Shared Flashcard Set

Details

CSU Life 103 von Fischer
Biology of Organisms Exam 1, Lectures 5-9
116
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/08/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
In all land plants, the gametophyte haploid or diploid?
Definition
Haploid.
Term
Deleterious mutations are eliminated more quickly in populations that are haploid or diploid?
Definition
Haploid.
Term
What does the antheridia of moss do?
Definition
It is the structure that releases sperm.
Term
What does the archegonium of moss do?
Definition
Produces and houses the egg and zygote.
Term
What do mature moss sporophytes grow atop?
Definition
Female gametophytes.
Term
Where does meiosis happen in moss?
Definition
Capsule part of the sporophyte.
Term
What is a benefit of Sphagnum wetlands?
Definition
The storage of carbon affects global temperature by reducing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Term
What wetland moss genum is especially widespread?
Definition
Sphagnum.
Term
What is the ultimate goal of every living thing?
Definition
To reproduce.
Term
How is the life cycle of ferns compared to that of mosses?
Definition
It is the opposite.
Term
The life cycle of ferns is dominated by what?
Definition
Sporophyte (diploid).
Term
What are the spots on the underside of fern leaves?
Definition
Sorus (plural=sori).
Term
What are Sorus?
Definition
A collection of sporangia that look like spots on the underside of fern leaves.
Term
What is sporangia.
Definition
Spore container.
Term
Is the gametophyte more or less dominant in seed plants?
Definition
Reduced.
Term
What are two derived traits of seedless vascular plants?
Definition
Conduct water through xylem. transport sugars through phloem.
Term
What is xylem strengthened by? Why is this important?
Definition
Lignin. Tall growth.
Term
What are three examples of lycophyta?
Definition
Club "mosses", spike "mosses", and quillworts.
Term
What are three examples of pterophyta?
Definition
Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.
Term
What do the roots of lycophyta mean?
Definition
Wolf+plant.
Term
What do the roots of pterophyta mean?
Definition
Wing+plant.
Term
What do the roots of antheridia mean?
Definition
Flowery+small one.
Term
What do the roots of archegonium mean?
Definition
Begin+procreation.
Term
What are the four things life must do to ensure they will be able to reproduce?
Definition
Eat, grow, avoid dying, encounter mates.
Term
What organisms does natural selection favor?
Definition
Those that are the best at living under current conditions.
Term
What likely reflect some traits of the earliest plants?
Definition
Bryophytes.
Term
Where are walled spores produced?
Definition
Sporangia.
Term
What are multicellular reproductive structures?
Definition
gametangia.
Term
What are linear growth from root and shoot tips?
Definition
Apical meristems.
Term
What are deleterious mutations?
Definition
Bad changes.
Term
What populations are deleterious mutations eliminated more quickly?
Definition
Haploidy populations.
Term
What are two costs of haploidy?
Definition
All deleterious mutations are exposed. Higher death rate.
Term
What are three benefits of diploidy?
Definition
Spare allele protects against deleterious mutations. Greater genetic diversity brings faster adaptations to new environments. Crossing over during meiosis can bring beneficial alleles together.
Term
What are two costs of diploidy?
Definition
Double mutation rate so both beneficial and deleterious mutations are more likely. Nutritional demands are higher with greater DNA content (cells are often larger).
Term
Why do ploidy cycles give a better chance to exploit resources?
Definition
Haploid and diploid phases may live in different ecological conditions.
Term
Which spores may spread far?
Definition
Haploid.
Term
Which spores may have a higher survival rate?
Definition
Diploid.
Term
What do the roots of gametophyte mean?
Definition
Haploid-producing plant.
Term
What do the roots of sporophyte mean?
Definition
Spore producing plant.
Term
What ploidy are a gametophyte's gametes?
Definition
Haploid.
Term
Are gametophyte gametes produced by meiosis or mitosis?
Definition
Mitosis.
Term
How do gametophytes reproduce?
Definition
Two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
Term
What ploidy is a sporophyte?
Definition
Diploid.
Term
How do sporophytes produce spores? Are they haploid or diploid?
Definition
Meiosis. Haploid.
Term
What do sporophyte's spores grow into?
Definition
Haploid gametes.
Term
What are the three phyla of non-vascular plants? What is their phylum?
Definition
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Brypophyta.
Term
What is the dominant stage for non-vascular plants?
Definition
Gametophyte.
Term
What do non vascular plants look like? Why?
Definition
Ground-hugging carpet. They have weak tissues and no vascular tubes to transport water and nutrients.
Term
How are non-vascular plants usually divided?
Definition
Male and female gametophytes.
Term
Is the sporophyte or the gametophyte usually higher on non-vascular plants?
Definition
Sporophyte.
Term
What were four key features of seed plant evolution?
Definition
Increased dominance of the sporophyte, airborne pollen eliminate need for gametes to swim through water, emergence of male and female gametophytes, and seeds.
Term
In seed plants, what is important about the appearance of the gametophyte stage?
Definition
It is microscopic.
Term
What are four reasons seeds are beneficial?
Definition
Resistant to harsh conditions, can be dormant until the environment is favorable, allows for wide dispersal, nourish sporophyte during germination and early growth.
Term
How does the multicellular embryo growth of a fern contrast to the multicellular embryo growth of a seed plant?
Definition
In ferns, it grows ON the gametophyte. In seed plants, it grows INDEPENDENTLY.
Term
What do the roots of "gymnosperm" mean?
Definition
"Naked+seed."
Term
What is a megasporangium?
Definition
Diploid tissue where haploid megaspore is formed (meiosis).
Term
What is a megaspore?
Definition
Haploid cell that grows into the female gametophyte, including the egg and nucleus.
Term
What is the ovule of gymnosperms?
Definition
Megasporangium+megaspore wrapped in sporophyte protective cover (integument).
Term
What is an "integument?"
Definition
The layers of sporophyte tissue that envelopes and protects the megasporangium.
Term
What is a microsporangium?
Definition
Diploid tissue where haploid microspores are formed (meiosis).
Term
What do microspores develop into?
Definition
Male gametophyte.
Term
What does pollen contain?
Definition
Male gametophyte within the tough pollen wall.
Term
Where is the gametophyte dominant?
Definition
Mosses.
Term
How do bryophytes fertilize compared to gymnosperms?
Definition
Bryophytes: water. Gymnosperms: air.
Term
What grows, digesting through the megasporangium?
Definition
Pollen tube.
Term
What happens when the pollen tube reaches the egg nucleus?
Definition
It discharges sperm nucleus into the egg nucleus of female gametophyte.
Term
What is a gymnosperm embryo?
Definition
A sporophyte that develops, then pauses.
Term
Is the gymnosperm embryo haploid or diploid?
Definition
Diploid.
Term
What surrounds the gymnosperm embryo?
Definition
Female gametophyte tissue that provides food reserves.
Term
Is the megasporangium haploid or diploid?
Definition
Diploid.
Term
Is the megaspore haploid or diploid?
Definition
Haploid.
Term
Where are pollen grains produced?
Definition
Microsporangia.
Term
What are five examples of coniferophyta?
Definition
Fir, pine, larch, juniper, sequoia.
Term
What are two features of cycadophyta?
Definition
Palm-like leaves with large cones.
Term
What is the odd gymnosperm phyla?
Definition
Gnetophyta.
Term
What does "dioecious" mean?
Definition
Seperate male and female plants.
Term
What is an example of gymnosperms that are dioecious?
Definition
Ginkos.
Term
What is the #1 source of wood in North America?
Definition
Douglas fir.
Term
What gymnosperm is among the oldest species?
Definition
Bristlecone pine.
Term
What gymnosperm is among the largest organisms?
Definition
Sequoia.
Term
What gymnosperm's berries are used in the production of gin?
Definition
Common juniper.
Term
What gymnosperm has leaves like palms? (But palms are angiosperms.)
Definition
Cycas revoluta.
Term
What are attractive gymnosperms who some allege can help memory if taken daily? This is also stinky when its seeds rot.
Definition
Ginko biloba.
Term
What gymnosperm is used to make "Morman Tea?"
Definition
Ephedra.
Term
What is the gymnosperm species that is just plain weird?
Definition
Weiwitschia.
Term
What does "angiosperm" mean?
Definition
"Container+seed."
Term
What is the angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction?
Definition
Flowers.
Term
What is a mature ovary and sometimes other flower parts?
Definition
Fruit.
Term
What is an anther?
Definition
A sac where microspores develop into pollen.
Term
What is a filament?
Definition
Stalk that holds up the anther.
Term
What is a stamen?
Definition
The anther and filament together.
Term
What is an ovule?
Definition
Megasporangium. (Megaspore+integument.)
Term
What contains one or more ovules?
Definition
Ovary.
Term
What is the sticky surface that receives pollen?
Definition
Stigma.
Term
What is the stalk that connects stigma to the ovary?
Definition
Style.
Term
What is the carpel?
Definition
Stigma, style, and ovary together.
Term
What do sepals do?
Definition
Enclose the flower before it opens. Usually green.
Term
What does a "perfect flower" refer to?
Definition
A flower with all the parts.
Term
Where in the angiosperm would you find the megasporangium?
Definition
Within an ovule, contained within a flower.
Term
How many male gametophytes are in pollen and what ploidy are they? What are their names?
Definition
2 haploid cells. Generative cell and the tube cell.
Term
What does the generative cell do?
Definition
Divides and forms 2 sperm.
Term
What does a tube cell do?
Definition
Produces the pollen tube.
Term
What does mitotic division of the haploid megaspore create?
Definition
Egg (haploid), and central cell (two nuclei from mitosis without cytokinesis).
Term
During angiosperm pollination, what do the two sperm do?
Definition
One fertilizes the egg and one fertilizes the central cell.
Term
What ploidy is the endosperm?
Definition
Triploid.
Term
What does the endosperm do?
Definition
Provides nutrients to the embryo when it germinates.
Term
What is the leaf present in the embryo?
Definition
Cotyledon.
Term
What does greater specialization allow plant traits to do?
Definition
More closely match environment.
Term
What does high angiosperm diversity suggest?
Definition
Angiosperm style of life has successfully specialized in many unique environments.
Term
What are three examples of basal angiosperms?
Definition
Ambroella, water lilies, and star anise.
Term
What was once thought to be a dicot?
Definition
Water lily.
Term
What angiosperm can reach a foot in diameter?
Definition
Southern magnolia.
Term
What are six features of monocots?
Definition
Usually have one cotyledon, parallel veins, vascular tissue scattered through stem, fibrous roots (lack main root), pollen grain has single opening, and floral organs are in multiples of three.
Term
What is one of the most species rich group of angiosperm?
Definition
Orchid.
Term
What are six features of eudicots (true+dicots)?
Definition
Two cotyledons, net-like veins, vascular tissues arranged in a ring, roots include a main taproot, pollen grains with three openings, and floral organs are in multiples of 4 or 5.
Term
What family are apples from?
Definition
Rose.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!