a meaning in language. They are distinct from phonemes, which can alter meaning but have no meaning themselves.
Term
Syntax
Definition
The patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences.
Term
Grammar
Definition
The entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax.
Term
Language Family
Definition
A group of languages descended form a since ancestral language.
Term
Linguistic Divergence
Definition
The development of different languages from a single ancestral language.
Term
Glottochronology
Definition
In linguistics, a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor; based on analyzing core vocabularies.
Term
Core Vocabulary
Definition
The most basic and long-lasting words in any language- pronouns, lower numerals, and names for body parts and natural objects.
Term
Linguistic Nationalism
Definition
The attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms.
Term
Linguistic Nationalism
Definition
The attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms.
Term
Sociolinguistics
Definition
The study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories (such as age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, and class) influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech.
Term
Gendered Speech
Definition
Distinct male and female speech patterns. which vary across social and cultural settings.
Term
Dialects
Definition
Varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible.
Term
Code Switching
Definition
Changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether form one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another.
Term
Ethnolinguistics
Definition
A branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutually influence each other.
Term
Linguistic Relativity
Definition
The idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language.
Term
Linguistic Determinism
Definition
The idea that language to some extent shapes the way in which we view and think about the world around us.
Term
Gestures
Definition
Facial expressions and body postures and motions that convey intended as well as subconscious messages.
Term
Kinesics
Definition
A system of notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages.
Term
Proxemics
Definition
The cross-cultural study of people's perception and use of space.
Term
Paralanguage
Definition
Voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning. These include vocalizations such as giggling, groaning, or sighing, as well as voice qualities such as pitch and tempo.
Term
Tonal Language
Definition
A language in which the sound of pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning.
Term
Whistled Speech
Definition
An exchange of whistled words using a phonetic emulation of the sounds produced in spoken voice; also known as whistled language.
Term
Displacement
Definition
Reffering to things and events removed in time and space.
Term
Writing System
Definition
A set of visible tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic way.
Term
Alphabet
Definition
A series of symbols representing the sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order.
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