Term
| The two mechanisms assoicated with the genetic susceptibility of cancer are... |
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Definition
Increased probability of an initation event (through inheritance, increased sensitivity to oncogenic viruses or increased opportunity for carcinogen to reach target cells).
Or increased likelihood of progression (due to host response / immune deficiency). |
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Term
| Increased susceptibility to cancer is linked with... |
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Definition
Normal traits (skin cancer in fair skin)
Inherited premalignant conditions - inherited cancer syndromes, familial cancers, defective DNA repair syndromes, immune deficiency syndrome. |
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Term
| What is an acquired neoplastic lesion? |
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Definition
| An identifiable local abnormality associated with an increased risk of malignant tumour developing at that site. |
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Term
| Name some examples of acquired neoplastic lesions |
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Definition
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Actinic keratosis
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic atrophic gastritis
Bronchial squamous metaplasia |
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Term
| The rate of progression of pre-neoplastic lesions depends on... |
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Definition
The site of the lesion
The severity of the lesion
Host factors |
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Term
| Is treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia curative? |
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Definition
| Yes, as it is a pre-malignant stage and there has been no invasion of the basement membrane. The epithelial cells show cytological features of malignancy. |
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Term
| Describe the stages from normal metaplastic cervical squamous epithelium to invasive squamous cancer of the cervix |
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Definition
| Normal metaplastic squamous epithelium <--> CIN 1 <--> CIN 2 <--> CIN 3 --> Microinvasive cancer --> Invasive squamous cancer. |
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Term
| How can we reduce the incidence of cancer or improve the outlook? |
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Definition
Eradicate environmental carcinogens
Improve treatment
Detect and treat early (test apparently well individuals) |
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Term
| Sensitivity of a test is... |
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Definition
| How sensitive it is, does it identify thsoe with cancer - the % of false negatives |
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Term
| Specificity of a test is... |
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Definition
| How specific it is, whether it identifies those without cancer - the % of false positives |
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Term
| Cervical screening is based on... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the different grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia? |
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Definition
CIN 1 - maturation in upper 2/3 epithelium
CIN 2 - maturation in upper 1/3 epithelium
CIN 3 - little / no maturation
The risk of invasion increases with the severity of CIN. |
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