Term
|
Definition
| fats and oils (generally animals have fats and plants have oils) |
|
|
Term
| 2nd Main Group of Organic Compounds |
|
Definition
| Lipids, waxes, phospholipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbs, lipids, proteins-amino acids, nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
R-replacement group (can have many different elements)
carboxyl group (acid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| special bonds between amino acids during dehydration. Links one amino acid to another amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary structure: amino acid chain
Secondary structure: double helix
3rd: tertiary, folds in on itself, usually the highest level, but can have 4th level only in large proteins
4th: quaternary structure, 4 polypeptide connected as a whole, there is a two or greater polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most famous bio chemist in the world. figured out the structure of proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein that function as a catalyst in a chemical reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up or consumed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucose + fructose + carbohydase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both dna and rna have nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. P phosphate group
2. 5 carbon sugar
3. nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phosphate
deoxyribose C5 H10 O4
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phosphate
ribose C5 H10 O5
adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| got the credit for discovering the structure of dna |
|
|
Term
| bonds of nitrogenous bases |
|
Definition
t-a : two hydrogen bonds
g-c : three hyddrogen bonds |
|
|
Term
| semiconservative replication |
|
Definition
| half of the old molecule is built up with a new strand of the molecule so a molecule is half new half old |
|
|
Term
| Different forms of RNA that interact to create a protein |
|
Definition
ribosomal rna: ribosomes
messenger rna: carries a code/message to create a protein
transfer rna: bring amino acids into position for protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a segment of dna or chromosome |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes dna replication |
|
Definition
transcription: start with dna --> rna
translation: use code in mrna --> protein |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotes crating protein |
|
Definition
transcription: dna--> rna
rna splicing --> mrna
translation: mrna--> protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it disconnects for awhile and then rna rebuilds then dna goes back to its originals spot. makes rna off dna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| code is contained in three letter codes known as exons and introns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
80 nucleotides long
anticodon only in trna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after it is done, it all shifts over one space so the new can trna can come in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the change that occurs when an unspecialized cell because a specialized cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
usually proteins and present in cell
bind to the dna
can cause a gene to switch either on or off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proteins
micro rna molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproduction without sex. no egg or sperm. ex: cloning, cutting taking a stem off a plant and planting it and creating an exact of copy of the original plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| always two processes: meiosis and syngamy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meiosis --> haploid (23 chromosomes) --> syngamy --> diploid (2n 46 chromosomes) --> start over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the nucleotides splits in half
egg and sperm haploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the fusion of two haploid cell together (male sperm and female egg) to form diploid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosome in a pair. one from father and other from mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meiosis --> gametes egg and sperm --> syngamy --> zygote --> fertilized egg --> mitosis --> and repeat |
|
|
Term
| meiosis number of chromosomes throughout process |
|
Definition
| 2n --> n and n --> n and n and n and n |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which one chromosome is paired with another chromosome (pair male and female) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a chromosome from a mother and one from a father a piece of the chromatin from each chromosome switch over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the location on the chromosome of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adenosine triphosphate
a molecule of adenine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ribose --> p-p-p
atp --> adp + p to make energy available
adp + p --> atp this is how you create atp. atp needed for energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to create or drive the work that takes place |
|
|
Term
| oxidation reduction reactions |
|
Definition
oxidation - the lose of electrons of a molecule
reduction - the gain of electrons of a molecule
Molecule A --(2e-)--> molecule B
A ox --> B red |
|
|
Term
| electron carriers/ co enzymes |
|
Definition
| moves electrons from one reaction to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cellular respiration - food into energy = Atp
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
with O2
c6h12o6 + 6o2 + 36 Adp + 36p--> 6co2 +6h20 +36 atp + heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
without o2
c6h1206 +2adp +2p --> 2c2h5oh + 2co2 +2atp+ heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starch + h20 -diastase-> glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| takes place in the cytoplasm. splitting glucose. c6--> 2c3 which creates two atp's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid inside the inner membrane of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inner membrane of mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| takes place on cristae and this is where most of the atp is created. 34 atp out of 36 atp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 6co2+12h20--light and chlorophyll--> c6h1206 + 602 + 6h20 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| his theory was that plants increase because they eat soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proved aristotle wrong
weighed a willow tree and soil and planted tree into a pot along with soil
said soil should have decreased in aristotle right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
minister in britain
kicked out and came to us
known for bell jar experiment which showed how co2 is converted into oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tried doing the same experiment as priestly but instead tried flowers, bark etc. showed how light and chlorophyll work in photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
carbon fixation
c-c-c-c-c-c |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| see a leaf that looks green because all other leafs getting absorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually yelowish color. absorbed light so it is used with chlorophyll A to continue photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the most important absorbtion to run photosyn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chlorophyll covers up other pigments. green and yellow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are found in vacuoles
instead the leaf truning yellow after chlorophyll is getting broken down it changes blue, red, etc
doesnt involve photosyn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where light and dark reactions take place
light reaction - using light
dark reaction - independent of light dont need it can do it in light or dark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light to chlorophyl releases two electrons. creates atp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
corn, grass, herbs
can handle more light intensisty |
|
|
Term
| in a dna molecule, how is genetic code contained |
|
Definition
| a base triplet codes for one amino acid |
|
|
Term
| how do bases in a dna molecule bond to one another? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a piece of dna containing the code or recipe for a protein molecule |
|
|
Term
| which of the following would contain anticodons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up with one another in synapsis during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during meiosis, homologous chromosomes seperate from one another and move to opposite poles during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if an organism has different alleles at a locus on homologous chromosomes, it is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to law of segregation |
|
Definition
| the two genes for a trait seperate and and offspring inherits one gene for trait from each parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of nucleous in which 4 genetically distinct daughter nuclei are formed |
|
|
Term
| plants but not animals are able to serve as the base of nearly all food chains because |
|
Definition
| they carry out photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| a fertilized egg is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during aerobic respiration, the majority of the atp molecules produced are made during the set of reactions called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when anaerobic respiration takes place in animal cells one of the products is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who used bell jar experiments to demonstrate that plants revitalize air ie they carry out gas exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aristotles beleif that plants grow and increase in size and mass primarily through the uptake of food from the soil was disproven by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rna splicing which produces mrna in eukaryotes involves the removal from the molecule of segments called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what colors of light are most useful to plants in photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in plants such as cacti, stomata open and co2 is taken in only at night. this type of photosynthesis is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in photosyn, what compounds produced in the light reactions are then used to drive the dark reactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the global carbon cycle, processes that add co2 to the atmosphere include |
|
Definition
| respiration by all organisms, and combustion of fossil fuels |
|
|
Term
| nucleic acids are polymers of units called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| protein molecules are polymers of units called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the compund that serves as a direct source of usable energy in cells is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| both aerobic and anaerobic respiration begin with the set of reactions called blank which occurs in the cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| suppose mrna is being made along a dna molecule in a bacterium. if the dna being used contains thed base sequence tag the base sequence on the mrna will be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a mrna molecule has a base sequence of cga, a trna molecule with a base sequance of blank would be attracted to it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a mrna molecule, 3 adjacent bases that code for one amino acid are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the czech monk who performed experiments that led to our understanding of inheritance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a species has a diploid number 10 a gamete of that species will contain how many chromosomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| translation takes place on the surface of a blank which is composed of rrna and proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the light reaction, water molecules are split (producing o2) during blank phosphorylation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a protein that functions as a catalyst in a chemical reaction is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dna replication is said to be blank because it produces 2 identical molecules, each composed of 1 old strand and one new strand |
|
Definition
| semiconservative replication |
|
|
Term
| when watson and crick described the structure of the dna molecule in 1953, they built their model using xray crystallography photos taken by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in c4 plants such as corn, when co2 enters a leaf it is first fixed into a 4carbon compund in chloroplasts inside what cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur |
|
Definition
|
|
