Term
| What is an example of a model plant system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the study of the function (physical and chemical) of tissues and organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the study of molecular and cellular processes by which cells differentiate and organize to form tissues and organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a species studied in exceptional detail to understand how it works? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is Arabidopsis easy to study? |
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Definition
| Small weed with short generation time and very small genome. |
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Term
| What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are genetic mutants studied? |
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Definition
| They help in understanding how plants work. They are often intentionally created. They help link genes to phenotype. |
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Term
| What determines the direction of growth in the plant body? |
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Definition
| The plane of cell division. |
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Term
| What determines the plane of division in the plant body? |
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Definition
| How microtubules are connected just before mitosis. |
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Term
| What determines a cell's polarity? |
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Definition
| Molecular signals within the cell and how microtubules are aligned. |
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Term
| What rings the cell wall of plants? |
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Definition
| Microfibrils in the cell wall. |
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Term
| What weakens the connections between microfibrils during plant cell expansion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fill with H2O to allow plant cells to expand? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the direction of expansion during plant cell expansion? |
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Definition
| Along the cell's main axis. |
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Term
| What happens as rings move farther apart during plant cell expansion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What information must cells have in order to differentiate into the correct cell type? |
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Definition
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Term
| What provides cells information as to where they are? |
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Definition
| Gradients of hormones, proteins, or mRNA. |
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Term
| What do root hairs form from? |
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Definition
| Epidermal cells touching 2 cortex cells. |
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Term
| What controls the forming of root hairs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does GLABRA-2 expression prevent? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the master regulatory genes that determine the differentiation (fate) of groups of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do homeotic genes code for? |
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Definition
| Proteins that bind to DNA and affect which genes are transcribed. |
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Term
| What type of mutation can put tissues or organs in the wrong place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four major flower organs? |
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Definition
| Sepals, petals, stamen, carpels. |
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Term
| What are the three main plant organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of plants have taproots? |
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Definition
| Gymnosperms and eudicots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Roots that branch off of the taproot. |
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Term
| What are finer roots that access water and nutrients? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are points of the stem where leaves are attached? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are stem segments between nodes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structure that can form a lateral shoot? |
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Definition
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Term
| What inhibits the growth of axillary buds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the elongation point of a growing shoot? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for the apical bud? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main photosynthetic organ of a plant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the flattened structure of a leaf? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the small "leaf stem" that joins the leaf to the stem at the node? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the outer protective layer of plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the waxy coating over the epidermis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of cell is a root hair? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two examples of ground tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between the pith and cortex? |
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Definition
| Pith is internal to vascular tissue. Cortex is external to vascular tissue. |
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Term
| What type of tissue is neither dermal or vascular? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is responsible for the long distance transport of materials between root/shoot? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vascular tissue transports sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vascular tissue transports H2O and minerals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a collection of vascular tissue? (Means "pillar.") |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the developmental changes in a cell's cytoplasm, organelles, and/or cell wall during development? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is tissue that is perpetually embryonic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is located at the apical bud of shoots and roots that allows for primary growth in length? |
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Definition
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Term
| What allows secondary growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of lateral meristems? |
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Definition
| Vascular meristem and cork cambium. |
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Term
| What adds layers of secondary xylem and secondary phloem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What replaces epidermis with tough periderm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a cluster of protective, slimy cells that protect the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the meristem area where mitosis and cytokinesis produces new cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the meristem area where cells lengthen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the meristem area where cells become a distinct cell type? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do lateral roots emerge from? Why? |
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Definition
| Pericycle, inside of the stele. So that lateral roots are connected to the vascular network. |
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Term
| What are embryonic leaf tissues that develop into leaves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What produces the leaf primordia and axillary bud meristems? |
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Definition
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Term
| What produces the primary phloem and xylem tissues? |
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Definition
| Growth and development at the apical meristem. |
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Term
| What produces xylem inside and phloem outside? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes outer layers to rupture? |
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Definition
| Increased growth caused by vascular cambium growth. |
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Term
| What is a second cambium that forms on the cortex or outside the secondary phloem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What produces cork cells that replace the epidermis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does bark consist of? |
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Definition
| Periderm (cambium and cork) + secondary phloem. |
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Term
| What do layers and layers of xylem make? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is different about early wood compared to late wood? |
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Definition
| Secondary xylem cells are larger diameter to maximize H2O delivery to growing leaves. Late wood has smaller diameter, thick walled cells. |
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Term
| When would growth rings be larger? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a net dipole? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the diffusive movement of anion along concentration and charge gradients? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of transport requires no energy input? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is active transport conducted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pumping of anion against a concentration or charge gradient? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do proton pumps work? |
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Definition
| They use ATP to Pump H+ out of the cell, creating a charge and ion gradient. |
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Term
| Why is it important that proton pumps create a charge and ion gradient? |
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Definition
| The gradient can be used to move other ions. |
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Term
| How do cations move along the H+ charge gradient? |
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Definition
| Cation transport proteins. |
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Term
| What is different about anion co-transport? |
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Definition
| Requires both H+ and anion be brought into the cell together by a transport protein. (Two active sites.) |
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Term
| What does a higher H+ concentration mean? |
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Definition
| That the concentration is more acidic. |
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Term
| What is the diffusion of water across a membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Solute concentration and pressure. |
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Term
| What is the Ψ of pure water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the addition of solute do to Ψ? |
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Definition
| Lowers Ψ (more negative). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What would happen to animal cells at high solute concentrations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the typical pressure inside a plant cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when a plant loses turgor pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are recently identified membrane proteins that facilitate H2O transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the continuous space joining everything outside the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the apoplast include? |
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Definition
| Cell wall and dead tracheid and vessel cells. |
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Term
| What is the apoplastic route? |
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Definition
| Transport only via apoplastic spaces. |
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Term
| What is the continuous cytosol joined between cells by plasmodesmata? |
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Definition
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Term
| What route transports across the cell wall and membrane once then through cells the rest of the way? |
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Definition
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Term
| What route is the repeated crossing of apoplast cell membrane and symplast? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the "checkpoint" of plant cells? |
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Definition
| Endodermis (innermost root cortex cells) |
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Term
| What is the waxy barrier between endodermal cell walls that stops apoplastic transport to xylem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What requires all ions entering the plant to pass through a plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What route is unaffected by the Casparian Strip? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What pulls water up the xylem? |
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Definition
| Water loss out of the stomata dries the cell wall surface of internal leaf cells. Surface tension causes water to be attracted out o the xylem to re-wet these cell walls. |
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Term
| At what rate is water pulled through xylem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the water loss from leaves that pulls water through xylem called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only way an ion can enter xylem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cell type performs most of the metabolic functions of the plant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell type carries water from roots to leaves? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cell type is typically accompanied by a "companion cell?" |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does 95% of water loss in plants occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of the leaf area is covered by stomata? |
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Definition
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Term
| What maintains the sausage shape of guard cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are guard cells open or closed when turgid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What sets the turgidity of the guard cells? |
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Definition
| The active pumping of K+ across plasma and vacuole membranes. |
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Term
| What happens to guard cells when they experience mild drought stress? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cues the opening of guard cells? |
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Definition
| Light, internal CO2, circadian rhythm. |
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Term
| Who studies the interaction of organisms with each other and with their environments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do most angiosperms require to transfer pollen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the flower structure uniquely altered to do? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Yellow, blue, and UV colored flowers. |
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Term
| What are moths and butterflies drawn to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Nectar-rich flowers. Nectar is sometimes "guarded" by long floral tubes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flowers that look/smell like dead meat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fragrant white, nectar rich flowers. |
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Term
| If a sugar molecule is in the apoplastic space, how does it get back into the symplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the movement of sugars from one part of a plant to another? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the sugar source compared to a sugar sink? |
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Definition
| The sugar source is the place where sugars are produced (usually leaves) and the sugar sink is where sugars are consumed or deposited (like roots). |
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Term
| What is the sugary solution that flows through phloem? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the route of sugars from the mesophyll cell to sieve tube? |
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Definition
| Apoplastic or symplastic route. |
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|
Term
| What happens when sugar-rich sieve tubes take on H2O? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does phloem sap move? |
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Definition
| From high pressure to low pressure areas. |
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Term
| What happens when sugar reaches sink areas? |
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Definition
| Sugar is pumped out of the sieve tubes causing H2O to leave and pressure to drop. |
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Term
| Where would you NOT find a meristem? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where is the force generated that moves water from soil into the roots? |
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Definition
| On the microfibrils of the mesophyll cell in the leaf. |
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Term
| What is a signalling molecule in tiny amounts in one part of the organism and is transported to other parts where it binds to a specific receptor and triggers responses at target cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are three hormone effects? |
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Definition
| Alter gene expression, alter enzyme activity, change membrane properties. |
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|
Term
| What hormone is transported directionally through parenchyma tissues from tip to base? |
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Definition
| IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid). |
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|
Term
| Where are IAA transporter proteins found? |
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Definition
| Only at the base of cells. |
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|
Term
| How do Auxins stimulate cell elongation in young shoots? |
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Definition
| Activates proton pumps to lower pH around the cell wall. Low pH activates expansion proteins that weaken the cell wall. Turgor pressure causes the cell to expand. |
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|
Term
| What do Auxins produced in apical meristems do? |
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Definition
| Inhibit growth at axillary meristems. |
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|
Term
| What is apical dominance? |
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Definition
| Means that central main stem grows more than the side stems. |
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|
Term
| What does "rooting powder" contain? What does it cause? |
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Definition
| Contains IAA. Causes cuttings to produce roots. |
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Term
| What is a synthetic auxin that kills eudicots but not monocots? How? |
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Definition
| Herbicide 2,4-D. Eudicots grow unsustainably and die. Monocots are rapidly inactivated to 2,4-D. |
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|
Term
| What hormone enhances stem growth? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to dwarf mutants when GA is sprayed on? |
|
Definition
| They grow to a normal height. |
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|
Term
| What hormone signals seeds to break dormancy? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What cues induce GA production? |
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Definition
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