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| A self-made leader in a tribal culture. His position is temporary, depending on personal ability and the consent of his followers |
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| The distribution of goods and services by sharing. In the long run giving and receiving balances out, but not accounts are maintained. |
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| Goods and services distributed by direct exchange.recipocrity in abence of markets/money. |
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| Culture change brought about by contact between peoples with different cultures - usually refers to a loss of traditional culture where members of tribal cultures adopt elements of commercial scale cultures. |
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| Field method in which the observer shares in community acitivities |
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| Direct participant observation, key informants, informal interviews as part of data-collecting technique. |
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| Method used to trace the marriage and family relationships among people as a basis for identifying cultural patterns in a community |
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| Arbitrary time period when process of culture change is ignored in order to desrcibe a culture as if it were a stable system. |
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| Socially transmitted, often symbolic, information that shapes human behaviour and that regulates human society so that people can successfully maintain themselves and reproduce. |
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| An interacting, intermarrying population sharing a common culture. |
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| Evaluation of other cultures from the perspective of one's own -presumably superior- culture, |
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| Understanding other cultures by their own categories, which are assumed to be valid and worthy of respect. |
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| Asumption that particular cultural traits may have a role in maintaining culture. |
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| Relating to cultural meanings derived from inside a given culture and presumed to be unique to that culture. |
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| Relating to culturual meanings as translated for cross-cultural comparison. |
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| An individual's abaility to get what he or she wants, even when others may object. |
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| Small, kindship-based societies, often with only 500 people, in which households organise distribution and production. |
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| Centrally organised societies with thousands/millions of members and energy intensive production directed by political rulers. |
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| Impersonal markets exchanges, commerical enterprises, contracts and money, and potentially encompassing the whole world, |
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| The production and maintanence of private, profit making enterprises. |
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| Tribal foragers of Australia with a 60 000 year old history of elegant kinships systems and elaborate ritual life. |
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| Low threshold for total population and density - nature itself primary form of material wealth. Mutual benefit system. |
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| The number of people who could, in theory, be supported indefinitely in a given environment with a given technology and culture. |
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| Specfic animals/plants/natural phenomena that originate in the Dreaming and are the spiritual progenitors of aboriginal descent groups. Elsewhere, it refers to any cultural association between specific natural objects and human social groups. |
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| Ideological system - Seeks to explain the origin of everything. |
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| Ideological system. Seeks to explain order and meaning and people's places within the universe. |
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| A group of twenty five to fifty people who camp and forage together |
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| Propery held in cmmon by descent group, perhaps including territory, sacred sites and ceremonies. |
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| A theoretical form of band organization based on exogamy and patrilocal residence. |
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| Marriage outside of a culturally defined group. |
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| A cultural preference for a newly married couple to live near the husband's parents or patrilineal relatives. |
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| Marriage within a specified group |
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Politically autonomous
Economically self-sufficient
Territorially based society
Reproduces a distinct culture and language and forms an in-marrying (endogamous) society. |
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| Domestice mode of production |
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| Material production organised at a household level - Distribution between houses based on reciprocal sharing. |
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| Relative by culturally recognised descent from a coomon ancsetor; sometimes called a blood relative. |
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| One part of a two-part social division |
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| Pairs of opposites, males and females, form a logical larger whole. |
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| Social division into four sections or eight subsections intermarrying, named groups, which summarize social relationships. Members of each group must marry only members of one other specific group. |
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| A form of marriage in which a man may have more than his wife. |
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| Age hirecahy dominated by oldest age groups, |
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| A ritual marking culturally significant change in an individual's life cycle. |
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| Live in small acale tribal societies |
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| Subsistence intensification |
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| Technological innovations that produce more food from the same land area but often require increased effort. |
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| Farming technique in which forest is cleared and burned to enrich the soil for planting; Swidden cultivation. |
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| A systme of cultivation in which soil nutrients are restored by allowing the forest to regrow. |
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| Social group based on genealogical connections to a common ancestor |
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| Membership based on descent traced through a line of ancestors of one sex to a common ancestor. |
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| A political leader who coordinates group activities and is a village spokesman but who serves only with the consent of of the community and has no coercive power |
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| A belief in spirits that occupy plants, animals and people. Considered to be the simplest and ealriest form of religion. |
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| Part-time religious specialist with special skills for dealing with the spirit world. May help with healing and divination. |
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| Chronic intergroup conflict that exists in the absence of centralised political authority. |
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| Tribal pastoralists who use domesticated cattle as a special form of tangible, reproducible and mobile wealth that make social equality possible in spite of increases in population density. |
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| Use of cattle more for social and ritual purposes than for subsistence. Cattle treated as wealth objects and sources of prestige. Cattle rarely eaten, instead exchanged at marriages, used to settle disputes and sacrificed on ritual occassions. |
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| Seasonal movements of livestock to different envrionmental zones often at different elevations, or latitudes. |
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| Involves rights over cattle and women and their children and is an agreement between the families of the bride and groom |
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| Goods, often livestock, that are transferred from the family of the groom to the family of the bride in order to legitimize the marrisge and the children of the couple. |
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| Biological father of a child |
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| Culturally legitimate or sociological father of a child. |
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| Cultural pattern in which a woman marries a brother of her deceased husband. |
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| Cultural expectation that a newly married husband will perform certain taks for his in-laws |
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| Individuals of similar ages placed in a named group and moved as a unit through the culturally defined stages of life. |
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| The soul concept used by tribal individuals as an intellectual explanation of life, death, and dream experiences; animism as the origin of religion. |
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