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| the medium by which ideas, inventions, and memories outlive individuals and generations. |
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| refers to the communicative power of language - the fact that language provides for nearly infinite combinations that express different experiences and thoughts in different ways. |
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| refers to the infinite capacity of human language to create new messages - never before uttered - to convey information about an infinite number of subjects in greater and greater detail. |
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| refers to the ability to send or receive a message without direct sensory contact with the conditions or events to which the message refers. |
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| refers to the fact that there is seldom a connection between the abstract symbols employed by humans and the events and properties they signify. |
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| the study of the phones, or individual sounds, that native speakers make. |
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| represent etic occurrences. They occur due to variations in the location of the tongue and lips and the stress, pitch, and tone of the sound. They can be observed and identified in speech without having to question the speaker. |
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| are derived from patterns of sounds that are meaningful to native speakers. |
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| are units of sound (phones) that lack meaning in themselves; they are the smallest sound contrasts that distinguish meaning for native speakers. |
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| the smallest part of an utterance that has a definite meaning. |
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| the unconscious rules governing the arrangement of words in sentences and phrases. |
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| occurs when a person simultaneously associates two or more complex ideas that evoke a reaction. |
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| According to the principle of linguistic relativity (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis), |
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| speakers of different languages will construct reality differently because language affects how individuals perceive reality. |
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| is concerned with how language is used indifferent social contexts and what it tells us about social relationships. |
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| takes place when listeners miss or miss-interpret cues in communication. |
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| a group of people who speak the same language and who share norms about the appropriate use of language. |
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| a pattern of language used in a bilingual community, where two languages or dialects are used according to social circumstances. |
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| the use of multiple dialects or language styles based on the social setting (such as formal, casual, professional) and social context (status and role relationship) of the speakers. |
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| the practice among multilingual speakers of selectively alternating between languages or dialects within a single conversational segment. |
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| the study of speech interactions in different cultures and of the interrelationships between language and other aspects of culture. |
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| concerned with studying the relationship between earlier and later forms of languages. Takes a diachronic approach. |
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