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CTEL prep: Vocab/Gen'l Concepts
prep for CTEL exam
37
Education
Graduate
11/13/2010

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Term
syntax
Definition
acceptable order for words in sentences in a particular language. Rules vary from language to language.
Term
English syntactic rules
Definition
rules that govern the order of words in English sentences. For example, adjectives generally precede nouns, and direct objects follow verbs.
Term
cohesion
Definition
in language, it is the level at which the parts are connected. Related to syntax.
Term
coherence
Definition
degree to which the rules of semantics are followed so that the text makes sense. Related to semantics.
Term
prior knowledge
Definition
things the learner already knew from past experiences. By first activating this knowledge, new learning can be better connected to old lrng, improving comprehension.Tchr may need to "fill the gaps" once the extent of the old knowledge is assessed.
Term
aural comprehension
Definition
ability to understand that which is heard
Term
digraph
Definition
combination of two letters to form one sound. Examples: th, ph, ch, qu, sh.
Term
dipthong
Definition
combination of two vowels to form one sound. Requires movement of the tongue. Examples: ay, oi, i-silent e.
Term
schwa
Definition
vowel sound in an unaccented or unstressed part of a word.Examples: "uh" sound in alone or Dinah.
Term
consonant clusters
Definition
consonants that are not separated by vowels and are pronounced together. They can be initial (beginning of a word), medial (middle) or final (end).
Term
CVCC words
Definition
consonant-vowel-consonant cluster. Examples: lamp, ring. Part of a language learning progression, preceded by CVC, and followed by CCVCC, etc.
Term
compound
Definition
word made up of two or more morphemes
Term
intonation
Definition
changes in pitch or stress that help make meaning, such as raising pitch at the end of a question.
Term
pitch
Definition
speaker's high or low tone of voice
Term
modulation
Definition
changing or control of one's frequency during speech: quiet to loud, low- to high-pitched, etc.
Term
syntactic category
Definition
include the parts of speech as well as phrase categories like verb or noun phrases
Term
contrastive analysis
Definition
Linguistic study of similarities and differences between 2 languages. Used to predict why some language elements are harder to learn than others. Can difficulties w/lrng L1 predict difficulties w/lrng L2?
Term
decoding skills
Definition
ability to analyze and make sense of symbols that make up a language, both written and verbal. Includes the ability to recognize letters, sounds, patterns, syllables, etc.
Term
spelling patterns
Definition
Common combinations of letters. Knowing "ea" sound helps with "head" and "bread." Patterns aid comprehension.
Term
morpheme
Definition
Smallest part of a word that has meaning and cannot be further subdivided. "Happy" has one; "unhappy" has two.
Term
lexical morpheme
Definition
a base word, a prefix, and infix, or a suffix.
Term
grammatical morpheme
Definition
morpheme that performs a function such as a preposition, or that gives inflection, such as -ed or -est.
Term
phonology
Definition
the study of the sounds in languages, particularly the sounds that are distinct in each lang. and the systems of sounds
Term
phoneme
Definition
smallest possible unit of sound in a language. Example: /b/, /oo/, /th/ in "booth." 41 in English
Term
phonics
Definition
teaching of individual letter sounds and their relationship in combined letter sounds.
Term
organized/systemic/explicit phonics
Definition
An organized order to the teaching of letters and sounds. Debate: is organized better than non-systematic or none at all?
Term
cognitive process
Definition
conscious mental activities such as solving problems, making decisions, being creative, using imagination
Term
pragmatics
Definition
study of how context clues give meaning to language; examination of rules of social interaction and speech in different contexts.
Term
orthography
Definition
The sound-symbol code, a set of rules for writing a language, including spelling and punctuation
Term
structural analysis
Definition
breaking down a word into parts, such as base/root, prefix, suffix, and syllable.
Term
apposition
Definition
grammatical function of placing words or phrases side by side to further describe them. Example: The man, my boss, is nice.
Term
categorization
Definition
Cognitive process of placing items in groups that share characteristics, such as "animals" or "colors"
Term
metacognition
Definition
the ability to know how one is learning, including making predictions on how well one might do at a task
Term
using context clues
Definition
using surrounding pictures, words, etc. as an aid to understanding text
Term
word structure
Definition
the way morphemes are placed together and ordered. For example in English, prefixes come at the beginning; we say unhappy, not happyun.
Term
common English sentence patterns
Definition
*subject+verb
*Subject+Verb+object
*Subject+Verb+complement
*Subject+Verb+indirect object+direct object
*Subject+Verb+object+complement
Term
communicative competence
Definition
Dell Hymes: understanding of how lang is used by diff speakers in diff contexts, knowledge of grmr,vocab, phonology/orthography, cultural context.
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