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Cultural Anthropology 100
Final Exam
121
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
12/15/2012

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Term
Culture
Definition
the learned patterns of behavior and thought that help a group adapt to their surroundings
Term
Ethnography
Definition
a description of culture, usually based on participant observation
Term
Fieldwork
Definition
living among a group of people for the purpose of learning about their culture
Term
Participant observation
Definition
living in a culture that is not your own while also keeping a detailed record of your observations and interviews
Term
Informants
Definition
people you meet in the field and get information from, have a central place in anthropology
Term
Emic
Definition
view of the world that members of a culture view as real, meaningful, or appropriate, INSIDER VIEW (Tolya's view on his Eveny people)
Term
Etic
Definition
views of a culture that are accepted by scientists as a valid description of a culture, OUTSIDER VIEW (PV's view on the Eveny)
Term
Story/narrative as analysis
Definition
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
judging other cultures by standards of your own, which you think to be superior
Term
Cultural relativism
Definition
understanding the ways of other cultures and not judging these practices according to one’s own cultural ways
Term
First Contact (leahy bothers)
Definition
Michael, Daniel, and Jame Leahy decided to explore the mountain range in the middle of New Guinea, the last territory to be explored by Europeans, had a historic encounter with the native people in 1930, at first the natives thought they were spirits, curious and frightened, then they wanted to trade and they developed a mutualistic relationship, their method of exchange for work was shells
Term
Self/Other
Definition
Term
Mongolian nomads
Definition
displaced and suppressed by the Soviet influence (see cultural suppression)less and less of them
Term
Ger
Definition
a dwelling. Very flexible, can move it around, stove is central (shamanic symbolism)
Term
Ger districts
Definition
mongolian herders who are displaced have set up districts around Ulaanbaatar, they aren't educated enough to get a job in the city an they cannot go out and herd
500,000 people with air pollution and negative health, rural to urban migration
Term
Cultural suppression
Definition
occurs when a culture is suppressed in order to promote a different culture, often related to cultural imperialism, has physiological effects on the culture leaving them empty and with a culture that is not truly theirs. (ex the Mongolian herders in Mongolia who are displaced and then sent away to be educated by the Soviet influence) they banned relgious practices, language, and exterminated nobility and shamans, replaced buildings and pride, family names banned
Term
Cultural revitalization
Definition
the process of affirming and promoting people’s individual and cultural identity
Term
Indigenous people/natives
Definition
Term
“the native’s point of view”
Definition
Term
Native anthropologists
Definition
(Tolya) somebody who studies their own culture
Term
Bronislaw Malinowski
Definition
did fieldwork in New Guinea, developed the anthropological ideal of participant observation, fluent knowledge of local vernacular, inmerse yourself as deeply as possible in the culture, participating in all everyday activities and observing what is going on, Argonauts of the Western Pacific, describing the intricate trading system of the trobianders, founded modern British anthropology
Term
Colonizer/ colonized
Definition
Term
Colonialism and its consequences
Definition
a forced change in which one culture, society, or nation dominates another
Term
Internal colonialism
Definition
a notion of structural political and economic between regions in a nation state, uneven development
Term
“Civilizing mission”
Definition
a rationale for intervention or colonization, proposing to contribute to the spread of civilization, mostly amounting to the westernization of indigenous peoples
Term
Power
Definition
the ability to influence the actions of others
Term
Domination
Definition
rule by a coersive force, goal is to change the ideology of the dominated
Term
Ideology
Definition
doctrine, philosophy, body of beliefs or principles belonging to an individual or group
Term
Hegemony
Definition
the use of power, usually by those controlling the meta or master narrative against the other
Term
Resistance
Definition
Term
Franz Boas
Definition
father of American anthropology, did fieldwork among North-West coast native Americans, prime proponent of cultural relativism (while an anthropologist is in the field, they temporarily suspend their own esthetic and moral judgments to gain an understanding or empathy with the forwign norms and tastes. Morally, it means we respect the other cultures and treat them as “as good as” one’s own, Teacher of almost the entire first generation of American anthropologists.
Term
Cultural continuities
Definition
a cultural resisting changes, preserving it’s ideals and traditions
Term
Cultural diversity
Definition
the existence of multiplicity of sub- cultures and different value systems in a plural or multicultural society or other setting
Term
Subcultures
Definition
a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture
Term
Cultural diffusion
Definition
due to the spread of cultural traits, both material and non-material cultural traits transmit from one society to another, if one culture gives a trait to another, it will be easy to take another trait from the opposite culture
Term
Enculturation
Definition
the process of learning one’s own culture, learning from family, process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values
Term
Acculturation
Definition
the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding (different) culture, borrowing traits from another culture and using it in your own, ex: Piers V. throwing alcohol into the first at his home in London
Term
Ethnocide
Definition
the deliberate and systematic destruction of the culture of an ethnic group (ex Russia trying to exterminate shamans and terrorize Eveny culture)
Term
Genocide
Definition
race murder, racial extermination (systematic killing of a racial or cultural group)
Term
Authenticity
Definition
westerners only want to buy “authentic art” and so authenticity is defined by western values
Term
cultural performances
Definition
"action" verbal or physical characteristic of a culture (rituals)
Term
society
Definition
an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
Term
egalitarian
Definition
a person who believes in the equality of all people "a classless society"
Term
stratified societies
Definition
classification of people into groups based on shared socioeconomic conditions
Term
social structure
Definition
the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships
Term
individual
Definition
familial self: based in transactions
Term
agency
Definition
how people are acting/resisting society structure
Term
globalization
Definition
growth to a global or worldwide scale, expands and stretches social relations, intensifies and accelerates socioeconomic practices, makes new social and cultural practices, and mutliplies existing ones
Term
vernacular
Definition
characteristic language of a particular group, the everyday speech of the people as distinguished from literary language (original), locally based, more unstandardized forms of speech, art, architecture, cooking, not mutually exclusive, more rationalized, embracing cultural combinations and diversity
Term
cosmopolitan
Definition
growing or ocurring in many parts of the world, composed of people from or at home in many parts of the world, worldwide, sophisticated
Term
The Lingusits
Definition
Chulym (gutter language dying the Russia, very few speakers left) Chemehuevi (dying language in New Mexico) Sora (dialect in India, children are being taught English and Hindi instead) Kallawaya (only one native speaker left, healing man in South America)
Term
multilingualism
Definition
Eveny/Sakah/Russian/English
historically, most people know more than one language
Term
monolingualism
Definition
a person who only knows one language
Term
code-switching
Definition
movement between languages (reindeer people: the natives use Russian swear words mixed with Eveny)
Term
vulnerable languages
Definition
not in everyday usage with children (Eveny)
Term
endangered languages
Definition
only spoken by older generation (Chulym)
Eveny language s becoming endangered
Term
extinct languages
Definition
spoken by nobody
Term
sleeping languages
Definition
just spoken by people who learn it, no longer spoken by a people
Term
linguistic resources
Definition
political and economic references. English is spread and pluralized into "Englishes"
Term
language loss
Definition
languages are lost through population loss (ethnocide and genocide), voluntary or coercive language shift, language is caught up in power
Term
globalization and languages
Definition
the global linguistic marketplace is outpacing the state in conferring literacy, some languages provide more opportunity for success
Term
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Definition
language influences how we understand and think about the world, and how we deal with the world, provides categories for cognition, defines hoe and what we perceive, refinement or perception, and refinement of action
Term
cultural translation
Definition
utchak, shaman, kujjai
Term
kinship
Definition
relatedness or connection by blood (birth or marriage or adoption, how individuals fit into a society
Term
kinship terms (system of classification)
Definition
encode appropriate behavior, suggest social obligations, we are related to more people, elicit certain behaviors
Term
kinship diagrams
Definition
kin groups provide support and determine alliance and enemies, kin networks may organize other institutions
Term
family stories
Definition
Term
totem
Definition
a clan or tribe identified by their kinship to a common totemic object, emblem consisting of an object suchas an animal or plant; serves as the symbol for a family or clan, the ancestry of a clan, non-human or more generally any nonhuman animal, object or planted believe the be watch over a group of people
Term
status
Definition
the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society or social structure, a condition or state, sum of rights and duties associated with the positions, we each have overlapping statuses, kinship is just one aspect of status
Term
ascribed status
Definition
the status you are born into
Term
achieved status
Definition
the status that you earned by meeting certain criteria through your own or others effort (rituals that achieve new statuses)
Term
role
Definition
the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group, dynamic aspect of status, how you would go about performing your status (rights and duties), multiple and overlapping roles
Term
gender
Definition
beyond sexual characteristics, cultural meanings associated with femaleness and malesness and categories that are viewed as both male and female, or neither males nor female
Term
intersectionality
Definition
overlapping systems of inequality shaping each other, positioning people, class, race, caste, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, disability, orientation, and more
Term
gender binary
Definition
the classification of sex and gender into two distinct, opposite and disconnected forms of marculine and feminine. It is one general type of a gender system as one of the core principles of genderism
Term
pluralism (gender pluralism)
Definition
multiple culturally recognized genders
Term
Matilda Coxe Stevenson
Definition
(1849-1915) there weren't any opportunities for women in the field so she worked under her husbands name for ethnological missions, didnt know if they should assign men or women roles, "like a man" connotation, brought we'wah to DC
Term
We'wha
Definition
"Zuni princess" she said women were fake, we lived as a lahmana, both male and female, it was a recognized role in other societies, "two-spirit" or third gender much like the Hijras in India
Term
Margaret Mead
Definition
(Coming of Age in Samoa) teenage girls in Samoa and sexual freedom vs. her own culture, mirror or comparison, informed the sexual revolution, broadened sexual mores within a context of traditional western religious life.
Term
feminist anthropology
Definition
an approach to studying cultural anthropology that aims to correct for a perceived androcentric bias within anthropology, came to prominence in the early 70s although elements of it can be seen in the works of earlier anthropologists like Margaret Mead
Term
Maria Lepowsky and Vanatinai Islanders
Definition
in New Guinea, mean and women lives are virtual equals, gender egalitarian structure. MALE DOMINANCE IS NOT UNIVERSAL, inherit goods, own land, authonomy
Term
matrilineal
Definition
based on or tracing descent through the female line, maternal uncle role, mother's sisters are mother not aunt, sibling ties, not matriarchy, women are central kin
Term
patrilineal
Definition
based on or tracing descent through the male line
Term
matriarchy
Definition
a form of social organization in which a female is the family head and title is traced through the female line
Term
patriarchy
Definition
a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line
Term
rites-of-passage
Definition
rituals that mark transitions across space and time, they organize the calendar, distinguish between life stages of an individual, repetitive formalized action, uses symbols, refers to what is sacred, shared/ private rituals
Term
folklore
Definition
the unwritten lore (stories and proverbs and riddles and songs) of a culture), a site of creativity, not formalized, anonymous in origin, imaginitve commentary on what matters, can be a way to speak out safely "cloak on anonymity"
Term
Kangra
Definition
a district outside of India, marriage as a rite-pf-passage, patrilineal kinship, marriage as alliance between families, arranged marriages, village exogamy (marrying out), caste endogamy (marrying in), women then have 2 hoes, patents home and in-laws home
Term
suhag wedding songs
Definition
songs as gifts for rites-of-passage, many genres of local song for different happy events, suhag means "married happiness" for a woman, comment on kinship roles
Term
exchange
Definition
enhances status and prestige,creates relationships, overlooked Trobriand woman's exchange
Term
balanced reciprocity
Definition
giving with expectation of with return within roughly specified time and exchange (roughly equal)
Term
redistribution
Definition
movement of goods to a center, often prestige though giving away
Term
market
Definition
money (medium of exchange, cab move into different exchanges
Term
kula
Definition
(reciprocity) Malinowski, Argoaunts of the Western Pacific, long canoe trips to get ceremonial gifts (necklaces and armbands
Term
Marcel Mauss
Definition
considered the father of modern French anthropology, "The Gift", specialist on gift-giving and exchange in primitive societies, obligations attendant of gift-giving, morality
Term
gifts
Definition
carry obligations to give and receive and to reciprocate BUT NOT IMMEDIATELY (Marcel Mauss)
Term
generalized reciprocity
Definition
giving without expectation of immediate or specific return
Term
potlach
Definition
huge feasts and give food
Term
commodity
Definition
an economic good, use value and exchange value are laden with cultural meanings, discontextualized commodities are "enchanted":view of commodities that magically appear, to a contextualized, humanize understanding of commodities embedded in networks of people and within environment, IF YOU HAVE THIS YOUR LIFE WILL BE BETTER
Term
anthropology of religion
Definition
holistic: sees religion as entwined with other spheres of cultural and social life, universalism: develops concepts across religions, comparative and conceptual
Term
religious specialist
Definition
shaman
Term
shaman
Definition
in societies practicing shamanism: one acting as a medium between the visible and spirit worlds; practices sorcery for healing or divination, locates animals, retrieves souls, mediates with spirits
Term
Even/Eveny
Definition
culture in Northeastern Siberia
Term
flying reindeer
Definition
association with the deity of the sun, ancient associations on reindeer stones, sacred, before Santa time
Term
domestication
Definition
adaptation to intimate association with human beings, accommodation to domestic lifestyle
Term
nomadic
Definition
migratory
Term
sedentary
Definition
requiring sitting or little sctivity
Term
taiga
Definition
borreal forest, biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, and larches. COLD
Term
taiga values
Definition
people may only take a finite number of animals in their lifetime,
Term
Sebyan
Definition
in the Sakha republic, very remote and barely populated. main city for brigade, brigades 1-10 dispersed around Sebyan. central city.
Term
Siberia
Definition
a vast Asian region of Russia; famous for long cold winters
Term
uchakh
Definition
a special reindeer chosen by a herder to be domesticated for riding and herding, develops a special connection with the herder
Term
kujjai
Definition
usually a white or dappeled reindeer (depending on where you are from) that is your mirror, puts itself in your place when in danger. represents a spirit connection
Term
Bayanay
Definition
the deity of animal relationships, represents a principle of undomesticated animality, under his direction animal migrate, feed, breed, and die. master of the animals
Term
offerings to spirits
Definition
vodka in fire, reindeer head, mouse in Lingusits
Term
logic of substitution
Definition
an animal dying the the place of you (kujjai), or another human, only when another victim died would you feel that the pressure had been taken off of you. you could not block the impetus of the event, only deflect it onto someone else. each time you were threatened in a dream, you would run awa. when someone else was killed, you were left wondering whether they had died in your stead.
Term
dreams, divination
Definition
successful conjecture by unusual insight or good luck, a prediction uttered under divine inspirtation, the art of gift of prophecy (inferring something will happen because of a "sign"
Term
native activists
Definition
native people fighting for their cultures' livlihood
Term
linguistic domination
Definition
social, political, and economic conditions and especially the state conder legitimacy (national language)
Term
linguistic domination
Definition
social, political, and economic conditions and especially the state conder legitimacy (national language)
Term
negative reciprocity
Definition
attempting to gain something for nothing
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