Term
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Definition
1. Result of accumulation of random injuries and events
2. Result of genetically controlled developmental program, or built in self destructive |
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Definition
| Free radicals are produced when food is metabolized. FR travel through body causing problems |
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Term
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Definition
Bind to cell organelles
react with lipids effecting cell membrane permeability
produce more FR in chain reaction
Cause mutation of chromosomes and cause changes in proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Irreversible aging of certain proteins is responsible for the failure of tissues and organs |
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Term
| Crosslinking of ___ causes |
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Definition
| Collagen and other large proteins causes a stiffening of tissues and decreases access of white blood cells, nutrition, inhibits cell growth and results in failure to dispose of toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| Some waste products such as lipofusions slowly accumulate in the cell |
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Term
| Destructive Mutation Theory |
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Definition
As people age, natural exposure to the environment results in progressively increasing in numbers of mutations being incorporated into their bodys cells
Most mutations cause poorer performance of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the body loses the ability to distinguish between its own proteins and foreign ones and begins to attack its own tissues |
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Term
| Immune System failure Theory |
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Definition
Immune response declines with age
The body's ability to fight infection declines |
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Term
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Definition
| Decline in hormonal function contributing to aging process |
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Term
Circulatory exercise benefits
Increases |
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Definition
Cardiac Output
cardiac efficiency
HDL/Cholesterol ratios
Blood Vessel diameter
Muscle capillaries |
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Term
Circulatory exercise benefits
Decreases |
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Definition
resting and exercise BP
Heartbeat abnormalities |
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Term
| Respiratory exercise benefits |
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Definition
Increases clearance of mucous and respiratory efficiency
Slows decline in respiratory functioning and closing of airways |
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Term
Nervous system exercise benefits
Increases |
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Definition
formations of new axon branches to orphaned muscle cells
Speed of impulse processing by the CNS |
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Term
Nervous system exercise benefits
Improves |
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Definition
| balance, short-term memory, sleep, possibly mental abilities |
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Term
Nervous system exercise benefits
Decreases |
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Definition
variability in speed of AP in motor neurons
risk of falling |
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Term
Muscular exercise benefits
Increases |
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Definition
Oxidative enzymes
Stored glycogen
Capillar numbers
Blood flow
Oxygen uptake
Muscle strength
Muscle mass
Speed of Movement
Stamina |
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Term
Skeletal exercise benefits
Increases |
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Definition
Ease of Movement
range of movement
joint flexibility |
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Term
Skeletal exercise benefits
Slows |
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Definition
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Term
Skeletal exercise benefits
Decreases |
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Definition
| risk of fall and sustaining fractures |
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Term
| Endocrine exercise benefits |
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Definition
increases glucose tolerance and sensitivity to insulin
Slows decline in growth hormones |
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Term
| Exercise benefits for falling |
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Definition
Strengthens leg and back muscles
Enhances reflex and motor synergy
Improves Gait
Increases flexibility
Improves mobility to avoid unexpected threats |
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Term
| Factors that could contribute or falling |
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Definition
Disease
Medications
Illness
Decreases Joint Motion, Strength Endurance
Gait deviations
Environmental Hazards
Feelings of instability
Proprioceptive, Vestibular, Vision Loss
Prior falls |
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Term
| Changes in VO2Max with aging |
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Definition
Decrease in :
Closing volume
Lung Compliance and elasticity
Respiratory muscle strength and endurance
Decrease in ventricular filling and ejection fraction
Decrease in Myocardial compliance and elasticity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hearing loss is a result of |
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Definition
Loud, sudden high pitch noise
Infections
Perforated or scarred tympanic membranes
Excess ear wax
Middle ear fluid
Atrophy of blood vessel supplying organs of cochlea
Hair cell degeneration in the cochlea or nerve cell loss |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| decreased sensitivity to dim light due to pupil size and ability of lens to transmit light and retina changes involving rod function |
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Term
| Vision effects with agign |
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Definition
Lens loses elasticity
Ciliary muscles lose strength
Cornea becomes more flattened |
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Term
| Nearsightedness is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Point of focus is in front of retina |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| point of focus is in back of retina |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with loss of lens elasticity and development of presbyopia
Opacities develop around periphery and close in
corrected by removal of len and replaced with acrylic lens |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in blood sugar decline also decreases in sensation due to decrease in gastric secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of olfactory receptors and decrease in brains interpretive area of smell |
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Term
| Characteristics of t-tests |
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Definition
requires interval or ratio level scores
used to compare TWO mean scores
easy to compute
pretty good small sample statistic |
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Term
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Definition
independent groups t-test
Dependent group t-test |
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Term
| Independent groups t-test |
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Definition
| compares means cores on two independent samples |
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Term
| Types of dependent groups t-test |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| compares two mean scores from a repeated measures or matched pairs design |
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Term
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Definition
| family of statistical tests that may be considered a logical extension of the t-test |
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Term
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Definition
requires interval or ratio scores
used for comparing 2 or more mean scores
maintains designated alpha level
may also test more than 1 independent varaible as well as interaction effect |
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Term
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Definition
| extension of independent groups t-test but may be used for evaluating difference among 2 or more groups |
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Term
| Multiple comparison tests |
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Definition
| used to determine if the means are different but they do not specify the location of the difference |
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Term
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Definition
| an extension of the one-way ANOVA for testing the effects of 2 or more independent variables as well as interaction effects |
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Term
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Definition
| extension of dependent groups t-test, where each subject is emasured on 2 or more occasions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Independent T-test examines |
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Definition
| difference between two unrelated groups |
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Term
| Dependent T-test examines |
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Definition
| difference between two related groups |
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Term
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Definition
| difference among three or more groups |
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Term
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Definition
| differences among groups of two independent variables |
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Term
| Nonparametric statistics are considered |
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Definition
| assumption free statistics |
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Term
| Nonparametric statistics are appropriate for |
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Definition
| nominal and ordinal data or in situations where very small sample sizes would probably need a normal distribution of scores |
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Term
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Definition
| A nonparametric test used with nominally scaled data which are common with survey research |
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Term
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Definition
| used to test the hypothesis that the collected data fits an expected distribution |
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Term
| Hematologic acclimatization to altitude |
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Definition
Increase in number of red blood cells (increase hematocrit)
Decrease in plasma volume
Increase in hemoglobin content and blood viscosity |
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Term
| Muscle acclimatization to altitude |
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Definition
Increase in mitochondria
Increase in aerobic enzymes |
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Term
| Cardiovascular acclimatization to altitude |
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Definition
Decrease in VO2max with initial exposure does not improve much
Submaximal HR remains elevated |
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Term
| Pulmonary Acid-Base acclimatization to altitude |
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Definition
Increase in pulmonary ventilation
Hyperventilation
Excretion of base via kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
The body emits electromagnetic energy in packets called photons
The avg energy of the photons and the rate of emission depends on the temperature of the surface from which they are emitted
As temp increases the energy emitted increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of heat from one molecule to another |
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Term
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Definition
| Special case of conduction, transfer of heat to molecule, then molecule moves away being replaced by cool molecule of transfer of heat to moving fluid |
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Term
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Definition
When water is changed from liquid to gas, energy is changed from liquid to gas
Energy is transferred to the escaping vapor |
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Term
| The hypothalamus monitors |
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Definition
| the bodys temp and speeds up heat loss or heat production as needed |
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Term
| _____ relay info back to the hypothalamus |
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Definition
| Peripheral thermoreceptors |
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Term
| _____ transmit info about internal body temp |
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Definition
| Central thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus |
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Term
| With heat acclimatization stroke volume |
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Definition
| increases to aid in delivery of more blood to the muscles and skin |
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Term
| With heat acclimatization, heart rate |
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Definition
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Term
| With heat acclimatization, blood volume |
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Definition
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Term
| With heat acclimatization, muscle glycogen use |
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Definition
| is reduced to delay onset of fatigue |
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