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| the ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes |
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| the way power is distributed and embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order and reduces social disorder |
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| a relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically independent |
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| refers to a range of kin ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory |
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| segmentary lineage system |
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| a rare form of kin ordered organization in which a tribal group is split into several branches made up of clans or major lineages, each of which is further divided into minor lineages and minimal lineages |
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| a regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people |
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| a centralized political system that has the capacity and authority to make laws, and use force to maintain social order |
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| a people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history |
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| control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals |
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| external control through open coercion |
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| externalized social controls designed to encourage conformity to social norms |
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| formal negative sanctions |
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| the use of direct argument and compromise by the parties to a dispute to arrive voluntarily at a mutually satisfactory agreement |
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| settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted by an unbiased third party |
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| mediation with an unbiased third party making the ultimate decision |
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| the right of political leaders to govern-to hold, use, and allocate power-based on the values a particular society |
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| the collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality |
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| an organized system of ideas about spiritual reality, or the supernatural, along with associated beliefs and ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and control aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control |
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| concern with the sacred, as distinguished from material matters. In contrast to religion, is often individual rather than collective and does not require a distinctive format or traditional organization |
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| belief in several gods and/or goddesses (as contrasted with monotheism-belief in one god or goddesses) |
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| the several gods and goddesses of a people |
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| a belief that nature is enlivened or energized by distinct personalized spirit beings separable from bodies |
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| a belief that nature is enlivened or energized by an impersonal spiritual power or supernatural potency |
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| a full time religious specialist formally recognized for his or her role in guiding the religious practices of others and for contacting and influencing supernatural powers |
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| a person who enters an altered state of consciousness-at will-to contact and utilize an ordinarily hidden reality in order to acquire knowledge, power, and to help others |
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| rituals that mark important in an individual's life cycle, such as birth, marriage, and death. |
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| in rites of passage, the ritual removal of the individual from society |
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| in rites of passage, isolation of the individual following separation and prior to incorporation into society |
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| in rites of passage, reincorporation of the individual into society in his or her new status |
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| rituals that take place during a crisis in the life of the group and serve to bind individuals together |
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| magic based on the principle that like produces like; sometimes called sympathetic magic |
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| magic based on the principle that things once in contact can influence each other after the contact is broken |
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| an explanation of events based on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death |
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| a magical procedure or spiritual ritual designed to find out about what it not knowledge by ordinary means, such as foretelling the future by interpreting omens |
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| movements for radical cultural reform in response to widespread social disruption and collective feelings of anxiety and despair |
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| spiritual movements in Melanesia in reaction to disruptive contact with Western capitalism promising resurrection of deceased relatives, destruction or enslavement of white foreigners, and the magical arrival of utopian riches |
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| the creative use of the human imagination to interpret, express, and enjoy life |
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| bright, pulsating geometric forms that are generated by the central nervous system and "seen" in states of trance |
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| visions of people, animals, and monsters seen in the deepest stage of trance |
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| a 19th century term first used to denote the unwritten stories, sayings, beliefs, and customs of the European peasants (as opposed to the traditions of the literate elite) and later extended to those traditions preserved orally in all societies |
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| the study of folklore (as linguistics is the study of language) |
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| a sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence (where we and everything in our world came from, why we are here, and where we are going) |
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| a story about a memorable event or figure handed down by tradition and told as true but without historical evidence |
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| a long oral narrative, sometimes in poetry or rhythmic prose, recounting the glorious events in the life of a real or legendary person |
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| a creative narrative recognized as fiction for entertainment |
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| a story situation in a folktale |
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| the study of a society's music in terms of its cultural setting |
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| in music, scale systems and their modifications |
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| the creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea, method, or device |
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| a new and deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method, or device |
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| the spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another |
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| the abandonment of an existing practice or trait |
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| massive cultural changes that people are forced to make as a consequence of intensive firsthand contact between their own group and another, often more powerful, society |
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| the extermination of one people by another, often in the name of progress, either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact on others |
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| in acculturation, the blending of indigenous and foreign traits to form a new system |
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| organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power |
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| radical change in a society or culture. in the political arena, it refers to the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one |
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| the process of political and socioeconomic change, whereby developing societies acquire some of the cultural characteristics of Western industrialized societies |
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| structural differentiation |
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| the division of single traditional roles that embrace two or more functions (for example, political, economic, and religious) into two or more roles, each with a single specialized function |
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| cultural mechanisms that oppose forces for differentiation in a society; in modernizing societies, they include formal governmental structures, official state ideologies, political parties, legal codes, labor and trade unions, and other common-interest associations |
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| customary ideas and practices passed on from generation to generation, which in a modernizing society may form an obstacle to new ways of doing things |
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| public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multi-ethnic society, officially stressing mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country's borders |
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| power that organizes and orchestrates the systemic interaction within and among societies, directing economic and political forces on the one hand and ideological forces that shape public ideas, values, and beliefs on the other |
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| coercive power that is backed up by economic and military force |
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| pressing others through attraction and persuasion to change their ideas, beliefs, values, and behaviors |
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| physical and/or psychological harm (including repression, environmental destruction, poverty, hunger, illness, and premature death) caused by exploitative and unjust social, political, and economic systems |
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| when birthrates and death rates are in equilibrium; people produce only enough offspring to replace themselves when they die |
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