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CTEL KSAs
Review cards for CTEL exam
27
Language - Other
Not Applicable
03/23/2007

Additional Language - Other Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Phonology
Definition
The study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.

Analyzes the sound patterns of a particular language by determining which phonetic sounds are significant.
Term
Morphology
Definition
The study of the internal structure of words.
A system of adjustments in the shapes of words that contribute to adjustments in the way speakers intend their utterances to be interpreted.
Term
Morpheme
Definition
The smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language.

Unladylike

The word unladylike consists of three morphemes and four syllables.

un- 'not'
lady '(well behaved) female adult human'
like 'having the characteristics of'

The word dogs consists of two morphemes and one syllable:

dog, and
-s, a plural marker on nouns
Term
Phoneme
Definition
The smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.

Here are examples of the phonemes /r/ and /l/ occurring in a minimal pair:

rip
lip

The phones [r] and [l] contrast in identical environments and are considered to be separate phonemes.
Term
Digraph
Definition
A pair of letters representing a single speech sound, such as the ph in pheasant or the ea in beat.
Term
Diphthong
Definition
A monosyllabic vowel combination involving a quick but smooth movement from one vowel to another, often interpreted by listeners as a single vowel sound or phoneme.
-as in house
-as in kite
-as in same
-as in tone
-as in join
Term
Deixis
Definition
Reference by means of an expression whose interpretation is relative to the extralinguistic context of the utterance, such as
-who is speaking
-the time or place of speaking
-the gestures of the speaker
Examples of deictic expressions:

I
You
Now
There
Term
Direct object
Definition
A noun or pronoun that receives the action of a (transitive) verb or shows the result of the action.
Term
Transitive verb
Definition
An action or linking verb that has a direct object.(Shown as v.t.)

Intransitive: He runs around the block daily. There is no direct object.)
Transitive: He runs a large corporation. (The verb runs has a direct object, corporation.)
Term
Subordinate (dependent) clause
Definition
A subordinate clause is usually introduced by a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. It depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning. It does not express a complete thought, so it does not stand alone. It must always be attached to a main clause that completes the meaning.


Subordinate clauses normally act as a single part of speech. They can be either noun clauses, adjective clauses, or adverb clauses.
Term
Adverb clause
Definition
A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. It answers one of four questions: how, when, where, and why.

An adverb clause always begins with a subordinating conjunction.
Term
Adjective clause
Definition
A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun.

Most of the time adjective clauses begin with the relative pronouns that, which, who, whom, or whose.
Term
Antecedent
Definition
The antecedent of a pronoun is the word which the pronoun stands for. In the previous sentence, the pronoun "which" is taking the place of "word." Therefore, word is the antecedent.
Term
Schwa
Definition
Thevowel sound in many lightly pronounced unaccented syllables in words of more than one syllable. Shown by an upside-down "e":
The a is schwa in adept.
The e is schwa in synthesis.
The i is schwa in decimal.
The o is schwa in harmony.
Term
Conjunction
Definition
Word that joins words, phrases, or sentence parts. There are 3 kinds of conjunctions.
1. Coordinate conjunctions join similar words, phrases, or clauses to each other: and, or, for, but, nor, so and yet.

2. Correlative conjunctions act in pairs. The main correlative conjunctions are either/or, neither/nor, both/and, whether/or, not/but and not only/but also.

3. Subordinating conjunctions join a subordinate clause.
Term
Conjunctive adverbs
Definition
Adverbs that act as a transition between complete ideas.They usually occur between independent clauses or sentences. The following words are common conjunctive adverbs:
-accordingly, again, also, besides consequently, finally, furthermore, however, etc.
Term
Coordinate adjectives
Definition
Two adjectives that modify a noun in the same way. You must place a comma between the two adjectives!
eg: Did you read about Macomber's short, happy life?
Two tests:
(1) Can you replace the comma with the word and?

(2) Can you reverse the order of the adjectives and keep the same meaning?
Term
Cumulative adjectives
Definition
Paired adjectives that are NOT interchangeable (fail the two-part test for coordinate adjectives) NO COMMA is used. This shows that they must remain in a certain order to make sense.
eg: The former overweight woman told us how she lost fifty-five pounds.
Term
Passive voice
Definition
The form of a verb where the subject is not the "doer" of the action:
-Passive Voice: The project was reviewed by the committee. (vs. the committee reviewed the project).
Term
Active voice
Definition
The form of a verb where the subject is the "doer" of the action.
-Active Voice: The committee reviewed the project. (vs. The project was reviewed by the committee).
Term
Complex sentence
Definition
A complex sentence is a sentence made up of one main clause and at least one subordinate clause.
Term
Compound-complex sentence
Definition
A compound-complex sentence is a sentence made up of more than one main clause and at least one subordinate clause. It is the combining of a compound sentence with a complex sentence.
Term
Compound sentence
Definition
A compound sentence is a sentence made up of two or more independent clauses but no subordinate clauses. (The clauses in a compound sentence are usually joined by conjunctions and/or some kind of punctuation).
Term
Syntax
Definition
Structure of sentences & the rules governing writing sentences. "Tws brillig and the slithy toves did gyre and gimble in the wabes" has syntax with no viable morphemes.
Term
Free morpheme
Definition
A morpheme (unit of language) that "stands alone" in its meaning.
"car" & "bite" are free morphemes.
Term
Bound Morpheme
Definition
A morpheme (unit of language) that only has meaning when linked to another morpheme. Prefixes and suffixes, as well as modifiers (like "-er" and "-est" are bound morphemes.
Term
Semantics
Definition
The study of meanings of individual words and of larger units (phrases, sentences).
Components include: ambiguity
contradiction
redundancy
connotation
specificity
etc.
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