Term
| What system uses a series of ductless glands to secrete hormones into the blood stream? |
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Definition
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Term
| What system serves to regulate body functions ranging from calcium metabolism to energy utilization? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two varieties of hormones? |
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Definition
| Protein-based hormones and steroid hormones. |
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Term
| What bind to transmembrane receptors and produce their effects through a cascade of intracellular events? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are generally lipophilic, cross membranes readily, and bind directly to DNA to effect a response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are often involved in increasing cell division? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must cells have to be capable of responding to a given hormone? |
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Definition
| Receptors that are specific for the hormone's function. |
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Term
| What initiates the cascade of events in a cell that ultimately leads to the phosphorylation of proteins? |
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Definition
| The binding of protein hormones to transmembrane protein receptors. |
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Term
| What releases a variety of releasing hormones that regulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the adenohypophysis found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an extension of hypothalamic neurons into the pituitary gland? What do these neurons release? |
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Definition
| Posterior pituitary. Vasopressin and oxytocin. |
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Term
| Where is the thyroid gland located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is involved with calcium metabolism by releasing calcitonin from the C cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the parathyroid gland located? |
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Definition
| Adjacent to the thyroid gland. |
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Term
| What do the parathyroid glands release? What are they involved in? |
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Definition
| Parathyroid hormone. Involved in calcium metabolism. |
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Term
| Where are the adrenal glands located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the tree classes of hormones released from adrenal glands? |
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Definition
| Mineralocorticoids, glucorticoids, and gonadocorticoids. |
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Term
| What controls the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine? |
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Definition
| The sympathetic nervous system. |
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Term
| What are the two main hormones released by the pancreas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of glucagon? |
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Definition
| To increase blood glucose levels by releasing stored glucose and by promoting the production of glucose from other sources. |
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Term
| What is the role of insulin? |
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Definition
| It binds to insulin receptors where it activates a tyrosine kinase and leads to the uptake of glucose into the cell. |
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Term
| What maintains hormone levels within a narrow concentration range? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three general mechanisms for the release of hormones? |
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Definition
| Humoral, neural, and hormonal. |
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Term
| What triggers the release of releasing hormones? |
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Definition
| Neurons in the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| Where are releasing hormones released into? |
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Definition
| The blood supply that feeds the anterior pituitary. |
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Term
| What do releasing hormones cause? |
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Definition
| The release of another set of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. |
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Term
| What is another name for the adenohypophysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for the neurohypophysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is and extension of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormones does the posterior pituitary release? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a peptide hormone that regulates water and salt balance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a peptide hormone that cause smooth muscle contraction in the uterus druing birth or in myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands to eject milk? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do releasing hormones from the hypothalmic neurons reach the anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| Through the portal vasculature. |
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Term
| What happens when release hormones arrive in the anterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| They bind to receptors and cause endocrine cells to release hormones which travel in the blood to target glands. |
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Term
| What two places do hormones released from the target gland affect? What is this called? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Negative feedback. |
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Term
| Where are cells in the anterior pituitary derived from? |
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Definition
| Embryologically from a outpocketing of epithelial cells in the developing pharynx called Rathke's Pouch. |
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