Term
| Bilingual Education Act of 1968 |
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Definition
| first federal law relating to BE; authorized funds for BE programs nationwide; |
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Term
| Serna v. Portales Municipal Schools (1972) |
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Definition
| the first case in which the federal courts began to enforce Title VI of the Civil Rights Act; a federal judge ordered instruction in native language and culture as part of a desegregation plan. |
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Term
| Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
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Definition
| prohibited discrimination in education based on race, color, or national origin; interpreted to prohibit denial of equal access to education because of an EL's limited proficiency in English. |
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Term
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Definition
| landmark case that basically made illegal those practices that excluded children from effective education on the basis of language; the effect (not intent) of school district policies was proof of discrimination. |
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Term
| Equal Education Opportunities Act (EEOA) of 1974 |
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Definition
| "No state shall deny equal educational opportunities . . . . on account of the failure of an educational agency to take appropriate action to overcome language barriers that impede equal participation . . ." |
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Term
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Definition
| guidelines that told districts how to identify and evaluate children w/ limited English skills, what instructional treatments to use, when to transfer students to all-English classes, and what professional standards teachers needed to meet. |
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Term
| Title III of the NCLB Act of 2001 |
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Definition
| provides funding for language instruction programs for limited English proficient and immigrant students, provided these students "meet the same challenging State academic content and achievement standards as all students. . ." |
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Term
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Definition
| some bilingual education programs dismantled (in favor of temporary 'sheltered English' programs/classrooms. |
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Term
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Definition
umbrella term for various types of programs and models; used in two ways:
1. for education that promotes academic and linguistic development in two languages;
2. programs that include students who speak languages other than English |
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Term
| Bilingual Education Models - Submersion |
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Definition
| no provisions are made for the language and academic needs of English learners; English monolingualism is the goal; the "default mode" |
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Term
| Bilingual Education Models -- ELD |
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Definition
English Language Development
1. Pull-Out ELD
2. ELD Class Period
3. Content-Based ELD
4. Sheltered Instruction (SDAIE) |
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Term
| Bilingual Education Models - Transitional (Early Exit) Bilingual Education (TBE) |
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Definition
| goal is to mainstream students into EOnly classrooms; student receive most if not all academic instruction in L1; programs last 2 - 3 years (acquire BICS skills); research shows TBE programs are not that effective at CALP |
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Term
| Bilingual Education Models -- Maintenance Bilingual Education (MBE) |
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Definition
| proficiency in both languages is goal; quick transition to mainstream classes is not the goal; mostly implemented at elementary grade level; AKA "late exit" programs; emphasis on fostering connection to heritage and culture |
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Term
| Bilingual Education Models -- Immersion Bilingual Education |
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Definition
| provides academic and language instruction in two languages from K-12; the goal is proficiency in two languages; AKA 'additive bilingualism'; popular in Canada among middle-class in Quebec, etc. |
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Term
| Castaneda v. Pickard (1981) |
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Definition
| key ruling: when ready to re-classify students from EL to fluency, cannot use one standard of proficiency; must take different achievements into account; there must be a pedagogically sound plan for LEP students; |
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Term
| NCLB Act and bilingual ed; NCLB requires states to . . |
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Definition
- identify English learners
- measure their English proficiency
- include them in state testing programs that assess academic skills
- establish statewide English proficiency standards
- assess each ELL with a test that is aligned w/ standards
- set AMAOs - Annual Measurable Achievement Objectives for ELLs |
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Term
| Williams v. State of California (2004) |
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Definition
| state must provide equal access to education by providing: adequate facilities, credentialed teachers, sufficient instructional materials; |
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