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sound units that form words; ex: /sp/ in "speak"
(there are 34-45 phonemes in English) |
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| vibration of vocal chords ); either a rising or falling tone; if changes meaning, is known as "intonation"; languages that use pitch a lot to contrast meanings are called "tone languages". |
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| increase in 'vocal activity' that can modify meanings of words; syllables in words are not normally said w/ equal stress. (ex: "checkbook") |
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| the "building blocks of meaning" contained in each word; ex: "Abolitionist" = aboli + tion + ist + s; can be one or multi-syllabic |
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| stand-alone units of meaning (ex: through) not connected to other morphemes |
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| sound units that occur ONLY in conjunction w/ other morphemes (ex: -ing, dis-, -ceive); most are affixes |
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| bound morphemes that are 'prefixes' (occurring at beginning of words) or 'suffixes' (at the end of words) |
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| bound morphemes that occur at beginning of words (ex: un- ) |
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| bound morphemes that occur at the ends of words (ex: -able or -ism) |
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| a process of shortening words but retaining the same meaning (ex: 'prof' instead of 'professor') |
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| IMHO, or CYL (catch you later) |
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| words formed from parts of two different words (ex: smog, stagflation, brunch) |
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| refers to the structure of sentences and the rules that govern the formation of a sentence; not really formally taught, but internalized/constructed as native speakers acquire language |
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| more precise rules about how words go together in sentences; called "standard usage"; something that is correct in syntax may still be grammatically incorrect. "I ain't got no pencil" |
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| the study of the meanings of individual words, phrases, or sentences; |
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| words that English has adopted from other cultures/languages |
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| the study of communication in social context; includes three major communication skills: using language for diff. funtions; adapting lang. to the situation; following rules of conversation. |
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| words in two different languages, but are related to a same 'root' (usually Greek or Latin); ex: family, familia |
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| phonemes - positive transfer v. negative transfer |
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positive transfer = sound is found in both languages;
negative transfer = sound is not found in both lang. |
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| sounds in a language that do NOT make difference in meaning; ex: DOG, DAWG, DOUGH-G (regional pronunciation differences) |
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| relationship b/w phoneme and grapheme |
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Definition
| sometimes a phoneme (sound) has many graphemes (letters to denote it); AND, sometimes many phonemes can come from one grapheme. |
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| 5 Components of all Language |
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1. pragmatics - communicative context
2. semantics - meanings of words
3. syntax - word order
4. morphology - units of meaning
5. phonology - elements of sound |
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| things like: body language, intonation, stress, pitch, etc. |
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