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Cultural Anthropology Final
Words and definitions from all of the chapters for Rob McKee's Cultral Anthro class at GIAL.
256
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
05/31/2012

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Term
anthropological perspective
Definition
the approach to social research that seeks to understand culture from the point of view of the people within that cultural context.
Term
anthropology
Definition
the holistic study of humankind.
Term
applied anthropology
Definition
branch of anthropology in which the practitioners use anthropology in the service of particular social concerns.
Term
archaeology
Definition
the study of material artifacts to understand a people's culture and society, usually in the past.
Term
cultural anthropology
Definition
the description, interpretation, and analysis of similarities and differences in human cultures.
Term
Cultural Other
Definition
a term used to refer to the subjective experience of difference at the cultural level; identifying "us/me" and "them/you" through cultural symbols and markers.
Term
ethnoarchaeology
Definition
the approach to archaeology that combines the analysis of material life with information taken from contemporary populations.
Term
ethographic fieldwork
Definition
anthropology's hallmark research method, based upon the anthropologist's direct experience in a culture.
Term
ethnographic interviews
Definition
purposeful, documented conversation with research participants that may be formal or informal.
Term
ethnography
Definition
a rich description and analysis of a culture that includes the anthropologist's experience of "being there."
Term
excavation
Definition
a rigorous method of extracting artifacts from underground; the primary data collection method of archaeologists.
Term
focus groups
Definition
a type of interview in which small groups of people are asked to discuss a particular topic while the anthropologist takes notes.
Term
"go native"
Definition
an expression referring to a phenomenon in which an anthropologist fully affiliates with the culture being studied.
Term
holistic understanding
Definition
the view that all parts of human life - from birthing practices to the economy to warfare to art - are interconnected.
Term
life history
Definition
an interview or series of interviews that document the trajectory of a single life.
Term
linguistics
Definition
the subfield of anthropology devoted to the study of language.
Term
mapping
Definition
diagramming geographical space or human interpretation and use of space.
Term
Mound Builders
Definition
a Native American group known for their burial mounds.
Term
participant observation
Definition
an approach to research that combines participation and observation in various ways to optimize understanding of the culture being studied.
Term
physical (or biological) anthropology
Definition
the study of human anatomy, nonhuman primates (primatology), and human origins
Term
primatology
Definition
the study of nonhuman primates
Term
qualitative research methods
Definition
interpretive approaches that use participant observation, interviews, document analysis and other methods to understand the nature and meaning of phenomena.
Term
rapid ethnographic assessment procedures (REAP)
Definition
the time-compressed use of focus groups, ethnographic interviews, mapping, and other methods within a framework of participant observation.
Term
rapport
Definition
a relationship of conversational ease with individuals and groups.
Term
survey
Definition
a standardized set of questions applied to numerous individuals or places.
Term
armchair anthropologists
Definition
early anthropologists who gathered data from travelogues and books rather than from their own direct research.
Term
cultural relativism
Definition
the view that cultural practices and beliefs are best understood in relation to the entire context.
Term
cultural superiority
Definition
the belief that one culture is more enlightened, advanced, civilized, or intelligent than another.
Term
culture
Definition
the total way of life of a group that is learned, adaptive, shared and integrated.
Term
epistemological relativism
Definition
the belief that the validity of knowledge itself is limited to the context in which it was produced.
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
the use of one's own culture to measure another's, putting one's own culture (ethno) at the center (centrism) of interpretation and typically devaluing the other culture.
Term
historical particularism
Definition
an early anthropological theory that argues that each culture is a unique representation of its history and context.
Term
monogenesis
Definition
the view that all humans originate from a single creation of God.
Term
moral relativism
Definition
the idea that something is only right or wrong according to context-specific criteria.
Term
polygenesis
Definition
the theory that various groups of humans appeared on earth or were created separately.
Term
racism
Definition
the belief that humans are organized into race groupings that are different from one another in intelligence and worth.
Term
tacit ethnocentrism
Definition
the assumption that one's own way of life is just normal, not cultural.
Term
unilinear cultural evolution
Definition
an early anthropological theory that states all cultures evolve from simple to complex along a single trajectory of progress.
Term
xenophobia
Definition
an intense, irrational dislike of people from other countries or cultures.
Term
cultural ecology
Definition
an anthropological theory that teaches that culture can be understood in terms of how people adapt to an interact with the natural environment.
Term
cultural Marxism
Definition
a postmodern theory that draws on Karl Marx's concepts of power, inequality, and class struggle to understand cultural change.
Term
cultural materialism
Definition
a theory that understands culture as driven by the material, ecological, and economic adaptations humans make.
Term
cultural traits
Definition
cultural artifacts or activities.
Term
diffusionism
Definition
an early anthropological theory stating that cultural traits spread from more advanced to less advanced societies.
Term
falsification
Definition
the view that scientific theories cannot be proven, only falsified.
Term
feminist theory
Definition
a contemporary theory that highlights the importance of including women's presence in cultural analysis.
Term
functionalism
Definition
an early anthropological theory that says culture develops in response to human needs.
Term
historical particularism
Definition
an early anthropological theory that argues that each culture is a unique representation of its history and context.
Term
idiographic explanation
Definition
a rich description of a particular case.
Term
naturalism
Definition
a belief that all that exists are the natural phenomena that can be touched, seen, or otherwise physically experienced.
Term
nomothetic explanation
Definition
a generalization, a natural law that predicts and explains culture change and human behavior.
Term
perspectivalism (or standpoint theory)
Definition
an anthropolical theory that highlights the positionality of knowledge, that is, knowledge is generated by a knower who is positioned in a particular place and time and who reflects a specific and limited perspective.
Term
positivism
Definition
an approach to anthropology that involves seeking universal, nomothetic explanations based on empirical evidence.
Term
postmodern theory
Definition
an umbrella term for theories built on the premise that positivist or so-called objective views of human phenomena are inherently limited, and that they are therefore not unbiased in the ways proponents believe them to be.
Term
reflexivity
Definition
the inclusion of the anthropologist's perspective and experience in ethnographic writing.
Term
sociobiology
Definition
an anthropological theory that teaches that culture is rooted in the human drive for evolutionary advantage and genetic survival.
Term
structural-functionalism
Definition
an early anthropological theory that says the functions of particular beliefs or behaviors may be understood in terms of their support of social order and cohesion.
Term
structuralism
Definition
an anthropological theory that teaches that human biology, specifically brain structure, drives culture.
Term
symbolic anthropology (also called interpretive anthropology)
Definition
an approach to anthropology that views culture as a system of symbols that people create, alter, and share with each other.
Term
theory
Definition
a formal description of some phenomenon in the world that explains how that thing works.
Term
unilinear cultural evolution
Definition
an early anthropological theory that states all cultures evolve from simple to complex along a single trajectory of progress.
Term
contextualization
Definition
fitting the gospel with the language, idioms, customs, and traditions of the culture so that Christianity becomes organically woven in with the context.
Term
pastoral anthropology
Definition
the use of ethnographic techniques to learn about the community where a church is located, the demographics of church members, and the social and spiritual needs of both communities.
Term
subculture
Definition
a group within a larger culture that defines itself (or is defined by others) in opposition or in distinction to the majority.
Term
bakla
Definition
a gender status in the Philippines that involves a natal man dressed as a woman.
Term
baybalan
Definition
a natal man who dressed as a woman, or a man born with ambiguous genitals. This ancient social role in the Philippines was understood to result in specialized access to spiritual power.
Term
burqa
Definition
a long garment covering every bit of a woman's body, including her eyes.
Term
female circumcision (or Female Genital Mutilation [FGM])
Definition
a cultural practice that involves removal of part or all of a girl's genitalia and may involve the surgical closure of her vagina until she is married.
Term
gender
Definition
what it means to be male or female in a particular culture.
Term
gender role
Definition
a set of expectations regarding proper behavior and appearance for a particular gender.
Term
gender socialization
Definition
the process of learning how to act according to the gender norms of a culture.
Term
gender status
Definition
a position a person can occupy in the social order that is directly related to maleness or femaleness. Gender status is usually ascribed. English-language gender statuses are girl, boy, man, and woman.
Term
intersex
Definition
people born with ambiguous genitals due to a variety of biological conditions.
Term
kula ring
Definition
an exchange system around the chain of Trobriand Islands.
Term
purdah
Definition
the seclusion of women from public view
Term
sex (or sexual dimorphism)
Definition
biological maleness or femaleness, usually given at birth.
Term
sexual culture
Definition
the system of cultural meanings about sexuality and the social practices of sexuality.
Term
sexual identity
Definition
an element of some sexual cultures, the intentional sense of having a sexual desire which your social identity is built.
Term
sexual life way
Definition
a culturally constructed expression of sexuality and gender roles.
Term
sexuality
Definition
includes biological sex, but also refers to human sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Term
third gender
Definition
a gender other than man or woman.
Term
two-spirit (also berdache)
Definition
a Native American social role in which a person dressed as the other gender and performed the work of the opposite gender or both genders.
Term
code switching
Definition
the practice of keeping particular forms of speech separate in one's life, using one in one setting (with friends or peers) and another in another setting (in the classroom or on the job).
Term
creole
Definition
type of language formed when speakers of different languages combine their languages.
Term
descriptive linguistics
Definition
the study of specific features of individual languages, such as patterns of grammar and sounds, as they exist at a given moment in time.
Term
design feature
Definition
an element that is common to all languages.
Term
diachronic
Definition
studies that focus on change over time.
Term
dialect
Definition
distinct but mutually intelligible forms of a single language.
Term
ethnosemantics (or ethnoscience)
Definition
the study of the culturally and linguistically specific ways people make sense of the world.
Term
grammar
Definition
the rules that people use to organize their speech.
Term
historical linguistics
Definition
the study of how languages develop and change over time and how different languages are related to one another.
Term
kinesics
Definition
body language
Term
language
Definition
a system of verbal and nonverbal symbols used to communicate.
Term
language family
Definition
a group of languages that derive from a common ancestor language.
Term
language hierarchy
Definition
the system by which some languages or dialects have ranked political, economic, and social status.
Term
language theory
Definition
an explanation of the general nature of language.
Term
lexicon
Definition
all the morphemes of a particular language.
Term
linguistic morphology
Definition
the patterns and structures of words in a language.
Term
linguistic nationalism
Definition
the use of language to promote nationalist ideologies.
Term
morphemes
Definition
units of language that carry meaning.
Term
official language
Definition
language sanctioned by a ruling body.
Term
paralanguage
Definition
certain qualities applied to particular words, such as volume, tone or emphasis.
Term
philology
Definition
the study of societies through their texts.
Term
phonemes
Definition
the sounds available in any particular language.
Term
phonetics
Definition
the study of all possible structures and sounds humans use in language.
Term
phonology
Definition
the study of language sounds, including phonemics and phonetics.
Term
pidgin
Definition
language formed when speakers in a multilingual context use a simplified form of one language (often a colonial language) as a common language across a region or group.
Term
protolanguage
Definition
the ancient language from which all the members of a particular language family are derived.
Term
regional dialect
Definition
the accent and word choice related to geography.
Term
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Definition
a hypothesis that posits that language shapes people's perceptions, thoughts, and views of reality.
Term
social dialect
Definition
a way of speaking connected to class.
Term
social register
Definition
a way of speaking related to a specific setting such as a sporting event, institution of higher learning, or religious community.
Term
sociolinguistics
Definition
the study of how language is used by people in society.
Term
structuralism
Definition
a theory of language that says all languages share an underlying binary structure.
Term
symbol
Definition
something that stands for something else.
Term
synchronic
Definition
studies that focus on a given moment in time.
Term
syntax
Definition
the order in which morphemes appear.
Term
agriculture
Definition
a subsistence system that requires constant and intensive use of permanent fields for plant cultivation.
Term
articulation
Definition
the strategic use of several modes of subsistence at the same time.
Term
balanced reciprocity
Definition
a form of exchange in which roughly equivalent goods or services are exchanged immediately, or within a relatively short amount of time, with or without the use of money.
Term
biomass
Definition
all living things, plants and animals, contained in and supported by a particular area of land.
Term
economic anthropology
Definition
the study of how people meet needs through production, exchange, and consumption.
Term
ethnocide
Definition
the death of a culture when its members shift to a different way of life, even as the people group survives.
Term
exchange systems
Definition
social processes by which people give and receive goods and services.
Term
extensive farming
Definition
farming practices that involve putting relatively little energy into the land for the calories extracted.
Term
fissioning
Definition
splitting a group into numerous smaller groups. A practice used by foragers to maintain group size and reduce interpersonal conflict.
Term
foraging (or hunting and gathering)
Definition
a subsistence strategy based on gathering plants that grow wild in the environment and hunting available animals.
Term
generalized reciprocity
Definition
a form of exchange involving gift exchanges with no precise accounting of value and no precise expectation for type or time of return.
Term
genocide
Definition
the systematic killing of most members of a culture.
Term
horticulture
Definition
a subsistence strategy in which people cultivate varieties of wild or domesticated crops, primarily for their own use, using relatively little technology.
Term
nomadic pastoralism
Definition
a form of pastoralism that involves moving animals in response to food and water supply.
Term
pastoralism
Definition
a subsistence strategy based on the use of domesticated herd animals.
Term
potlatch
Definition
a form of redistribution and exchange traditionally practiced by Pacific Northwest Native American groups.
Term
production
Definition
any human action intended to convert resources in the environment into food.
Term
property rights
Definition
the cultural understanding that some family or person has a right to the land and crops into which labor has been invested.
Term
redistribution
Definition
a system of exchange in which a centralized authority collects goods and services from a group of people and redistributes them.
Term
subsistence farming
Definition
growing food exclusively, or at least primarily, for consumption by one's own family or group.
Term
subsistence strategy (or mode of subsistence)
Definition
a culturally created means of securing food.
Term
substantivist theory
Definition
an economic theory that teaches that economic behavior and motivations vary by culture.
Term
swidden farming (or shifting cultivation, or slash-and-burn)
Definition
a form of horticulture involving the clearing and burning of a section of forest for cultivation, and after some time, moving on to a new forest space.
Term
transhumant pastoralism
Definition
the practice of moving herds seasonally between high meadows in the summer and human settlements in the winter.
Term
usufruct rights
Definition
an understanding of property rights in which a plot of land 'belongs' to the person or family using it.
Term
affinal kin
Definition
relatives created through marriage.
Term
ambilineal descent
Definition
a type of cognatic descent system in which individuals choose a lineage upon adulthood (often marked by marriage)
Term
bilateral descent
Definition
a type of cognatic descent system that traces relatedness equally through both the mother's and the father's lines.
Term
brideservice
Definition
a duty of the groom to work for the bride's kin for a certain period of time before or after marriage.
Term
bridewealth (also called brideprice)
Definition
an amount of money, possessions, or property given by the groom and his kin to the wife and her kin before, at, or after the wedding.
Term
cognatic (also called nonunilineal) descent
Definition
a system of descent that reckons identity through both maternal and paternal ancestors.
Term
consanguinial kin
Definition
relatives related by birth.
Term
cross-cousin marriage
Definition
a preference for marriage between cross cousins. A cross cousin is the child of one's mother's brother or father's sister.
Term
descent
Definition
a social rule that assigns identity to a person based on her or his ancestry.
Term
dowry
Definition
the practice of a bride's family providing resources, wealth, or gifts to the groom and his family upon marriage.
Term
dual descent
Definition
a form of unilineal descent in which descent is traced through both the mother's and father's lines. The person belongs to two separate families.
Term
fictive kinship
Definition
kinship relationships that are real but not based on marriage or descent.
Term
incest taboo
Definition
prohibition against marriage or sex between two categories of related persons.
Term
kinship
Definition
the ways in which people selectively interpret the common human experiences of reproduction and nurturance.
Term
marriage
Definition
a publicly recognized social or legal union that creates a socially sanctioned context for sexual intimacy, establishes (in whole or in part) the parentage of children, and creates kinship.
Term
marriage exchange
Definition
the practice of exchanging material resources between families before, at, or after a wedding.
Term
matriarchy
Definition
social rule by women.
Term
matrilineal descent
Definition
a form of unilineal descent in which descent is traced through the female line.
Term
monogenesis
Definition
the idea that only one parent (usually the father) creates life.
Term
neolocal residence
Definition
the practice of a newly married couple living separate from both partners' parents.
Term
parallel-cousin marriage
Definition
a preference for marriage between parallel cousins. A parallel cousin is the child of one's parent's same-sex sibling (mother's sister's child or father's brother's child).
Term
patriarchy
Definition
social rule by men.
Term
patrilineal descent
Definition
a form of unilineal descent in which descent is traced through the male line.
Term
polyandry
Definition
the marriage of one woman to two or more husbands.
Term
polygamy (also called plural marriage)
Definition
a form of marriage in which one person is married to two or more other persons.
Term
polygyny
Definition
the marriage of one man to two or more wives.
Term
primogeniture
Definition
priority of the firstborn.
Term
segment
Definition
a faction within a lineage.
Term
teknonymy
Definition
the practice of referring to adults with children as the mother/father of the child in place of the parent's given name.
Term
unilineal descent
Definition
a descent system that traces relatedness exclusively or predominantly through one parent.
Term
uxorilocal residence
Definition
the practice of a newly married couple living with or near the bride's family.
Term
achieved status
Definition
a status that a person chooses or becomes associated with due to behaviors or skills.
Term
ascribed status
Definition
a status given to an individual through no choice or action of her or his own; it is a status granted by circumstances of birth.
Term
caste
Definition
a tightly bounded social group based on family background. Caste systems assign individuals to a position at birth and mobility between castes is restricted.
Term
class (or social class)
Definition
a cultural category describing how people are grouped according to their positions within the economy.
Term
cultural capital
Definition
cultural knowledge, including linguistic skills.
Term
ethnicity
Definition
a category based on the sense of group affiliation derived from a distinct heritage or worldview as a "people."
Term
hypodescent
Definition
the belief that race is inherited from one's ancestors.
Term
institution
Definition
a cluster of statuses organized around a common focus, such as education, law or art.
Term
instrumentalism (or constructivism)
Definition
the idea that ethnicity changes with people's interests and context.
Term
master status
Definition
the status that tends to be most important in shaping a person's life.
Term
open class system
Definition
a system in which it is possible for people to move from one class to another.
Term
power
Definition
the ability to influence others.
Term
prestige
Definition
the social affirmation and approval given to some members of society.
Term
primordialism
Definition
the view that ethnic identity, like race, is a naturally occurring and immutable feature of human life.
Term
race
Definition
a cultural category that divides the human race into subspecies based on supposed biological differences.
Term
role
Definition
prescribes expected or required behaviors for those who occupy a particular status.
Term
role conflict (or role strain)
Definition
the stress that occurs when the behavioral expectations from various roles come into play simultaneously.
Term
social inequality
Definition
the differential access to economic resources, political power, or social prestige that results from social stratification.
Term
social stratification
Definition
the organization of people into ranked groups, or hierarchies, based on particular characteristics.
Term
social structure (also called social organization or social order)
Definition
the ways people coordinate their lives in relation to one another at the level of society.
Term
status
Definition
any position a person may occupy in the social structure.
Term
wealth
Definition
economic status, or access to economic resources.
Term
age-set
Definition
a social group consisting of people of the same sex and similar age.
Term
authority
Definition
the right granted to exercise power.
Term
band
Definition
the most ancient political system, in which power and authority are organized in informal, decentralized ways.
Term
chiefdom or kingdom
Definition
a system of political organization involving an inheritable office, often passed through a family line, in which power adheres to the occupant of the office rather than being a product of his or her individual gifts, abilities, or qualities.
Term
coercive power
Definition
the use of force, legitimate or illegitimate, whether by individuals or groups.
Term
counterhegemony
Definition
an ideology or movement that challenges a reigning hegemony.
Term
formal negative sanctions
Definition
fines or other punishments meted out for breaking official rules.
Term
formal positive sanctions
Definition
official rewards for socially desirable behavior.
Term
formal sanctions
Definition
social sanctions that are approved or delivered by institutions holding official power.
Term
hegemonic power (or hegemony)
Definition
the dominance of ideas or culture, such that imbalances of power or other inequalities are maintained.
Term
informal sanctions
Definition
positive or negative actions or words intended to shape behavior. Informal sanctions are not approved or delivered by official organizations such as a government.
Term
oligarchy
Definition
within a centralized form of government, a small group holding power over the majority.
Term
persuasive power
Definition
the use of words, relationships, and actions that influence others.
Term
politics
Definition
the distribution, understanding, and use of power in social groups.
Term
political anthropology
Definition
the study of power and authority and systems of organizing social life.
Term
social sanctions
Definition
the responses, positive and negative, that people receive for their behavior.
Term
state
Definition
a highly centralized form of political organization in which authority rests in institutions and offices.
Term
tribe
Definition
a decentralized political system usually associated with horticultural and pastoral modes of subsistence.
Term
animism
Definition
the idea that souls or spirits exist not only in humans but also in plants, animals, elements of nature, or even all of creation.
Term
atheism
Definition
the belief that no god or supernatural being(s) exist.
Term
cultural materialism
Definition
a theoretical approach that emphasizes ways in which humans adapt to the material conditions in which they live.
Term
fetish
Definition
an item though to carry spiritual power, such as a rabbit's foot.
Term
initiation rituals
Definition
rites of passage that move a person from childhood to adulthood.
Term
liminal period
Definition
the second phase of a rite of passage, placing the initiate in a space that is "betwixt and between" the old identity and the new identity.
Term
magic
Definition
ritual practices that are believed to have effects on particular situations.
Term
mana
Definition
a spiritual force that imbues all living things, a belief that is part of some animistic religions.
Term
monotheism
Definition
the belief in one god.
Term
myth
Definition
any story with sacred significance.
Term
polytheism
Definition
the belief in many gods and/or goddesses.
Term
reintegration
Definition
the third stage of a rite of passage in which the initiate is welcomed back to the community in his or her new identity.
Term
religion
Definition
a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men [and women] by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic (taken from Clifford Geertz).
Term
rites of affliction
Definition
rituals directed at alleviating suffering or resolving a problem.
Term
rites of intensification
Definition
rituals in which elements of society, belief, values, or behaviors are made more dramatic, intense, or real than in normal life.
Term
rites of passage (or life-cycle rituals)
Definition
rituals that transform a person or people from one life stage to another.
Term
ritual (also called a rite)
Definition
any patterned, repeated, predictable action.
Term
separation
Definition
the first phase of a rite of passage, involving symbolically or physically separating those going through the transition from their old identities.
Term
sorcery
Definition
evil done by a person who intended for it to happen.
Term
symbol
Definition
an object, sound, action or idea to which people assign arbitrary meaning; that is, there is not necessary relationship between the symbol and its meaning.
Term
taboo
Definition
a behavior, artifact, or symbol that must be avoided in order to evade harm.
Term
witchcraft
Definition
evil done by a person without her or his awareness.
Term
cargo cults
Definition
religion that involves local leaders with a prophetic message from ancestral or other spirits promising wealth ("cargo") to the followers of the new religion.
Term
colonial hegemony
Definition
ways in which culture and ideology became the means of colonial control, asserting widespread influence over dominated populations.
Term
commodification
Definition
the transmission or concepts, creations, and even cultures into goods that can be bought and sold, given and received.
Term
cultural hybridity
Definition
the cultural practice of combining and assigning new meaning to previous beliefs, practices, or ideas. The emergence of a new cultural form out of two or more existing ones, leaving both forms changed without erasing the old.
Term
decolonialization
Definition
the process of separating the colonial meanings, associations, or imprint from a colonial cultural practice or artifact and reimagining the practice or artifact as a local, indigenous phenomenon.
Term
dependency theory
Definition
the view that globalization results in some states becoming dependent on others.
Term
deterritorialization
Definition
the transnational movement of people, ideas, goods, and images that results in a disassociation between the people or things and the place from which they originate.
Term
diaspora
Definition
a population living outside its traditional homeland.
Term
domestic anthropology
Definition
anthropology done in the nation of which the anthropologist is a citizen.
Term
globalization
Definition
the integration of local, regional, and/or national production, exchange, and culture into a global system.
Term
interstitial zone
Definition
a place where two or more cultural contexts overlap and intersect, creating a new, generally ambiguous cultural context.
Term
localization
Definition
the cultural practice of translating ideas, artifacts, or behaviors from elsewhere into localities.
Term
modernization theory
Definition
the view that all societies move through stages of economic, political, and cultural development toward becoming industrialized, democratic, and "modern."
Term
multisited research
Definition
research that involves ethnographic fieldwork in two or more places, or studying a group that, by definition, does not have a specific place.
Term
neocolonialism
Definition
"new colonialism" meaning that a nation or people is essentially a colony of another nation, despite the absence of direct or formal political control.
Term
neoliberalism
Definition
a political and economic philosophy rooted in neoclassical economic theory emphasizing free market and democratic institutions as the path to human flourishing and economic development.
Term
postcolonialism
Definition
the cultural and economic legacy of colonialism, including ongoing relationships between former colonies and colonizers.
Term
resistance
Definition
the attitudes and behaviors of dominated people, as well as instances of rebellion or revolution, that thwart, or try to thwart, an oppressor's power.
Term
transnational
Definition
describes people who move and live between two or more nations, or people who maintain cultural beliefs, practices, products, and networks connected to their homeland.
Term
westernization (also called McDonaldization)
Definition
a form of cultural homogenization in which Western cultural norms replace local culture, resulting in the loss of cultural diversity.
Term
world-systems theory
Definition
the view that the world may be conceptualized as a system of nations placed in the core, semi-periphery, and periphery of an interconnected global economy.
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