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| come through choices, actions, efforts, talents, and accomplishments |
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| style of anthropology conducted by anthropologists, later replaced by fieldwork |
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| people have little or no choice about occupying these, i.e. child, parent |
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| process of change that a minority ethnic group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates |
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| the tendency to attribute complex behaviors to biological determinants (“there is a gene for that behavior”). |
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| switching between the languages, like Spanglish |
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behavior in one culture cannot be judged by the standards of another culture; values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect
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| traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs; distinctly human; transmitted through learning |
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| went to Samoa after Margaret Mead and found her work to be false, however, he talked to Mead’s subjects from a male perspective and after they had grown older and become religious so his work cannot be regarded as mere fact |
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| studied the Travesti’s and documented their changing gender (not physically) |
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| a permanent social unit whose members claim common ancestry; fundamental to tribal society |
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| borrowing from cultures either directly or through intermediaries |
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| the existence of ‘high’ (formal) and ‘low’ (familial) dialects of a single language, such as German. |
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| policies and practices that harm a group and its members |
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| considers herself a negrophile, wrote about ethnically correct Barbie dolls, bi-racial white and chinese |
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| the research strategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance; subjective |
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| as legacy and method; have a farewell, often continuous, experiences in the field |
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| Marriage between people of the same social group |
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| Elizabeth Chin, Barbie made dolls of different skin colors but same bodies as white Barbies; eventually ethnically correct dolls were made representing minorities |
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| group distinguished by cultural similarities shared among members of that group) and differences (between that group and the others); ethnic group members share beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms, and a common language, religion, history, geography, kinship and/or race |
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| identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group, and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation |
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| the viewpoint that one’s culture is superior and judging others beliefs through the application of your own values; race mixing at Columbus High |
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| field work in a particular culture i.e. Coming of Age in Samoa, The Gender of Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes, Race Bending |
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| the research strategy that emphasizes the observer’s rather than the native’s explanations, categories, and criteria of significance; objective |
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| mating or marriage outside one’s kin group; a cultural universal |
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| expanded household including three or more generations |
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| Samoan group of people, similar to Brazilian Travestis, saw woman as role models and developed female characteristics. They dress like women and provide entertainment to the entire community; believed to possess spirit of both sexes |
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| fictive kin; prominent with GLBT, single heterosexuals, and senior citizens, push for legislation to make these people legally connected to their non-blood kin |
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| a set of words and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups (those with particular foci of experience or activity) such as types of snow to Eskimos or skiers |
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| revolutionized field of anthropology 100 years ago and predicted that each filed would become distinct,; taught Margaret Mead |
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| not naturally or innate, socially constructed through relations and roles, roles are learned |
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| South Carolina community that has maintained African roots, starting place of movie The Language You Cry In |
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| interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture |
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| universal prohibition against marrying or mating with a close relative |
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| the last Yahi, walked into the white man’s world after 40 years of hiding; Kroeber spent enormous time with him and they became good friends, was the last of his kind, an authentic Native American |
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constructed from a set of categories, groups, relationships, and behaviors based upon culturally determined beliefs and values concerning human biology and reproduction
-maturation of babies demands a major commitment from parent(s)
-presence of a marital bond
-division of labor based on gender
-prohibition on sexual intercourse and marriage between close kin
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| spoken (speech) and written (writing—which has existed for about 6,000 years); the primary human means of communication; key features of language include cultural transmission, displacement, and productivity |
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| unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent |
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| wrote Shakespeare in the Bush, found the interpretations of Hamlet by the ‘Bush’ to full of a very different kind of wisdom then traditional western interpretation |
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| gave distinguished lecture on Anthropology, discussed roots and move away from armchair and into fieldwork; the misuse of anthropology and the responsibility; values anthropological attitude that challenges and rethinks existing assumptions |
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| not about whether or not a story happened, about listening |
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| wrote ethnography on adolescent girls in Samoa, acclaimed for her report on the sexual freeness of the girls, this was later contested by Derek Freeman |
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| wrote about the Seychelles and found that a traditional ethnography was not for her. Felt she had to give secrets to get secrets and after attempting a formal scientific write-up, then a diary style set-up, eventually settled on fictionalized novella. Found gossip to be the catalyst of their black magic. |
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| when ancestry is traced through one side of the family either maternal or paternal i.e. Jewish religion is matrilineal |
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| wrote about race mixing and ethnocentrism at Columbus High |
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| subordinate groups in a social-political hierarchy, with inferior power and less secure access to resources than majority groups have |
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| view of cultural diversity being a positive attribute; a country with these attributes socializes its members into both dominant cultures and ethnic cultures |
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| kinship group consisting of parents and children |
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| movie about fa’afafine featuring the story of Cindy and her Australian boyfriend. Showed the social pressures of gender roles. |
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| balancing, observing, and participating, must get permission, develop a rapport, trust, this is central to fieldwork, take notes |
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| variety of plural marriage in which a woman has more than one husband |
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| variety of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife |
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| an ethnic group with a shared biological basis |
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-stands in for something, represent your voice
-claim an identity, promote on proudly (reppin the bay)
-reproduction or a copy is also a representation
and objects in the world do not have one fixed meaning, it depends on how it is represented i.e. freedom fighters/terrorists
-what is present and what is absent
-relationship to images we don’t belong to
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| debunking myth of bioreductivism, more than just biology explains why we are the way we are |
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| place of fieldwork for Margaret Mead |
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| notion and practice of preserving those cultures that were nearly destroyed by Western culture |
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| theory that different languages produce different ways of thinking |
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| wrote Dear John Wayne, used stuffy white education type and wise playful old woman to emphasize importance of listening |
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| fascination of Coming of Age in Samoa was based on idealized sex; an ascribed status while gender is an achieved status |
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| Social construction/social fact |
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| not necessarily the truth, but the objective truth, truth that comes from the gut not the books i.e. act of sexual reproduction is how we are related |
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| fixed ideas often unfavorable about what members of a group are like, Race: The Power of Illusion |
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| type of Brazilian cross dressing prostitute that has relations with men in a submissive never dominant manner in personal life but does not desire a sex change |
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