Term
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Definition
| a group of similar cells organized into a structural and functional unit/ a tissue or group of tissues organized into a structural and functional unit in a plant or plant organ. there are three tissue systems: dermal, vascular and ground |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer covering tissue of the plant; the epidermis or the periderm |
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Definition
| all the vascular tissues in their specific arrangement in a plant or plant organ |
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Definition
| tissues other than the vascular tissues, the epidermis and the periderm; also called fundamental tissue |
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Definition
| ground tissue region of a stem or root bounded externally by the epidermis and internally by the vascular system; a primary tissue region also used to refer to the peripheral region of a cell protplast |
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Definition
| the ground tissue occupying the center of the stem or root within the vascular cylinder; usually consists of parenchyma |
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Definition
| tissue region between vascular bundles in a stem |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue composed of one cell type: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are simple vs tissue composed of two or more cell type: epidermis, periderm, xylem and phloem |
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Definition
| tissue composed of parenchyma cells, most abundant in plant |
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Definition
| a supporting tissue composed of collenchyma cells, common in regions of primary growth in stems and in some leaves |
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Definition
| a supporting tissue composed of sclerenchyma cells, including fibers and sclereids |
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Definition
| an elongated, taperering, generally thick walled sclerenchyma cells of vascular plants; its walls may or may not be lignified; it may or may not have a living protoplast at maturity |
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Definition
| a sclerenchyma cell with a thick; lignified secondary wall having many pits. scleroids are variable in form but typically ot very long ; they may or may not be living at maturity |
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Definition
| a complex vascular tissue through which most of the water and minerals of a plant are conducted; characterized by the presence of tracheary elements |
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Definition
| an elongated, thick walled conducting and supporting cell of xylem. it has a tapering ends and pitted walls without perforations, as contrasted with a vessel element. found in nearly all vascular plants |
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Definition
| one of the cells composing a vessel |
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Definition
| a tubelike structure of the xylem composed of elongate cells placed end to end and connected by perforations. its function is to conduct water and minerals through the plant body. found in nearly all angiosperms and a few other vascular plants |
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Definition
| the food conducting tissue of vascular plants, which is composed of sieve elements, various kinds of parenchyma cells, fibers and sclereids |
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Definition
| one of the component cells of a sieve tube, found primarily in flowerinf plants and typically associated with a companion cell; also called sieve tube member |
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Definition
| a series of sieve tube elements arranged end to end and inteerconnected by sieve plants |
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Definition
| a specialized parenchyma cell associated with a sieve tube element in angiosperm phloem and arising from the same mother cell as the sieve tube member |
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Term
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Definition
| the outermost layer of cells of the leaf and of young stems and roots; primary in origin |
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Term
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Definition
| waxy or fatty layer on outer wall of epidermal cells, formed of cutin and wax |
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Term
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Definition
| a minute opening, bordered by guard cells, in the epidermis of leave and stems through which gases pass; also used to refer to the entire stomatal apparatus - the guard cells plus their included pore |
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Term
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Definition
| outer protective tissue that replaces epidermis when it is destroyed during secondary growth; includes cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm |
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Term
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Definition
| a secondary tissue produced by a cork cambium; made up of polygonol cells, nonliving at maturity, with suberized cell walls, which are resistant to the passage of gases and water vapor, the outer part of the periderm. also called phellem |
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Term
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Definition
| a tissue formed inwardly by the cork cambium, opposite the cork, inner part of the periderm |
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Definition
| the above ground portions, such as the stem and leaves of a vascular plant |
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Definition
| term applied to buds or branches occuring in the axil of a leaf or an embreyoninc shoot, often protected by young leaves or a vegetative yeasts and some bacteria as a means of asexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of a stem where one or more leaves are attached |
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Definition
| the region of a stem between tow succesive nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| a scar left on a twig when a leaf falls |
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Term
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Definition
| growth originating in the apical meristems of shoots and roots, as contrasted with secondry growth |
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Term
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Definition
| the meristem at the tip of a shoot in a vascular plane |
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Term
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Definition
| a lateral outgrowth from the apical meristem that ill eventually become a leaf |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protoderm, procambium, ground meristem |
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Term
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Definition
| primary meristimatic tissue that gives rise to epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| a primary meristimatic tissue that gives rise to primary vascular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary meristem, or meristimatic tissue that gives rise to the ground tissue |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| a strand of tissue containing primary xylem and primary phloem (and procambium if present) and frequently enclosed by a bundle sheath of parenchyma or fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| the division or forking of an axis into two branches |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in plants, growth derived from secondary or lateral meristems, the vascular cambium and cork cambium; secondary growth results in an increase in girth, and is contrasted with primary growth, which results in an increase in length |
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Term
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Definition
| meristems that give rise to secondary tissue; the vascular cambium and cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| a cylindrical sheath of meristimatic cells, the division of which produces the secondary phloem and secondary xylem |
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Term
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Definition
| the lateral meristem that forms the periderm, producing cork (phellem) toward the surface (outside) of the plant and phelloderm toward the inside; common in stems and roots of gymnosperms and woody angiosperms |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| the vertically elongated cells in the vascular cambium that give rise to the cells of the axial system in the secondary xylem and secondary phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| an initial in the vascular cambium that gives rise to the ray cells of secondary xylem and secondary phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| ribbonlike sheets of parenchyma that extend radially through the wood, across the cambium, and into the secondary phloem; they are always produced by the vascular cambium |
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Definition
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Definition
| a nontechnical term applied to al tissues outside the vascular cambium in a woody stem |
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Term
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Definition
| in older trees, the living part of the bark; th ebark inside the innermost periderm |
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Term
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Definition
| in older trees, the dead part of the bark; the innermost periderm and all tissues outside it; also called the rhytidome |
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Term
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Definition
| the first formed wood of a growth increment; it contains larger cells and is less dense than the subsequently formed late wood; replaces the term spring wood |
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Term
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Definition
| the last part of the growth increment formed in the growing season; it contains smaller cells and is denser than the early wood; replaces the term summer wood |
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Term
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Definition
| in wood, the growth layer formed during a single year |
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Term
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Definition
| nonliving and commonly dark colored wood in which no water transport occurs, it is surrounded by sapwood |
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Term
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Definition
| outer part of the wood of a stem or trunk, usually distinguished from the heartwood by its lighter color, in which conduction of water takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| name commonly applied to the wood of a mognolid or eudicot (broad) and dicot tree |
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Term
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Definition
| name commonly applied to the wood of a connifer. can be hard or soft |
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Term
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Definition
| a section cut perpendicular, or at right angles, to the longitudinal axis of a plant part |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a longitudinal section cut parallel to the radius of a cylindrical body, such as root or stem; in the case of secondary xylem or wood and secondary phloem,parallel to the rays |
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Term
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Definition
| a longitudinal section cut at right angles to the radius of a cylindrical structure, such as root or stem, in the case of secondary xylem, or wood and secondary phloem at right angles to the rays |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| parenchyma. trees store water in there wood. bottled trees. wide rays that store water. most known is cactus - photosynthesis occurse in the stem, spines for protection against animals |
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Term
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Definition
| the independent development of similar structures in organisms that are not directly related; often found in organisms that are not directly related; often found in organisms living in similar environments |
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Term
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Definition
| the usually descending axis of a plant; normally below ground, which serves to anchor the plant to absorb and conduct water and minerals into it. functions: roots anchor the plant, movement of food, vascular tissues, storage |
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Term
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Definition
| the first root of the plant, developing in continuation of the root tip or radicle of the embryo; the taproot |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary root of a plant formed in direct continuation of the root tip or radicle of the embryo; forms a stout, tapering main root from which arise smaller, lateral roots. not usually seen in dicot |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to a structure arising from an unusual place, such as buds at other places than leaf axils, or roots growing from stems or leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| a thimbellike mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of the root |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tubular outgrowths of epidermal cells of the root; greatly increase the absorbing surface of the root. form outside the epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| a single layer of celss forming a sheath around the vascular region in roots and some stems; the endodermal cells are characterized by a casparian strip within radial and transverse walls. in roots and stems of seed plants, the endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| a bandlike region of primary wall containing suberin and lignin; found in anticlinical - radial and transverse - walls of endodermal and exodermal cells. strip in the endodermis that keeps the water from moving out |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty material found in the cell walls of cork tissue and in the casparian strip of the endodermis |
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Term
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Definition
| a tissue characteristic of roots that is bounded externally by the endodermis and internally by the phloem. help produce vascular cambium and the cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a root that arises from another, older root; also called a secondary root, if the older root is the primary root |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| negatively gravitropic extensions of the root systems of some trees growing in swampy habitats; they grow upward and out of the water and probably function to ensure adequate aeration |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adventitious root arising from the stem above soil level and helping to support the plant; common in many monocots like maize. usually monocots because it doesn't undergo secondary growth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| roots thnat grow sideways are undergoing secondary growth - growth in thickness |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that grows upon another organism but is not parasitic on it. in the crawns of trees. are photosynthetic. epidermis several cells thick to absorb more water because it doesn't have roots in the ground |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the principal lateral appendage of the stem; highly variable in both structure and function; the foliage leaf is specialized as a photosynthetic organ |
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Term
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Definition
| the broad, expanded part of a leaf; the lamina |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the center line on a leaf |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that dissociates in water, causing a decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions, often by releasing hydroxyl ions; bases of ph in solution are more than 7, the opposite of acid |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrangement of veins in the leaf blade that resembles a net; characteristic of the leaves of angiosperms except for monocots; also called reticulate venation |
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Term
| parallel venation (monocot) |
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Definition
| the pattern of venation in which the principal veins of the leaf are parallel or nearly so |
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Term
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Definition
| the base of a leaf that wraps around the stem, as in grasses; a tissue layer surrounding another tissue, such as the bundle sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| an undivided leaf vs a leaf whose blade is divided into several distinct leaflettes |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the parts of a compund leaf |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| a leaf tissue composed of columnar chloroplast bearing parenchyma cells with their long axes at right angles to the leaf surface |
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Term
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Definition
| a leaf tissue composed of loosely arranged, chloroplast bearing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the ground tissue (parenchyma) of a leaf, located between the scuteller node and the coleoptile in the embryo and seedling of grasses (poaceae) |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant that requires an environment that is neither too wet or too dry, medium moisture |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant that depends on an abundant supply of moisture or that grows wholly or partly submerged in water |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant that has adapted to arid habitats |
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Term
| thick (multiple) epidermis |
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Definition
| a tissue composed of several layers of cells derived from the protoderm; only the outer layer assumes characteristics of a typical epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| helps slow down evaporation, sunken below first cell thick |
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Definition
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Definition
| venus fly trap, sundew, pitcher plants |
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Term
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Definition
| an organic substance produced usually in minute amounts in one part of an organism, from which it is transported to another part of that organism on which it has a specific effect; hormones function as highly specific chemical signals between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| growth in which the direction of the light is the determining factor; as the growth of a plant toward a light source, turning or bending in response to light. |
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Term
| boysen-jensens experiments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a class of plant hormones that control cell elongation, among other effects. is in the apical meristem. increases stem, but root doesn't increase. keeps leaf from falling. indole acetic acid (IAA) |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally occuring auxin, a kind of plant hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| the dropping off of leaves, flowers, fruits, or other plant parts, usually following the formation of an abscission zone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the influence exerted by a terminal bud in suppressing the growth of lateral, or axillary, buds. auxin is dominated by the apical meristem which cause the stem to keep growing instead of the lateral meristems growing into branches. but if you cut off the apical meristem the lateral meristem will start to grow |
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Term
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Definition
| kills specific plants. 2,4-D: doesn't affect most monocots, kills dicots (weeds) |
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Term
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Definition
| a clas of plant hormones, the best known effect of which is to increase the elongation of plant stems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when day and night times are equal. hormones are being triggered by photoperiodism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a class of plant hormones that promotes cell division, among other effects. control effect to stems |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant hormone that brings about dormancy in buds, maintains dormancy in seeds, and brings about stomatal closing, among other effects. higher level of abscisic acid in the autumn |
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Term
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Definition
a simple hydrocarbon gas that is a plant hormone involved in the ripening of fruit H2C=CH2. c2h4. can produce when plants are under stress
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothetical plant hormone that promotes flowering |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a response to an external stimulus in which the direction of movement is usually determined by the direction from which the most intense stimulus comes |
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Definition
| the response of a shoot or root to the pull of the Earth's gravity also called geotropism. doesn't matter how the seed is planted, will grow normally stem up and root down. auxin is light sensitive as well as gravity sensitive, which cause the root to grow down and stem to grow up. if remove root cap, plant can no longer sense which way is up or down |
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Definition
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Definition
| a response to contact with a solid object. uses hormones such as auxin to help grow onto the tree |
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Definition
| response to duration and timing of day and night a mechanism evolved by organisms for measuring seasonal time. seasons vary by lattitude. helps determine hwen to flower or shead trees |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that must be exposed to light periods shorter than some critical lenght for flowerinf to occur; they usually flower in autumn. when days are short and nights long. ex: plum. longer the night pfar red drops which allows the plant to flowers |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that must be expected to light periods longer than some critical length for flowering to occur; they flower in spring or summer. days long and nights short. leaf determines length of day. builds up the pfar red which allows the plant to flower |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that flower without regard to daylength |
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Term
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Definition
| a phycobinlike pigment found in the cytoplasm of plants and a few green algae that is associated with the absorption of light; photorecepter for red and far red light; involved in a number of timing processes; such as flowering, dormancy; leaf formation, and seed germination. has two forms- pred and pfar red. |
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Term
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Definition
| the main contributor to determining the plant to flower |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical elements essential for normal plant growth and development; also referred to as essential minerals and essential inorganic nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic chemical elements required in large amounts for plant growth, such as nitrogen, potassium, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, and sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic chemical elements required only in very small, or trace, amounts for plant growth, such as iron, chlorine, copper, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, nickel, and boron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| loss or reduced development of chlorophyll |
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Term
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Definition
| the incorporation of atmosphere nitrogen into nitrogen compunds, carried out by certain free living and symbiotic bacteria. N2->NO-3 |
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Term
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Definition
| a member of the fabaceae, the pea or bean family. a type of dry simple fruit that is derived from one carpel and opens along both sides |
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Term
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Definition
| the loss of water vapor by plant parts; most transpiration occurs through stomata |
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Term
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Definition
| the pressure developed in roots as the result of osmosis, which causes guttation of water from leaves and exudation from cut stumps |
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Term
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Definition
| the exudation of liquid water from leaves; caused by root pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| the sticking together of unlike objects or materials |
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Term
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Definition
| in plants, the long distance transport of water, minerals or food; most often used to refer to food transport. in genetics, the interchange of chromosomes segments between nonhomologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| source where it is or storage tissues. sink being used (growing or the storing or food) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the simplest ype of plant tissue made up of relatively unspecialized cells is called |
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Definition
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Term
| primary growth in plants is |
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Definition
| growth in length from apical meristems |
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Term
| secondary growth in plants is |
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Definition
| growth in girth from lateral meristems |
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Term
| cells produced to the inside by the vascular cambium will develop into |
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Definition
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Term
| root hairs through which most water is absorbed are part of what tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| in which of the following would you expect to find the casparian strip |
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Definition
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Term
| when auxin interacts with light to cause bending of a shoot, light causes auxin to |
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Definition
| move to migrate to the shady side of the stem |
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Term
| which of the following is characteristic of the leaves of a monocot |
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Definition
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Term
| to tell whether a plant has simple or compund leaves, one must note the presence and position of |
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Definition
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Term
| the tissue we commonly call wood is more precisely called |
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Definition
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Term
| in a stem, the vascular cambium typically develops from |
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Definition
| procambium and parenchyma |
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Term
| when plants use phytochrome to determine what time of year it is, what does the phytochrome actually measure? |
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Definition
| the length of the nightime period (ie uninterrupted darkness) |
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Term
| what usually causes water to move in a plant? |
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Definition
| evaporation of water from the leaves causes a suction which pulls water up through the tracheids and vessel members |
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Term
| when food is moved from one part of the plant to another, in what form is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the normal direction in the movement of food within a plant |
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Definition
| from regions called sources to regions called sinks |
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Term
| what part of the plant will usually exhibit positive gravitropism? |
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Definition
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Term
| suppose that the main axis of trunk of a pine tree increases in height by 20 centimeters per year. you pound a 9 inch nail part way into the trunk at a height of 2 meters above the ground, so that 3 inches of the nail sticks out from the trunk. if you return to the tree 5 years later, where would you expect to find the nail? |
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Definition
| sticking out of the trunk 2 meters above the ground |
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Term
| who named the plant hormone auxin after carrying out experiments that demonstrated that the chemical had a stimulatory effect on the growth of stem cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| guard cells surrounding stomata are part of the blanks tissue in a leaf or stem |
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Definition
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Term
| xylem and phloem tissues constitute the blank tissue system |
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Definition
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Term
| the cork cambium produces blank cells to the outside |
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Definition
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Term
| insectivorous plants use the insects they capture primarily as a source of blank |
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Definition
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Term
| the tissues found in the pith and cortex of a stem belong to the blank tissue system |
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Definition
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Term
| in a woody stem, everything outside of the vascular cambium is collectively called the blank |
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Definition
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Term
| in the phloem tissue, food is loaded into or unlodaded from sieve tube members by blank cells |
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Definition
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Term
| the dermal tissue that replaces the epidermis in a woody stem or root is the blank |
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Definition
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Term
| a plant such as a water lily that grows in water is called a blank |
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Definition
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Term
| the hormone that causes the gravitropic response of plant shoots is blank |
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Definition
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Term
| essential nutrients that are used in small "Trace" amounts by plants are called blank |
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Definition
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Term
| the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to a form that plants can use is called blank |
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Definition
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Term
| the hormone that speeds up the ripening of fruit is blank |
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Definition
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Term
| a plant like poinsettia that blooms in the autumn or winter is called a blank plant |
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Definition
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Term
| a plant that grows on top of another plant (an orchid growing on the branch of a tree) is called a blank |
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Definition
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Term
| how to tell the difference between a dicot and monocot |
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Definition
| the dicot has a vascular bundle that forms a ring (not a monkey face) |
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Term
| what is meant by xerophyte? |
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Definition
| xerophyte is extremely low moisture |
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Term
| list two different adaptions that you might find on or in a xerophyte that would help it survive in its natural habitat |
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Definition
| sucken stomata and thicker epidermis to help absorb water |
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Term
| which of the following cell types are not found in tissues of the ground tissue system? |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following cell types would never be found in the phloem tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| the tissue which forms the original skin of a plant is called the |
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Definition
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Term
| the cells produced to the inside by the vascular cambium will develop into |
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Definition
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Term
| the cells produced to the outside of the cork cambium will devvelop into the |
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Definition
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Term
| in which of the following correctly describes the hormonal changes that take place in trees during autumn, triggering the abscission of leaves? |
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Definition
| auxin decreases, aba and ethylene increase |
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Term
| in which of the following would you expect to find the casparian strip? |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following is characteristic of the leaves of a dicot |
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Definition
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Term
| to tell whether a plant has simple or compound leaves, one must note the presence and position of |
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Definition
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Term
| a term often used for conifers such as pine trees is |
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Definition
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Term
| inorganic nutrients are transported from one part of the plant to another through the |
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Definition
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Term
| a gardner notices that the marigolds she planted in front of her prized mutant dwarf sweet peas are growing taller than she expected and obscurring her view of the sweet peas. she can solve this problem by spraying the sweet peas with |
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Definition
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Term
| what usually causes water to move through a plant? |
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Definition
| evaporation of water from leaves causes suction which pulls water through tracheids and vessel members |
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Term
| when food is moved from one part of the plant to another, in what form is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the normal direction in the movement of food within a plant |
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Definition
| from regions called sources to regions called sinks |
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Term
| suppose a deer comes along and eats the shoot tip of a dicot plant that is growing with an unbranched stem. What is the likely result? |
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Definition
| axillary buds on the stem will grow out to form branches as the auxin level in the stem decreases |
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Term
| when plants use phytochrome to determine what time of year it is, what does the phytochrome actually measure? |
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Definition
| the length og the nightime period (ie uninterrupted darkness) |
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Term
| when insectivorous plants capture insects with their modified leaves, they use the insects primarily as a source of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains both phloem and periderm |
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Term
| stomata and guard cells typically are found in the blank tissue of stems and leaves |
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Definition
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Term
| xylem and phloem tissues constitute the blank tissue system? |
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Definition
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Term
| in a vein or vascular bundle of a typical stem, the inner part of the bundle (towards the inside of the stem) will consist of primary blank tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| in a typical woody stem, water and food move laterally sideways through structures called blank |
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Definition
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Term
| the tissue we commonly call "wood" is more technically called secondary blank |
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Definition
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Term
| the first experiments suggesting that plants had internal signals such as hormones were carried out by blank |
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Definition
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Term
| a root system (such as in the grasses that we use for lawns) in which all the roots are small and of similar size is called blank root systems |
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Definition
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Term
| wood in the center of a stem in which all the cells are dead and which no longer function in moving water is called blank |
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Definition
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Term
| a plant such as a water lily that grows in water is called a blank |
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Definition
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Term
| in a typical root, most of the water absorbtion occurs through epidermal outgrowths called blank |
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Definition
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Term
| in a typical leaf, the mesophyll cells just above the lower epidermis are called the blank parenchyma |
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Definition
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Term
| the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to a form that plants can use it is called blank |
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Definition
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Term
| the hormone that speeds up the ripening of fruit is blank |
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Definition
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Term
| mangrove trees often have specialized roots called blank which act as snorkels to aerate submerged roots |
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Definition
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Term
| the active form of phytochrome (ie the form that triggers a response in the plant) is called blank |
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Definition
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Term
| breifly explain what is meant by the terms "primary growth" and "secondary growth." what meristems are involved in each? |
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Definition
| primary growth is the growth that occurs to make the stem longer and the root grow deeper. this growth occurse in the root apical meristem and the shoot apical meristem. secondary growth occurse in branching stems and roots. this growth occurs in the pericycle in roots, and the cork cambium in stems |
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Term
| summarize tissue development is a typical stem. |
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Definition
- shoot apical meristem --> (primary meristem) protoderm --> (primary tissues) epidermis, periderm
- shoot apical meristem -> (primary meristem) procambium ->(primary tissue) primary phloem or primary xylem
- shoot apical meristem -> (primary meristem) ground meristem -> (primary tissues) parenchyma, collenchyma or sclerenchyma
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Term
| from what primary meristems and or primary tissues does the vascular cambium originate in a typical stem? |
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Definition
| procambium and parenchyma |
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Term
| from what primary meristems and or primary tissues does the cork cambium originate in a typical stem? |
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Definition
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Term
| essential nutrients are grouped into macronutrients and micronutrients. briefly explain the difference between these two groups, and list 4 macronutrients and one micronutrient |
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Definition
macro: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur
micro: iron
macronutrients: essential nutrients the plants need substantial quantities of micronutrients: are thsoe that plants need a very small amount of |
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Term
| what hormone is involved in producing the phototropic response in plant shoots |
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Definition
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Term
| explain how this hormone interacts with light to produce the phototropic response |
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Definition
| sunlight hitting one side of the plant moves auxin to the side that gets less, causing the dark side to elongate |
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Term
| what features allow you to determine if a structure is a root or a stem |
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Definition
| a stem has a vascular bundle is arraned in a ring with the phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside |
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Term
| how can you tell the difference between a dicot or monocot |
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Definition
| a dicot has a vascular bundle is arranged in a circle |
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Term
| list four different adaptions that you might typically find in a xerophyte that would help to survive in its natural habitat. |
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Definition
| CAM photosynthesis, sunken stomata, thick epidermis and cuticle, reduced leaf size to form spines |
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Term
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Definition
| dermal, vascular and ground |
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Term
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Definition
| skin of the plant body, protection, preventing water loss, gas. exchange usually for stem and leaf - absorbing water (roots) |
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Term
| two tissues of dermal tissue system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| original skin, young tissue in stem, roots and leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| outer covering of woody stems and roots. found in older stems and roots. periderm replaces the epidermis |
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Term
| what is vascular tissue system used for |
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Definition
| plumbing - moving through the vascular tissues (food water etc) |
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Term
| two tissues in vascular tissue systems |
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Definition
xylem - tissue that moves water and minerals
phloem - tissue where food moves (sucrose) |
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Term
| xylem and phloem are two tissues that consists in |
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Definition
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Term
| three tissues found in ground tissue systems |
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Definition
| parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle region of ground tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of ground tissues which is surrounded by vascular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of ground tissues that is between the vascular tissues and the dermal tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular tissues: xylem and phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| simplest plant tissue. primary cell wall. normal things inside a typical plant cell - nucleaus, vacuole, etc. can be found in any region where there is ground tissue. made up of parenchyma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| simple cell. primary cell wall - some regions of the wall are thick. made up of collenchyma cells. mechanical support - to young part of plants, young leaves and stems |
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Term
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Definition
| usually dead when mature. cell wall lives and carries got specific functions. has thick lignified secondary walls. fibers give mechanical support - long gated cells called fibers. sclereid are like fiber except the shape is different. |
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Term
| xylem in vascular tissue systems |
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Definition
| h20. minerals can be dissolved in the water, supports, xylem = wood. |
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Term
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Definition
| tracheids, vessel members, parenchyma, fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| the connection between two tracheids are done by the pits connecting together. structure kind of looks like a fiber, but instead has pits |
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Term
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Definition
| dead when mature. they form on top of each other instead of side by side. have wide holes connecting them together. vessel member is an individual cell, but when together as a group it is called a vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| found in xylem. contain vessels, plants like angiosperms because it allows vessels moving water |
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Term
| where can parenchyma and fibers be found |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the four types of cells in phloem |
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Definition
| sieve tube members, companion cell, parenchyma, fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| individual tube, living when mature, primary cell wall, but not 2nd |
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Term
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Definition
| when mature don't have a nucleolus and lose all other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| it is connected by the plasmodesmata. has a nucleuous and other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| original outer skin on the plant body. usually one cell layer thick, but can be more layers, usually plants found in the desert |
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Term
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Definition
| has three parts: cork cambium (middle). divide to form new cells to the outside called cork and to the inside called phelloderm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| at the tip of stems, produces primary growth - growth in length |
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Term
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Definition
| produces secondary growth - growth in thickness |
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Term
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Definition
| is the outer most cells. this then performs epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
flowering plants
two sections: dicots (trees, plants with broad leaves) and monocots (grasses, don't include trees/shrubs except palm trees and a few others) |
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Term
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Definition
| procambium develops into xylem and phloem. xylem form from the inside in phloem form from the outside in. hasn't fully developed into xylem or phloem (woody plants, trees) |
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Term
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Definition
| flowering plants. no secondary growth. all the procambium is used up which causes no secondary growth |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral meristems - growth in thickness, woody stems and roots, woody plants. usually dicots and gymnosperms (conifers) |
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Term
| two cambiums found in lateral meristems |
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Definition
| vascular cambium and cork cambium |
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Term
|
Definition
| vascular tissues (secondary xylem and phloem) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| where do secondary xylem and phloem occur |
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Definition
| vascular bundles as well as outside the bundles. when the procambium cells divide and xylem cells forms in the inside and the phloem forms to the outside |
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Term
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Definition
| develops in the outer cortex. develop same way as vascular cambium. when the cells divide with having cork developing outside and phelloderm to the inside. forms a new layer of cells. epidermis is replaced by peridermis (new skin) |
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Term
phloem moves blank
xylem moves blank |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where is vascular cambium found |
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Definition
| outside xylem then phloem, cork cambium, finally periderm |
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Term
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Definition
| everything outside the vascular cambium including the phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| form out from the pericycle |
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Term
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Definition
| roots that survive next to the ocean. allow gas exchange. allow oxygen usually tropics |
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Term
|
Definition
| have roots that attach to the tree kind of like glue. adventitious roots |
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Term
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Definition
| uses insects for nitrogen because soil lacks it. usually found in southern east US North and South Carolina. has trigger hairs in which triggers the plant to close and receives nitrogen from insect |
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Term
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Definition
| has glue like hairs that trap insects |
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Term
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Definition
| attracts insects by color and necture. has a slip zone and then falls into water and drowns |
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Term
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Definition
| found in california. goes into the eyes then gets tired because it can't find its way out anf falls and dies |
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Term
| charles and francis darwin |
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Definition
| did experiments called phototropism in which they showed how plants work towards the sun. proved that there is a signal in which the plant bends to the sun. believe the signal is a little bit below the tip because when tip is covered, it doesn't tip towards the sun |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered what made the plants tip from charles and francis experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| if it is water soluble, it should go through the block. butter doesn't allow water soluble to pass through but didn't |
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Term
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Definition
| conducts electricity so if it contains electricity it should pass through but it didn't |
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Term
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Definition
| one side of a grass leaf grows larger than the other side |
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Term
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Definition
| cut off tips and put it in the agar black to get all the materials. then put it on the edge of the stem and discovered that it curved away from the agar. discovered that it bent to the opposite side of the block. did entire experiment in dark. called chemical auxin for growth |
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Term
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Definition
| when a fruit falls off a tree. with the increase of auxin helps to prevent the leafs and fruit from fallin off the trees |
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Term
| why do farmers spray auxin onto potatoes |
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Definition
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Term
| with less oxygen what happens to lateral meristems |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (GA). increase the growth of short cells. increased elongation and primary growth. doesn't increase secondary growth. dwarf plant and apply ga creates the plant to become normal size or larger. effects stem elongation. applying ga can help plants quicken life cycle. some plants don't flower until second year, but when applying ga it will flower in the first year |
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Term
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Definition
| directed towards the light. leans toward the sun |
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Term
| fast and slow process for phytochrome |
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Definition
fast - conversion takes place in the day.
slow - takes place in dark
pred -day-> pfar red converts and goes to the other way. pfar red -night-> pred. but it is a slower process |
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Term
| nitrogen helps to produce |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| chlorosis breaks coloer green to yellow |
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Term
|
Definition
| minerals that is lacking. usually npk ratio of 20:10:10 |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen fixation in the roots. a dicot root. used in crop rotation, like alfalfa |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of water through the plant. all plants lose water through evaporation through the stomata. water movement upward. positive pressure - being forced up. negative pressure - water being sucked up from the top through evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
| positive pressure. develops in plants hwen their is a lot of moisture of air and in the soil. water that builds up and gets forced out of the leaves is called guttation. |
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Term
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Definition
| negative pressure. water molecules binds to each other which is called cohesion. water molecules evaporate which cause one molecule to evaporate and then sucks up the one below. cant transfer water if there is air bubbles in the xylem. stomata controls evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of food. moves in all directions. source -> sinks. |
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Term
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Definition
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