Term
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Definition
– Culture change results from new ideas, and these new ideas result from the rearranging of old ideas...
Example: automobile industry, cars were invented a long time ago, but with new discoveries in technology we are able to progressively modify the car |
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Term
| List Types of Culture Change- |
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Definition
• Diffusion
• Enculturation
• Acculturation
• Directed Change |
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Term
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Definition
•Diffusion – (Book) The spreading of traits from one culture to another
(Clark Wissler proposed this idea).
Example: Ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages |
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Term
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Definition
•Enculturation – (Book definition) Learning the appropriate behavior of one’s own culture
(Wikipedia definition) process where the established culture teaches an individual in their culture the accepted norms and values.
Example: please and thank you; elevator/bus ride project . |
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Term
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Definition
•Acculturation – (Book definition): Learning of the appropriate behavior of one’s host culture/
(Wikipedia definition): the exchange of cultural features, which result from individuals of different cultures coming into continuous contact;
the cultural patterns of either group may be altered, but the groups remain distinct (Colonialism).
Example: Native Americans wearing European clothing. |
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Term
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Definition
•Directed Change –
Change in culture which is consciously sought and planned by someone from outside that culture.
Social planning.
4 Steps
- Definition of problem;
-Investigation of total situation;
- Agreement on Policy;
-Collective Action.
The objective of this process can be to solve existing social problems, or to forestall predicted ones.
The ones seeking that change are called “change agents.” Directed change can be forced, but it can also be offered an option. |
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Term
Marriage and Family patterns:
Various Marital residence patterns-
(N)(B) (A)---(P) (M) |
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Definition
Neo-local: new separate residents, Americans
Patri-local: the son stays with the family and the wife follows.
Matri-local: the daughter stays with the family.
Bi-local: either the patri or matri-local -- but it is not neo-local
Avuncu-local: when the son settles either near or with the mother’s brother. |
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Term
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Definition
A social rule requiring a person to select a mate within a culturally defined group of which both are members.
(Rules of marrying “in” the group) |
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Term
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Definition
•Exogamy:
Requires potential mates come from different groups as defined by the culture.
(Rules of marrying “out” of the group) |
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Term
| Further define exogamy - (S) and (R) |
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Definition
Simple Exogamy: prohibition of marrying a genetically related kinsman.
Restricted Exogamy:
1. prohibits marriage to certain genetically related kinsmen but.....
prescribes marriage to other genetically related persons, not considered kinsmen by the culture, as ideal. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Widow must marry her brother-in-law.
2. Patrilineal societies, in order to continue the male line.
3. Hebrews in Bible followed this protocol. |
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Term
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Definition
| man must marry wife’s sister if he has no children yet. Matrilineal societies. |
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Term
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Definition
A.K.A. Bride price, paid to the woman’s family.
Could also be exchanged for a bride service.
Ex: David and Michel. |
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Term
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Definition
Paying for a bride through services.
Old Testament example Jacob, Leah and Rachel. |
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Term
| Define Nuclear families - |
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Definition
| Immediate family, parents and children |
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Term
| Define extended families - |
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Definition
consists of three generations and two or more nuclear families:
a set of parents who has a child staying in their home. This son or daughter also has a spouse and children. |
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Term
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Definition
| : a family where there are multiple mates. |
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Term
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Definition
| a man with more than one wife. |
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Term
| Define Sororal PolyGYNY - |
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Definition
| : marriage of a man to a woman and her sisters. Jacob, Leah, Rachel. |
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Term
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Definition
| : a woman with more than one husband. |
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Term
| Define Faternal PolyANDRY - |
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Definition
| all brothers in a family share one wife. |
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Term
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Definition
having several mates
one at a time over a course of time.
Men and women have legal sexual access to one another. |
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Term
| Define and Explain Cross-cousins - |
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Definition
* Your dad’s sister’s children and your mom’s brother’s kids.
ex. given: Marriage of a man to the daughter of his mother’s brother.
So it has to be cross gender in the siblings.
If it is my mom then it would have to be her brother's children.
If it is my dad then it would have to be his sister's children.
It has nothing to do with my gender or the gender of my cousins. It deals corely with my mother or fathers gender and then deals in relation to the gender of their siblings. |
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Term
| Define and Explain Parallel Coursins - |
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Definition
My dad's brother's children.
My mom's sister's children.
a man has first rights to the daughter of his father’s brother.
* Your dad’s brother’s children and your mom’s sister’s children |
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Term
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Definition
the way a particular language group categorizes its relatives or kin:
they define it by
1. who they consider to be their relatives
2. the basis for the relationships
3. and what terms they use for them. |
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Term
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Definition
| William H. Rivers in 1910 |
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Term
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Definition
| A tool to study the kinship system (and familial relationships) of other societies. |
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Term
| Name the two Decent Rules - |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Unilineal decent groups and the three "rules" that form them - |
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Definition
1. Unilineal:
- individuals distinguish between maternal and paternal grandparents,
- they then associate primarily with one side, (look to that side for their inheritance)
their descent is referred to as unilateral descent.
-Patrilineal: Father’s line (both sexes included)
-Matrilineal: Mother’s line (both sexes included)
-Ambilineal: sequentially male line and female line. |
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Term
| Define Bilateral decent groups - |
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Definition
refers to a kinship system in which people’s descent is traced through both parents.
- Descent pattern of our culture |
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Term
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Definition
| -Affinal: Kinship ties determined through marriage. |
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Term
| Define Consanguineal ties |
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Definition
| Consanguineal: kinship ties detrimed through Blood-related. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of kin related by Unilineal (one side or the other) descent rule who can trace actual relationship to a common ancestor. |
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Term
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Definition
A consanguinity (blood) related group, patrilinial or matrilineal, believing it has descended from a common nonhuman ancestor.
Often share a common area of residence.
(Cannot work back to an actual lineage)
EX. so four brother. they each started a line. but the brothers were from a god. |
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Term
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Definition
an Even larger group (than the clan)
It is composed of multiple clans.
Kinship Links between members unknown and/or assumed.
if a large number of clans in a society, then organized into larger groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| 4.Moiety: means “half” and it is the division of a society into two groups (two halves) (1/2 of a tribe). |
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Term
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Definition
| 5.Tribe: Share common territory, common language and have a sense of being one. |
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Term
| Define the progressions from Lineage to clan to phratry to moiety to tribe. |
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Definition
1. Lineage (smallest)
Then a have a....
2. Clan (the clan is made up of several lineages)
then you have a....
3. Phratry (these several clans organized into larger groups)
then you have a...
4. Moiety (when there are several phratries they are grouped together, and there are two groups of Moieties "halves"
then you have a...
5. Tribe (this is two moieties put together) |
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Term
| What are the two different types of stratified societies? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Only distinction is gender and age.
No special groups with greater access to economic resources, power, or prestige.
EX. (Communism) |
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Term
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Definition
(Most Stratisfied):
Unequal access to prestige, but not economics.
Determined by genealogical distance from Chief.
The closer you are, the higher your rank.
Exhibits most inequality. |
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Term
| 3 Different groups under Ranks - |
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Definition
-Class: Unequal access to prestige economy and power. (lower and higher classes)
-Open: Possibility to move from class to class-Achieved (America)
-Closed: Position ascribed from birth. Example: Caste system (India) |
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Term
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Definition
| layers) objective, referring to the arranging of layers. –there are separations (classes; upper, middle, lower) into society. |
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Term
| Define Age Grades and Age Sets. |
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Definition
-Grades: Stages of life. A category of people based on their age. (i.e. Infants, toddlers, senior citizens…etc)
-Sets: The group moves together. A group of persons initiated into an age grade at the same time and who move the series of categories together. |
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Term
| What the difference between the two - |
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Definition
| -The Difference between the two: is the people move from age grade to age grade throughout life whereas people in age sets, stay in the same set. |
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Term
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Definition
Any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power,
It encompasses all specific beliefs about the ultimate nature of reality
as well as the myths and rituals that symbolically express them. |
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Term
| Define Malinowski's "functions of religious institutions" |
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Definition
1. It is psychological
2. It functions to meet the needs of individual.
a) Satisfies the need to know, (“where did we come from?”)
b) Supplies means for emotional support
c) Supplies clear-cut institutionalized ways of dealing with frightening uncertainties of life (follow rituals)
d) Provides cures for illnesses (psychosomatic) |
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Term
| Define Radcliffe-Brown's "functions of religious institutions" |
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Definition
1. functions to meet the needs of society
a) reinforces fundamental value
b) Reduces conflict
c) Justifies political policy
side part------->
Ecological Function, (ALSO--functions to meet the needs of society.)
Examples-
a) Keeps fish from being exploited
b) Encourages food redistribution (Potlath example) – benefactor and a festival with food.
c) India’s sacred cows- kept them safe, they were protected. |
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Term
| Name the 3 stages of rites and who they are associated with - |
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Definition
--- Genepp
1.Separation
2.Transition
3.Reincorporation- Marriage... |
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Term
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Definition
When divination used to determine who is guilty of causing recent harm or death.
It is accomplished by subjecting suspected people to harm or death. |
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Term
| List the three types of magic - |
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Definition
1. Imitative
2. Contagious
3. Cause and Effect |
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Term
| list the characteristics of the three types of magic - |
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Definition
1.Imitative:
actions that bring desired results by imitation...(cave painting, Voodoo dolls, etc)- representation – like represents like
2.Contagious
(things in contact continue to influence one another)- nail clippings/feathers anything that was associated with that person….
3.Cause & Effect
(superstitions; “step on a crack and you break your mother’s back”)- |
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Term
| List 6 forms of Divination - |
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Definition
1. Dice throwing
2. Reading cards
3. Astrology
4. Examining internal organs of certain animals
5. Watching smoke
6. Wrinkles in the hands (palm reading??) |
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Term
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Definition
| implicit basic assumptions and perceptions of reality (what it is and how it works) which underlie the beliefs, values and behaviors of a culture. |
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Term
| List the 5 Characteristics of values- |
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Definition
1. form/function and meaning
2. means v. ends (“do the ends justify the means?)
3. real v. ideal (do we really believe in said value, or is simply an ideal)
4. ranking of values (some of our values are incompatible and come in to conflict from time to time, therefore we must rank...)
5. values guide behavior… are ranked. are personal/carry emotional charge as well. |
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Term
| “we are each a bundle of values” |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-World view imprints THEMES into various domains of the culture. We are looking for recurring themes which help us deduce worldview.
comes from....
Morris Opler |
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Term
| the psychological function of religion - |
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Definition
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Term
| - societal function of religion - |
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Definition
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Term
| associated with the 3 states of rits of passage |
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Definition
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Term
| – we are a bundle of values |
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Definition
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Term
| developed genealogy system in 1910 |
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Definition
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Term
| worldview imprints themes in culture |
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Definition
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Term
ESSAYS
I. List the 4 types of unilineal descent groups (not rules) and explain the general characteristics of each (Tribe is not included in this answer). |
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Definition
The Four types------ (not tribe)
Lineage,clan, phratry, moiety.
General Characteristics------
a. Lineage: A group (line) of kin related by Unilineal (patri, matri, ambi.) descent rule who can trace actual relationship to a common ancestor
b. Clan: A consanguinity (related by blood) related group, patrilinial or matrilineal, believing it has descended from a common nonhuman ancestor. Often share a common nonhuman ancestor (so like a god) are of residence. (Cannot work back to an actual lineage)
c. Phratry: Even larger group composed of multiple clans (three different blood lines). Kinship Links between members unknown and/or assumed. if there are a number of clans in a society, they may be organized into larger groups.
d. Moiety: means “half” and it is the division of a society into two groups (1/2 of a tribe). |
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Term
ESSAYS
II. Define levirate and sororate marriage (give biblical examples of each) and tell me a possible cultural function of each. |
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Definition
Defintion -
Levirate- If the woman's husband dies than she must marry his brother/ her brother-in-law.
Sororate- If a man is still without children (his wife is infertile) or his wife has died, then he must marry her sister.
Biblical Examples-
Levirate - Judah and Tamar, also Hebrews in Bible followed this protocol.
Sororate- Jacob, Rachel and Leah
Cultural functions-
Levirate: Patrilineal societies, Mechanism for continuing family in order to continue on the male line/name.
Sororate: Matrilineal societies. For keeping the wealth in the family. |
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Term
ESSAYS
III. What is the difference between psychological functionalism and structural functionalism? Be sure to mention the names associated with each theory. |
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Definition
Thesis for essay-
- physcological functionalism functions to meets the needs of an individual where structural functionalism functions to meets the needs of a society as a whole.
(Then add Psychological…points….structural…put points.)
Psychological Functionalism,
Malinowski, functions to meet the needs of an individual. to Satisfy their need to know, (“where did we come from?”) Supplies means for emotional support and clear-cut ways of dealing with frightening uncertainties of life. Also provides cures for illnesses (psychosomatic)
Structural Functionalism:
Radcliffe/Browns, functions to meet the needs of society.
Examples:
1. Social Cohesion/Solidarity, reinforces fundamental value, Reduces conflict, Justifies political policy
2. Ecological Functionalism
Keeps fish from being exploited, Encourages food redistribution (Potlath example), India’s sacred cows |
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