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C, T, and L Spine
RAD 106
102
Other
Graduate
03/13/2011

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Cards

Term
Which two vertebral curvatures are anteriorly concave?
Definition
Thoracic and sacral(pelvic)
Term
Which two vertebral curves are kyphotic curves?
Definition
Thoracic and sacral (pelvic)
Term
Which two vertebral curves are lordotic curves?
Definition
Cervical and Lumbar
Term
Which two vertebral curves are primary curves?
Definition
Thoracic and Sacral(pelvic)
Term
Which spinal condition involves an excessive dorsal curvature of the thoracic vertebral column?
Definition
Kyphosis
Term
Which abnormal spinal condition involves any lateral curvature of the vertebral column?
Definition
Scoliosis
Term
What is the name of the short, thick bony processes that project posteriorly from the lateral and superior aspects of vertebral bodies of typical vertebrae?
Definition
Pedicles
Term
From the junction of which two vertebral structures do transverse processes originate in typical vertebrae?
Definition
Pedicle and Lamina
Term
Which vertebral structures unite at the origin of the spinous processes of a typical vertebra?
Definition
Both Laminae
Term
Which structures of a typical vertebra are the zygaphophyses?
Definition
Articular processes
Term
On which structure is the dens located?
Definition
C2
Term
Which structure is known as the atlas?
Definition
C1
Term
Which is known as the axis?
Definition
C2
Term
On which structure is the dens located?
Definition
Body of C2
Term
Which cervical vertebral structures are perforated with a foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein?
Definition
Transverse processes
Term
Which vertebral structures have bifid tips?
Definition
Spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae
Term
With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in cervical vertebrae?
Definition
90 degrees laterally
Term
With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in thoracic vertebrae?
Definition
70 degrees anteriorly
Term
Thoracic vertebrae differ from cervical vertebrae and lumbar vertebrae because thoracic vertebrae have:
Definition
Demifacets
Term
Which structures articulate with vertebral demifacets?
Definition
Heads of ribs
Term
With reference to the midsagittal plane, how do zygapophyseal joints open in lumbar vertebrae?
Definition
30-50 degrees posteriorly
Term
Lumbar vertebrae differ from cervical and thoracic vertebrae because lumbar vertebrae have:
Definition
Broad, large spinous processes
Term
Which parts of the sacrum form the joints of the ilia of the pelvis?
Definition
Sacral Cornua
Term
The AP projection that demonstrates the dens using the Fuchs method differs from the AP projection(open mouth) because the Fuchs Method:
Definition
Extends the chin and keeps the mouth closed.
Term
The radiographer should not use the Fuchs method to obtain the AP projection of the dens if the patient is:
Definition
Suspected to have a fracture or degenerative disease.
Term
Which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the dens imaged within the foramen magnum?
Definition
AP Projection (Fuchs Method)
Term
Which cervical structures are best demonstrated with the AP Projection (open mouth)?
Definition
C1 and C2
Term
How should the central ray be directed for the AP projection (open mouth)?
Definition
Perpendicularly
Term
How and where should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column?
Definition
15-20 degrees cephalad to C4.
Term
How should the IR be positioned for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column?
Definition
Centered to C4
Term
For which projection of the cervical vertebrae should the central ray be angled 15-20 degrees cephalad?
Definition
AP axial projection Cervical Spine
Term
Whih evaluation criterion does not apply to the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column?
Definition
C1 and C2 should be seen without mandibular superimpositioning.
Term
Which projectin of the cervical vertebral column requires a SID of 72"?
Definition
Lateral Projection
Term
Which manuever should be used to help obtain maximum depression of the shoulders in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column?
Definition
Suspend respiration after full expiration.
Term
What should be done so that the magnified shoulder farthest from the IR is projected below the lower cervical vertebrae for the lateral projection of the cervical spine?
Definition
Angle the central ray 15 degrees caudad.
Term
What should be done to prevent mandibular rami from superimposing cervical vertebrae in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column?
Definition
Elevate the Chin.
Term
What should be done to reduce magnification caused by the increased object-to-image distance in lateral projections of the cervical spine?
Definition
Use a 72" SID
Term
Which projection of the cervical vertebral column uses the same central ray direction and centering as hyperextension and hyperfexion studies of the cervical vertebrae?
Definition
Lateral Projection
Term
Which projection of the cervical vertebrae deomonstrates the spinous processes elevated and widely separated?
Definition
Hyperflexion lateral projection
Term
Which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the spinous processes depressed and in close approximation?
Definition
Hyperextension lateral projection
Term
Which projection of the cervical vertebrae should produce a radiographic image showing the patient's mandibular body nearly perpendicular to the lower border of the radiograph?
Definition
Hyperfexion lateral projection
Term
Which projection for cervical vertebrae must be exposed with a horizontal and perpendicular central ray?
Definition
Lateral
Term
How should the central ray be directed for AP axial oblique projections of the cervical vertebral column?
Definition
Cephalically 15-20 degrees
Term
How should the CR be directed for a PA axial oblique projections of the cervical vertebral column?
Definition
Caudally 15-20 degrees
Term
Which projection of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina?
Definition
AP Axial Oblique projection
Term
Which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the left intervertebral foramina with the central ray angled 15-20 degrees cephalad?
Definition
Right Posterior Oblique (RPO)
Term
Which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the right intervertebral foramina with the CR angled 15-20 degrees caudad?
Definition
RAO
Term
How many degrees from either AP or the PA position should the entire body be rotated for oblique projections of the cervical column?
Definition
45 degrees
Term
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP projection (FUCHS method) of the cervical vertebrae?
Definition
The entire dens should be seen thru the foramen magnum.
Term
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial projection of teh cervical vertebral column?
Definition
The spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles.
Term
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column?
Definition
All seven cervical vertebrae should be demonstrated.
Term
Which evaluation criterion pertains to eh AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column?
Definition
The intervertebral foramina should be open with those farthest from the IR well demonstrated.
Term
Which evaluation criterion pertains to the PA axial oblique projections fo the cervical vertebral column?
Definition
The intervertebral foramina should be open with those closest to the IR well demonstrated.
Term
Which projection should be included in a cervical series if the lateral projection does not demonstrate the C7 vertebra?
Definition
Lateral Projection (Twining Method)(Swimmers)
Term
For the lateral projection(Twining method) of the cervical vertebrae, how and where should the CR be directed?
Definition
Perpendicular to the intervertebral disk space of C7 and T1.
Term
Which of the following structures are best demonstrated with the lateral projection (Twining Method)?
Definition
Lower cervical vertebrae (Cervicothoracic vertebrae)
Term
For the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column, where should the CR be directed on the anterior chest wall?
Definition
Slightly below sternal angle
Term
With reference to the patient, where should the top border of the IR be positioned for the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column?
Definition
1 1/2 to 2 inches (3.8-5cm) above the top of the shoulders.
Term
For the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column with the patient in the supine position, why should the patient's hips and knees be flexed?
Definition
To reduce dorsal kyphosis
Term
Which projection most requires usage of the anode heel affect to improve image quality?
Definition
AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column
Term
Which projection best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina of the thoracic vertebral column?
Definition
Lateral Projection
Term
When performing the lateral projection for thoracic vertebrae, what is the preferred procedure that should be performed when the long axis of the vertebral column is not horizontal?
Definition
Elevate the lower or upper thoracic region with a radiolucent support.
Term
When performing the lateral projection for thoracic vertebrae, what is the preferred procedure that should be performed when the long axis of the vertebral column is not horizontal?
Definition
Elevate the lower or upper thoracic region with a radiolucent support.
Term
When performing the lateral projection for thoracic vertebrae, what is the preferred procedure that should be performed when the long axis of the vertebral column is not horizontal?
Definition
Elevate the lower or upper thoracic region with a radiolucent support.
Term
To what level of the body should the CR be directed for lateral projections of the thoracic vertebral column?
Definition
Inferior angle of scapula
Term
what compensation should be made in the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column on a recumbent patient when the lower thoracic region is not parallel with the table?
Definition
Angle the CR 10-15 degrees cephalad
Term
which of the following structures are best demonstrated with the lateral position projection(Twining Method)?
Definition
Upper Thoracic Vertebrae
Term
Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates kyphosis?
Definition
Lateral Projection of the thoracic vertebral column
Term
Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates scoliosis?
Definition
PA projection of the thoracic vertebral column
Term
Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates lordosis?
Definition
Lateral Projection of the lumbar vertebral column.
Term
Why should the patient flex the hips and knees for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column?
Definition
To reduce lordotic curvature.
Term
How should the IR be positioned for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae and sacrum?
Definition
Centered on the level of the iliac crests
Term
Which positioning manuever should be performed to reduce the normal lordotic curvature for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column?
Definition
Flex the hips and knees
Term
Which plane or line of the patient should be centered on the midline of the table for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column?
Definition
Midsagittal
Term
Where should the CR be directed for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column for a lumbosacral examination?
Definition
L4
Term
Which plane or line of the patient should be centered on the midline of the table for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column?
Definition
Midcoronal
Term
Which projection of the lumbar vertebral column best demonstrates intervertebral foramina?
Definition
Lateral projection
Term
How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column when the vertebral column is parallel with table?
Definition
Perpendicular
Term
How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column when the lumbar vertebral column is not parallel with table?
Definition
5 degrees caudad for males, 8 degrees caudad for females.
Term
How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for the lateral projection of L5-S1 when the lumbar vertebral column is parallel with the table?
Definition
Perpendicular
Term
Which projection of the lumbar vertebral column best demonstrates zygapophyseal joints?
Definition
AP oblique projection
Term
Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated if a supine patient is rotated 45 degrees with the right side elevated and a perpendicular CR is directed at the lumbar vertebrae?
Definition
Zygapophyseal joints on the left side
Term
Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated with the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column with the patient RPO?
Definition
Zygapophyseal joints of the right side.
Term
Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated with the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column with the patient LPO?
Definition
zygapophyseal joints on the left side.
Term
Which positioning error most likely occured if the zygapophyseal joints were not well demonstrated and the pedicle was quite anterior on the vertebral body in AP oblique projection radiographs of the lumbar vertebral column?
Definition
The patient was not rotated enough.
Term
Which positoning error most likely occurred if the zygapophyseal joints were not well demonstrated and the pedicle was quite posterior on the vertebral body AP oblique projection radiographs of the lumbar vertebral column?
Definition
The patient was rotated too much.
Term
Which projection of the vertebral column demonstrates the "Scottie Dog"?
Definition
Oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column.
Term
What is demonstrated if the Scottie Dog is well visualized?
Definition
Zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar vertebrae.
Term
How many degrees of body rotation are necessary for the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column?
Definition
45 degrees
Term
Which projection of the lumbar vertebral column places the midsagittal plane perpendicular to IR?
Definition
AP Projection
Term
Which projection fo the lumbar vertebral column places the midsagittal plane parallel with IR?
Definition
Lateral Projection
Term
How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for AP axial projections of the lumbosacral junction?
Definition
30-35 degrees cephalad
Term
Which projection best demonstrates the right sacroiliac joint?
Definition
AP oblique projection with the patient in the LPO position
Term
Which projection best demonstrates the left sacroiliac joint?
Definition
AP oblique projection with the patient in the RPO position.
Term
How many degrees of body rotation from the supine position are required for AP oblique projections of the sacroiliac joints?
Definition
25-30 degrees
Term
How many degrees and in what direction should the CR be directed for AP axial projections of Sacrum?
Definition
15 degrees cephalad
Term
How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed if it is necessary to have the patient prone for a PA axial projection of the sacrum?
Definition
15 degrees caudad
Term
How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for AP projections of the coccyx?
Definition
10 degrees caudad
Term
How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed if it is necessary to have the patient prone for the PA projection of coccyx?
Definition
10 degrees cephalad
Term
How many degrees and in which direction should the CR be directed for lateral projections of the sacrum?
Definition
Perpendicular
Term
How many degrees and in which direction hsould the central ray be directed for lateral projections of the coccyx?
Definition
Perpendicular
Term
Which projection of the Ferguson method should be performed to best evaluate scoliosis?
Definition
Upright PA
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