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Cultural Anthro Concepts uw2012
Cultural Anthro Concepts
27
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
12/03/2012

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Know the four types of subsistence patterns: • Foraging
Definition
reliance on the available natural resources for survival, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals; foragers are usually mobile populations; still practices; foragers tend to organize themselves in bands or small family groups
Term
Know the four types of subsistence patterns:• Pastoralism
Definition
people make their living by tending herds of large animals; most often an adaptation to semi-arid open country; Pastoral Nomadism refers to a annual migration pattern that is undertaken by the entire group; Transhumance is a process by which only part of the pastoral group moves seasonally
Term
Know the four types of subsistence patterns:• Horticulture
Definition
A cultivation technique that makes use of none of the factors of production: land, labor, capital, and machinery; Practice slash and burn and fallow field techniques; Horticulture can support large permanent villages; Is a more productive subsistence technique than foraging
Term
Know the four types of subsistence patterns:• Agriculture
Definition
Cultivation using land and labor continuously; intensive farming began 5,000 years ago in response to increases in human population sizes; involves the use of domesticated animals, irrigation, and terracing; while agriculture is labor intensive it provides more reliable long term yields per area
Term
Know the three forms of distribution and exchange.
Definition
• Market Exchange - buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand
• Redistribution - the flow of goods to a central authority and the allocation of these goods back to members of society by the central authority
• Reciprocity - a principle that governs exchanges between social equals
Term
Know the three types of reciprocity.
Definition
• Generalized – exchanges between closely related people
• Balanced – social distances increase, as does the need to reciprocate
• Negative – social distance is greatest and reciprocity is most calculated
Term
Know the five areas in which a society will allocate resources.
Definition
• Subsistence Fund - the allocation of resources to collecting or obtaining nourishment
• Replacement Fund - the investment in maintaining technology and items required for production
• Social Fund - helping and maintaining relationships with friends, relatives, and neighbors
• Ceremonial Fund - the attention to ceremonies or rituals
• Rent Fund - resources allocated to individuals or agencies that are politically or economically superior
Term
Understand the concept of socio-political organization as conceptualized by an anthropologist:
Definition
• The regulation and management of inter-relations among groups and their representatives':
1. Decision making
2. Social control
3. Conflict resolution
• Functions to maintain normal ranges, correct deviations from the norm, and maintain a systems integrity
Term
Know the five areas of social authority and responsibility to which leadership roles have access.
Definition
• make decisions concerning the group as a whole.
• act as spokesmen in dealing with outsiders
• act as spokesmen in dealing with outsiders
• help define their society's goals and public policy
• Have access to and control over their society's important resources
Term
Know the four types of sociopolitical organization, general traits associated with each, and the
Subsistence strategy that each is most likely to practice.• Bands
Definition
Small, kin-based groups; generally forage; egalitarian; Membership can be fluid…band aggregation and fissioning are means of dealing with social and environmental pressures; decision making is often made at the group level and leadership roles are often assigned on a task specific basis
Term
Know the four types of sociopolitical organization, general traits associated with each, and the
Subsistence strategy that each is most likely to practice.• Tribes
Definition
generally horticulturalists or pastoralists; organized by village or descent group; lack socio-economic stratification; have more effective regulatory mechanisms than bands; no means of enforcing political decisions
Term
Know the four types of sociopolitical organization, general traits associated with each, and the
Subsistence strategy that each is most likely to practice.• Chiefdoms
Definition
generally agricultural; operate on a regional level; have permanent political regulation; political authorities regulate or control production, distribution, and consumption of resources; increased social stratification
Term
Know the four types of sociopolitical organization, general traits associated with each, and the
Subsistence strategy that each is most likely to practice.• The State
Definition
Has four specialized functions which are population control, judiciary, enforcement of laws, and fiscal oversight; have an unrelated leadership class that have differential access to wealth, power, and prestige
o Wealth - an individual’s material assets and the basis for their economic status
o Power - the ability to control others and the basis for political status
o Prestige - the ability to control others and the basis for political status
Term
The 4 types of Religions
Definition
• Shaman – a part time magico-religious practitioner
• Communal religions – religion based on community rituals
• Olympian religions – state religions with professional priesthoods
• Monotheism – the worship of a single deity
Term
The 2 types of magic
Definition
• Imitative Magic - magic that creates a desired effect by imitating it
• Contagious Magic - the belief that actions directed towards an object will affect a person who has touched it
Term
Understand how religion can function as a method of social control.
Definition
• This can be done through persuasion or fear
• Persuasion offers social and spiritual rewards
• Fear threatens social or spiritual reprisals for inappropriate behavior
Term
Know the stages of a rite of passage.
Definition
• Separation
• Liminality – an in between phase of a rite
• Communitas – collective liminality
Term
Understand the processes that led to and the results of the Modern World System.
Definition
• Colonialism
• Industrialization
Term
Know how Core, Semi-Periphery, Periphery nations fit into the Modern World System.
Definition
• Core - the dominant position, cultures with advanced systems of production
• Semi Periphery - have a production system but are not as powerful or economically dominant as the Core cultures
• Periphery - the least powerful and least privileged cultures in a World System
Term
Understand the processes that led to and the socioeconomic impacts of industrialization.
Definition
• Bourgeoisie - factory owners, those who controlled the means of production
• Proletariat - individuals who had to sell their labor; proletarianization is the separation of workers from the means of production
Term
Understand the processes that led to and the results of colonialism.
Definition
• Nations and ethnic groups that were created during the colonial era are still recognized today
• Connected the world in new ways, such as trade routes
• Development of economic systems that connect almost every nation in the world
Term
Know the difference between colonialism and imperialism.
Definition
• Colonialism - long term foreign control of a territory and its people
• Imperialism - policy aimed at seizing and ruling foreign territory and people
Term
Understand neoliberalism and other intervention philosophies.
Definition
• Intervention Philosophy: ideological justification for outsiders to guide or rule native people
• Neoliberalism: governments shouldn’t regulate private enterprise; free market forces should rule
• Third World Nation: developing or less developed countries
Term
Understand the issues relating to climate change from an anthropological perspective.
Definition
• Climate Change - Global warming plus changing sea levels, precipitation, storms, and ecosystem effects
• Greenhouse Effect - Warming from trapped atmospheric gasses
Term
Know the modern issues that environmental anthropologists deal with.
Definition
• Ecological anthropology: study of cultural adaptations to environments
• Ethnoecology: a culture's set of environmental practices and perceptions
• Modern anthropologists attempt to understand and find solutions to environmental problems
Term
Understand the issues related to deforestation from an anthropological perspective.
Definition
• Deforestation threatens ecosystems, biodiversity, and socioeconomic systems
• Risk assessment can help combat environmental degradation
Term
Understand issues relating to inter-ethnic contact, cultural change, and indigenous rights.
Definition
• Inter-ethnic contact: acculturation & cultural imperialism
• Culture Change: integration of foreign items and ideals into indigenous cultures; indigenization; media can serve to promote national identities or support indigenous cultures
• Indigenous rights: a number of agents now work to reverse the oppressive effects of assimilation policies
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